Chapter-6_Towards-a-Sustainabl-World.pptx

Delivered by:
IMELDA L. NAJORDA
Associate Professor V

At the end of this lesson, the students must be able to:
• Define sustainability;
• Differentiate the key pillars of sustainability;
• Define climate change and sustainable adaptation;
• Discuss climate change adaptation and sustainable adaptation;
• Explain the 17 sustainable development goals and how to achieve it;
• Cite strategies for climate change adaptation;
• Differentiate the components of food security;
• Identify the different things that affect food safety;
• Explain the human security;
• Define political-economy of food; and
• Explain the model of sustainable food system

Definition of Sustainability
Key Pillars of Sustainability
Climate Change and Sustainable Development
 Food Security and Human Security
 The Political-Economy of Food
 Sustainable Food Systems

- Sustainability refers to the ability to maintain or support a process
continuously over time.
- Sustainability seeks to prevent the depletion of natural or physical resources,
so that they will remain available for the long term.

- Aims to preserve and
improve society's human
capital.
- Aims to preserve social
capital by investing in
and developing services
that form the foundation
of our society.

- Aims to maintain the
capital intact.
- Aims to improve human
welfare by protecting
natural capital (e.g. land,
air, water, minerals etc.).

- Climate change refers to significant changes in global temperature,
precipitation, wind patterns and other measures of climate that occur over
several decades or longer.

- Climate change adaptation refers to actions that reduce the negative impact
of climate change, while taking advantage of potential new opportunities.
- Adaptation in responding to impacts and mitigation (reducing GHG
emissions) are necessary complements in addressing climate change.
However, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states that while
neither adaptation nor mitigation actions alone can prevent significant
climate change impacts, taken together they can significantly reduce risks.

1. Protect the Coastal Wetlands
Increasing protected coastal wetlands and recovering about 40% of the
ecosystem’s global coverage by 2050 could mitigate one gigaton of CO2 per year —
over three years of emissions.
2. Promote the Benefits of Sustainable Agroforestry
Agroforestry practices integrate diverse trees or shrubs with crops and
livestock. In particular, pastures with trees can sequester five to 10 times more
carbon than treeless areas of the same size. Farmers can also be more productive by
growing crops and raising livestock simultaneously using significantly less land.

3. Decentralize Energy Distribution
Decentralized systems — often powered by renewable energy, with shorter transmission lines
and smaller distribution areas are more climate-resilient.
4. Secure Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights
Securing indigenous peoples’ rights will ensure they can hold onto their land, protect natural
resources and better sustain their livelihoods in the face of climate change.
5. Improve Mass Transit
Expanding urban public transportation by 40% by 2050 could decrease the projected number
of cars on the road and avoid 6.6 gigatons of carbon emissions.

Sustainable adaptation defined as adaptation that contributes to socially and
environmentally sustainable development. Adaptation hence involves
adjustments to decrease the vulnerability of communities, regions, and nations
to climate variability and change and in promoting sustainable development
(IPCC 2001).

GOAL 1: No Poverty
End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
GOAL 2: Zero Hunger
End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture.
GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
GOAL 4: Quality Education
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all.

GOAL 5: Gender Equality
Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all.

GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation.
GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality
Reduce inequality within and among countries.
GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

GOAL 13: Climate Action
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
GOAL 14: Life Below Water
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development.
GOAL 15: Life on Land
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels.
GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal
Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global
Partnership for Sustainable Development.

 In order to adapt to and mitigate climate change, the Philippines passed the Climate
Change Act in 2009, requiring local governments to develop a local climate change action
plan, or LCCAP.
 The Climate Change Commission (CCC) is the principal policy-making organization on
climate change issues, as established by the Philippine Climate Change Act. The CCC
announced in April 2021 that, as part of its commitment to the Paris Agreement on
Climate Change, it was revising its objective to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 75%
by 2030, up from a target of 70% set four years before.
 The Philippines adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and
subsequently crafted the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022.
 For quality education - the legal framework for institutionalizing the Alternative Learning
System has been set.

 For decent work – to allow for a just transition to a greener economy, the
Philippines’ Green Jobs Act incentivizes enterprises to offer jobs using green
production practices.
 To reduce inequality - the Conditional Cash Transfer provides targeted
interventions to disadvantaged families. Responding to Republic Act 10524 which
reserves employment for persons with disability
 For climate action - the Climate Risk Management Framework provides risk
information to enhance adaptive capacity.

 For peace, justice, and strong institutions – A major milestone is the
ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law, which was a result of cumulative
initiatives, including those by the international community, to address a long-
standing conflict in southern Philippines.
 To ensure effectiveness of partnerships - the Philippines has been conducting
the Official Development Assistance Portfolio Review. Still, we make sure that the
SDG implementation is mostly financed from domestic resources.
 Pursuing the SDGs requires an ambitious approach that gets everyone behind the
goal of leaving no one behind. Involving the different stakeholders today in a very
concrete way will determine the attainment of the SDGs in the remaining 11
years, and on to 2040.

Food security, as defined by the United Nations’ Committee on World Food
Security, means that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic
access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences
and dietary needs for an active and healthy life.

Food Availability
It refers to the physical inflow
and presence of safe and nutritious food
at a given time and in a given place, such
as grocery stores, food gardens, etc.
Food Access
It addresses the ability to
purchase or exchange goods for foods, as
well as foods that are given and other
social mechanisms that affect access, such
as affordability, family roles, ect.
Food Utilization
It focuses on the body’s ability
to make the most out of the nutrients
in food that is consumed.
Food Stability
It strives to secure the
dimensions of food availability, access
and utilization over time.

According to WHO, access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious
food is key to sustaining life and promoting good health. Unsafe food
containing harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites or chemical substances causes
more than 200 diseases, ranging from diarrhea to cancers.
Food safety, nutrition and food security are closely linked. Unsafe food
creates a vicious cycle of disease and malnutrition, particularly affecting
infants, young children, elderly and the sick. In addition to contributing to food
and nutrition security, a safe food supply also supports national economies,
trade and tourism, stimulating sustainable development.

The globalization of food trade, a growing world population, climate
change and rapidly changing food systems have an impact on the safety of
food. WHO aims to enhance at a global and country-level the capacity to
prevent, detect and respond to public health threats associated with unsafe
food.

1. Salmonella, Campylobacter and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli
• These are some of the most common foodborne pathogens that affect millions
of people annually, sometimes with severe and fatal outcomes.
• (Symptoms can be fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and
diarrhea.)
• Foods involved in outbreaks of salmonellosis include eggs, poultry and other
products of animal origin.
• Foodborne cases with Campylobacter are mainly caused by raw milk, raw or
undercooked poultry and drinking water. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli is
associated with unpasteurized milk, undercooked meat and contaminated fresh fruits
and vegetables.

2. Listeria Infection
• It can lead to miscarriage in pregnant women or death of newborn babies.
Although disease occurrence is relatively low, Listeria’s severe and
sometimes fatal health consequences, particularly among infants, children
and the elderly, count them among the most serious foodborne infections.
• Listeria is found in unpasteurized dairy products and various ready-to-eat
foods and can grow at refrigeration temperatures.

3. Vibrio Cholerae
• This can infect people through contaminated water or food.
• Symptoms may include abdominal pain, vomiting and profuse watery diarrhea,
which quickly lead to severe dehydration and possibly death.
• Rice, vegetables, millet gruel and various types of seafood have been implicated in
cholera outbreaks.

1. Viruses
• Some viruses can be transmitted by food consumption. Norovirus is a common cause of
foodborne infections that is characterized by nausea, explosive vomiting, watery diarrhea
and abdominal pain.
• Hepatitis A virus can also be transmitted by food and can cause long-lasting liver disease
and spreads typically through raw or undercooked seafood or contaminated raw produce.
2. Parasites
• Some parasites, such as fish-borne trematodes, are only transmitted through food. Others,
for example tapeworms like Echinococcus spp, or Taenia spp, may infect people through
food or direct contact with animals.
• Other parasites, such as Ascaris, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica or Giardia, enter
the food chain via water or soil and can contaminate fresh produce.

1. Naturally occurring toxins
• It include mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, cyanogenic glycosides and toxins occurring in poisonous
mushrooms.
• Staple foods like corn or cereals can contain high levels of mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin and
ochratoxin, produced by mold on grain.
• A long-term exposure can affect the immune system and normal development, or cause cancer.
2. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
• Are compounds that accumulate in the environment and human body. Known examples are
dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are unwanted by-products of industrial
processes and waste incineration. They are found worldwide in the environment and accumulate in
animal food chains
• Dioxins are highly toxic and can cause reproductive and developmental problems, damage the
immune system, interfere with hormones and cause cancer.

3. Heavy metals
• Such as lead, cadmium and mercury cause neurological and kidney damage.
• Contamination by heavy metal in food occurs mainly through pollution of
water and soil.
4. Other chemical hazards
• In foods, it can include radioactive nucleotides that can be discharged into
the environment from industries and from civil or military nuclear operations,
food allergens, residues of drugs and other contaminants incorporated in the
food during the process.

Means protecting vital freedoms. It means protecting people from
critical and pervasive threats and situations, building on their strengths and
aspirations. It also means creating systems that give people the building blocks
of survival, dignity and livelihood.

1. Freedom from fear
It refers to protecting individuals from threats directed at their security and physical
integrity and includes various forms of violence that may arise from external states.
2. Freedom from wants
It refers to the protection of individuals so that they might satisfy their basic needs
and the economic, social, and environmental aspects of live and livelihoods.
3. Freedom from indignity
It refers to the promotion of an improved quality of life and enhancement of
human welfare that permits people to make choices and seek opportunities for that
empower them.

1. Protection
“strategies set up by states, international agencies, NGOs and the private
sector, (to) shield people from menaces.”
2. Empowerment
“strategies (that) enable people to develop their resilience to difficult
situations”.

People-centered
Multi-sectoral
Comprehensive
Context-specific
Prevention-oriented

 Human security is a universal concern.
 The components of human security are interdependent.
 Human security is easier to ensure through early prevention than late
intervention.
 Human security is people centered.

It refers to a branch of social sciences that focuses on relationships
between individuals, governments, and public policy. It is also used to describe
the policies set by governments that affect their nations' economies.

 Political economy of famine
 Food Fights
 Diversity and Innovation.
 The food–health nexus.
 The Politics of Consumption.
 Food Sovereignty and Agro-Ecology.

A sustainable food system (SFS) is a food system that delivers food security
and nutrition for all in such a way that the economic, social and environmental bases
to generate food security and nutrition for future generations are not compromised.

1. CHANGING FOOD SYSTEMS
A food system must be considered in the context of rapid population growth,
urbanization, growing wealth, changing consumption patterns, and globalization as well as
climate change and the depletion of natural resources.
2. LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT APPROACHES
The complexity of food systems requires a more holistic and coordinated
approach. Many food security and nutrition challenges are complex problems whose
solutions are contested and which transcend disciplinary, divisional, and institutional
boundaries. In increasingly globalized food systems, these challenges result from
interactions across different scales and levels.

3. THINKING HOLISTICALLY
A food systems approach is a way of thinking and doing that considers
the food system in its totality, taking into account all the elements, their
relationships and related effects. It is not confined to one single sector, sub-
system (e.g. value chain, market) or discipline, and thus broadens the framing
and analysis of a particular issue as the result of an intricate web of interlinked
activities and feedbacks.

• https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/sustainablebusiness/0/steps/78337#:~:text=The%20term%20sustainability%20is%20broadly,the%20four
%20pillars%20of%20sustainability.
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change-mitigation-and-adaptation
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• Climate Change Terms and Definitions. (2021, November 5). UC Davis. https://climatechange.ucdavis.edu/climate/definitions
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• Philippines .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. (n.d.). https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/philippines
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• https://www.iidh.ed.cr/multic/default_12.aspx?contenidoid=ea75e2b1-9265-4296-9d8c-
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Chapter-6_Towards-a-Sustainabl-World.pptx

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