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![What are the key components of a
hypothesis?
If [cause], Then [effect],
Because
[rationale].
A definition of the
problem, a
proposed
solution, and a
result.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chapter6formulationofhypothesis-2203171358161-250615195617-c702c30c/75/chapter6formulationofhypothesis-220317135816-1-pptx-18-2048.jpg)
chapter6formulationofhypothesis-220317135816 (1).pptx
- 1. HYPOTHESIS • The wordhypothesis consists of two words –Hypo+Thesis. ‘Hypo’ means tentative or subject to the verification. ‘Thesis’ means statement about solution of the problem.
- 2. HYPOTHESIS The wordhypothesis consists of two words –Hypo+Thesis. ‘Hypo’ means tentative or subject to the verification. ‘Thesis’ means statement about solution of the problem.
- 3. Definition by JohnW. Best • “A hypothesis is a statement temporarily accepted as true in the light of what is, at the time, known about a phenomenon, and it is employed as a basis for action in the search for new, truth, when the hypothesis is fully established, it may take the form of facts, principles and theories.”
- 4. Nature of Hypothesis: (i)Conceptual: Conceptual elements in the framework are involved in a hypothesis. (ii) Verbal statement in a declarative form: It is a verbal expression of ideas and concepts. It is not merely mental idea but in the verbal form, the idea is ready enough for empirical verification. (iii) It represents the tentative relationship between two or more variables. (iv) Forward or future oriented: A hypothesis is future-oriented. It relates to the future verification not the past facts and information. (v) Pivot of a scientific research: All research activities are designed for verification of hypothesis.
- 5. Importance of aHypothesis Investigator’s eyes Focuses research Clear and specific goals Links together Prevents blind research Guiding light
- 6. Other Importance • Itprovides direction to research and prevent the review of irrelevant literature and the collection of useful or excess data. • It sensitizes the investigator certain aspects of situation which are irrelevant from the standpoint of problem at hand. • It enables the investigator to understand with greater clarity his problem and its ramification. • It is an indispensable research instrument, for it builds a bridge between the problem and the location of empirical evidence that may solve the problem. • It provides the investigator with the most efficient instrument for exploring and explaining the unknown facts. • It provides a framework for drawing conclusion. • It stimulates the investigator for further research.
- 7. Parameters Of AGood Hypothesis Ask Ask Yourself Questions Be Be Logical And Use Precise Language Make Make Sure Your Hypothesis Is Testable
- 8.
- 9. Directional Hypothesis A directionalhypothesis connotes an expected direction in the relationship or difference between variables. This type of hypothesis developer appears more certain of anticipated evidence. it reveals two possible conditions. additional evidence is scarcely needed. researcher has examined the variables very thoroughly and the available evidence supports the statement of a particular anticipated outcome. Example : There will be a positive relationship between extra coaching and academic achievements
- 10. Non-Directional Hypothesis This hypothesisis stated in the null form which is an assertion that no relationship or no difference exists between or among the variables. Difference can be in any directions Example : There will be a difference in adaptability of fathers and mothers towards rearing of their children
- 11. Question form Simplest levelof empirical observation. It divides hypothesis forms into acceptable / rejectable categories
- 12. Declarative Statement • Providesan anticipated relationship or difference between variables. • It is merely a declaration of the independent variables effect on the criterion variable. • When researcher makes a positive statement about the outcome if the study, the hypothesis takes the declarative form • Ex: There will be a significant difference in the instructional standards of Boys and girls in school
- 13. Null Hypothesis It is anegative statement. It states that there is no relationship between variables concerned It can be tested statistically so it is termed as statistical hypothesis Also called testing hypothesis. Denoted by H0. EX: There is no significant change in an individual’s work habits whether they get eight hours or nine hours of sleep.
- 14. Alternative Hypothesis Denoted by H1 Analternative hypothesis is a claim that is contradictory to the null hypothesis. To disprove a null hypothesis, researchers will seek to discover an alternative hypothesis. Work habits improve during the times when one gets 8 hours of sleep only, as opposed to 9 hours of sleep only.
- 15. Logical Hypothesis A logicalhypothesis is a proposed explanation possessing limited evidence. In reference to these examples, there is currently no evidence to support these hypotheses. However, we can form a hypothesis based on the data available to us to draw a logical conclusion. Ex: Beings from Mars would not be able to breathe the air in the atmosphere of the Earth.
- 16. Predication Form Hypothesis It allowsthe researcher worker to state principles which he expects to emerge from the experiment. It is more useful in action research studies.
- 17. Sources of hypothesis TheoryObservation Institution & Personal Experience Findings Of Studies Continuity Of Research
- 18. What are thekey components of a hypothesis? If [cause], Then [effect], Because [rationale]. A definition of the problem, a proposed solution, and a result.
- 19. What is theformat of a hypothesis? A hypothesis often follows a basic format of: “If {this happens} then {this will happen}.” One way to structure your hypothesis is to describe what will happen to the dependent variable if you make changes to the independent variable.
- 20. Formulation of Testable Hypothesis Define Define Variables Study Studythe variables Specify Specify the nature of relationshi p Identif y Identify Study Population Make Make sure Variables are testable
- 21. Example of Hypothesis Rewards increasereading achievements Rewards decrease reading achievements Rewards have no effect on reading achievements
- 22. 1. Define Variables Whatdo you want test? Clearly defined Quantifiable Measurable
- 23. Example • Will youtest that rewards increase reading achievement? Or rewards decrease reading achievement?
- 24. 2. Study In- Depththe Variables Specify independent and depedent variables Rigorous questions Ex: you need to intense study how rewards increase reading achievements?
- 25. 3. Specify the nature of relationship Identifywhat relationship exist between variables What variable influence another variable Ex: How Rewards impact achievements? If reward plays a key role in reading achievements, then reward is the independent variable.
- 26. 4. Identify Study Population Target Population Thepopulation in research we mean the entire group of individuals is going to study.
- 27. 5. Make Sure Variablesare Testable The hypothesis would be worthless if its cant be tested Your research study must accept or reject a variable. Variables you must need to test. Testable variables can only be accepted or rejected. Moreover, the sole aim of a research hypothesis is to test variables in the long run.