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Chapter2
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, including: - Ecosystems are made up of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors that interact in complex ways. Nutrients cycle through ecosystems via producers, consumers, and decomposers. - Ecological pyramids illustrate the transfer of energy and biomass between trophic levels in an ecosystem, with higher levels containing fewer and smaller organisms due to energy losses between levels. - Symbiotic relationships between species include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, with examples like cleaner fish and their client fish demonstrating mutualism.
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Chapter2
- 1. Ch2 – Interactionin Ecosystems Ch3-Community Ecology Ch4-Natures Recycling Programs Ch5- Changing the Balance in Ecosystems
- 2. Interactions in Ecosystems2 Ecosystems are made up of living things (biotic factors) and non-living things (abiotic factors), which are connected to each other in complex interrelationships. Nutrients are cycled within an ecosystem. producers consumers decomposers producers
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- 4. Make Yourself aVenn Diagram with the following Terms Ecology Biosphere Organism Community Ecosystem Population
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- 6. The Biosphere The biospheres is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be called the zone of life on Earth. From the broadest biophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
- 7. Biotic and AbioticFactors in Ecosystems An ecosystem is made up of a community of organisms and the non-living environment. The living components of the ecosystem are called biotic factors , which include plants, fish, invertebrates, and single-celled organisms. The non-living components, or abiotic factors , include the physical and chemical components in the environment—temperature, wind, water, sunlight, and oxygen. Biotic and abiotic factors influence each other in an always changing balance called dynamic equilibrium . 2.1 VOCABULARY ecology organism habitat population community ecosystem biosphere biotic factor abiotic factor dynamic equilibrium limiting factor
- 8. Limiting Factors Limitingfactors are environmental influences that constrain the productivity of organisms, populations, or communities and thereby prevent them from achieving their full biological potential which could be realized under optimal conditions. Limiting factors can be single elements or a group of related factors.
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- 10. Producers Plants harnessenergy from the sun through photosynthesis They are the base of every food chain Source of food for all other animals
- 11. Consumers 4 TypesHerbivore: eats only plants Ex. Cows, horses Carnivore: eats only meat Ex. Polar bear Onmivore: eats plants and animals Ex. Humans, grizzly bears Scavenger: carnivore that feeds on bodies of dead organisms Ex. Vultures
- 12. Decomposer Decomposers breakdown wastes and dead organisms and return the raw materials to the environment Ex. Bacteria, fungi
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- 15. Trophic Levels andEnergy Flow Nutrients are cycled back into the ecosystem, but energy only moves in one direction through the community from producers to herbivores to carnivores. Trophic level describes the position of the organism in relation to the order of nutrient and energy transfers in an ecosystem. Organisms that eat the same type of food belong to the same trophic level. Food chains show a single pathway taken by nutrients and energy through the trophic levels. In reality, ecosystems have more complex food webs , showing the different cross-linked food chains. 2.4 VOCABULARY trophic level food chain food web
- 16. Interactions in EcosystemsEnergy flows through ecosystems. This energy comes from an outside source: the Sun. Ecologists represent food and energy flows in food chain, food web, and pyramid diagrams. 2
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- 20. Interactions in EcosystemsActivity Using the food web on the right, predict what might happen if a disease killed all the krill in the ecosystem. Which species would be affected, and how? Try drawing a new food web. 2 CHAPTER
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- 23. Ecological Roles andRelationships VOCABULARY nutrients producer autotroph phytoplankton consumer heterotroph herbivores primary consumer zooplankton carnivore omnivore detrivore decomposer biodegradation predation predator prey predator –prey cycle An ecosystem is a complex network of interactions. All organisms must take in water, food, and nutrients. Nutrients are elements and compounds that organisms need to live and grow. Organisms can be producers , consumers , herbivores , carnivores , or decomposers in ecosystems. Eventually nutrients cycle back into the ecosystem for the producers.
- 24. Symbiosis 2.3 VOCABULARYsymbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism host parasite Symbiosis refers to any close relationship between two different species. There are three types of symbiotic relationships: Mutualism is a relationship in which both species obtain some benefit from the interaction. Commensalism is an interaction in which one organism benefits while the other is unaffected. Parasitism occurs when one organism (the parasite ) lives and feeds on, or in, the body of another organism (the host ).
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- 26. Commensalisms : Commensalismusually occurs between a species that is either vulnerable to predation or with an inefficient means of locomotion, and another species with a relatively effective system of defence.
- 27. Ex. Of CommensalismThe Anemone crab on its host sea anemone.
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- 29. One especially amazingexample of commensalism occurs between the Pearlfish and a particular species of sea cucumber. The Pearlfish spends the day inside the alimentary tract (‘intestines’) of the sea cucumber, and at night emerges from its anus to feed on small crustaceans! In this manner it gets a safe place to live; and while not appearing to gain any benefit from the relationship, the cucumber is not harmed.
- 30. Parasitism : Ina parasitic relationship, the host species is always exploited to some degree, although often in such a way that its health is impaired only slowly. This allows the parasite to exploit its host over a longer period. Many parasites only spend a portion of their lives in the relationship, either to reproduce, or during an initial growth stage.
- 31. Parasites can bedivided into two basic categories, Ectoparasites and Endoparasites , the former referring to external parasites, and the latter internal parasites. Ectoparasites Endoparasites
- 32. Mutualism : Mutualismis one of the most interesting forms of symbiosis, as it is a benefit to both species involved.
- 33. the Boxer crab,carries a pair of small anemones in it s claws . When approached by a predator it waves these around presenting the stinging tentacles so as to deter the marauder. The anemones benefit from the small particles of food dropped by the crab during feeding.
- 34. Mimicry ; Mimicryis a form of symbiosis where a species may mimic the colours, patterns, or even behaviour of another species for one of two reasons. Either to be able to get closer to unsuspecting prey or in the case of a harmless species; to gain protection by imitating a predator or poisonous species.
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- 36. One of themost interesting mimic species is the Mimic octopus. It takes on the form of a variety of different animals by bunching up or elongating its arms to mimic anything from a stingray to a Lionfish or even a sea-snake. It could be that this species employs mimicry both as a means of defence and predation
- 37. A particular typeof mutualistic interrelationship that many divers will have encountered is ‘Cleaning symbiosis ’, The fish being cleaned are often termed ‘client fish’ and the sites they go to to be cleaned are known as ‘Cleaning stations’ ... in tropical waters these areas of the reef are quite clearly defined by the numbers of stationary fish and their attendant cleaner organisms.
- 38. Ecological Pyramids Ecologistsuse three different types of ecological pyramids to illustrate ecosystems: Pyramid of energy : represents how much energy is available in each trophic level Pyramid of numbers : represents the actual number of organisms present in each trophic level Pyramid of biomass : represents the total mass of living things in each trophic level 2.5 VOCABULARY ecological pyramid food pyramid pyramid of energy pyramid of numbers pyramid of biomass
- 39. Energy Pyramid 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: energy is not transferred from one object/organism to the next with 100% efficiency Some of the energy is lost to the environment Energy Pyramid shows the amounts of energy that moves from one level to the next
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- 41. Energy Transfer Onlyabout 10% of energy is transferred from one level to the next The other 90% is used by the organism to carry out its life processes or it is lost to the environment
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