Character Formation and Nationalism Group-1-yes.pdf

In the Philippines, the government adopted the national motto of MakaDiyos, Makatao, Makakalikasan, and
Makabayan (Sec. 40, RA 8491). It could be translated as Godly, Mindful of humanity, Respectful to nature, and Nationalism
and Patriotism or for the love of God, love of people, love of nature, and love of country and its people. From this national
motto, it made mandatory to all Filipino people to be nationalistic and patriotic.
The call to be nationalistic and patriotic is also provided in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Specifically, these
constitutional provisions are:
a. Section 13. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical,
moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage
their involvement in public and civic affairs.
b. Section 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism
and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development.
Rationale:

c. Section 3. (1) All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of the
curricula. (2) They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster lover of humanity, respect for human rights,
appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development of the country, teach the rights and duties of
citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline, encourage
critical
d. Section 20. The Congress shall establish an independent central monetary authority, the members of
whose governing board must be natural-born Filipino citizens, of known probity, integrity, and patriotism, the majority
of whom shall come from the private sector. They shall also be subject to such other qualifications and disabilities
as may be prescribed by law. The authority shall provide policy direction in the areas of money, banking, and credit. It
shall have supervision over the operations of banks and exercise such regulatory powers as may be provided by law
over the operations of finance companies and other institutions performing similar functions.
Law enforcement officers and military officers are duty bound to protect and defend the Philippine
Constitution. This connotes that they should and must practice and promote nationalism and patriotism. Since B.S.
Criminology graduates are educated and trained for law enforcement and military career, it justified the inclusion of
this course "Nationalism and Patriotism to the B.S. Criminology Curriculum.

A. NATION - To have a clearer understanding of what is "nationalism", it is imperative to first understand its root word "nation".
1. Connor (2007) said that "the word is derived from the Latin verb nasci (meaning to be born) and its noun form, natio (connoting
breed or race).
2. In the Online Etymology Dictionary (n.d), it states that nation is traceable in "c. 1300, nacioun, "a race of people, large group of
people with common ancestry and language," from Old French nacion «birth, rank; descendants, relatives; country, homeland»
(12c.) and directly from Latin nationem (nominative natio) "birth, origin; breed, stock, kind, species; race of people, tribe," literally
"that which has been born," from natus, past participle of nasci «be born>>> (Old Latin gnasci), from PIE root "gene- «give birth,
beget,>>> with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups."
3. According to Oxford Languages (n.d.-a), it refers to "a large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or
language, inhabiting a particular country or territory."
4. On the other hand, Cambridge Dictionary (n.d.) refers to a nation as "a country, esp. when thought of as a large group of people
living in one area with their own government, language, and traditions.
5. The word nation is also referring to "a country considered as a group of people with the same language, culture and history, who
live in in a particular area under one Dictionary, n.d.). government" (Oxford Learner’s
6. Finally, the word nation may refer to "a community of people formed on the basis of a combination of shared features such as
language. history, ethnicity, culture and/or society" (Wikipedia, n.d.-a).
Considering the varied meaning and etymology of the word nation, what is common among the above references is that nation is
referring to a group of people with certain commonalities or shared features.

NATION, COUNTRY, AND STATE: COMPARED
1. Nation as earlier defined pertains to a group of people having commonalities in race, history, culture, and language.
2. Country, refers to "a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory." A country pertains to "the land
of a person's birth, residence, ог citizenship [or] a political state or nation or its territory." a country refers to "an area
of land that is controlled by its own government." Other definition of a country is - it refers to rural areas.
Based from the foregoing, nation refers to the people while country is referring to a place with a definite territory and
government.
3. State, politically and socially defined as a country or nation having its own people, own government, own territory,
and sovereignty. A state refers to "a politically organized group of people usually occupying a definite territory." A state
as "a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory." For a country or a nation to be
considered a state, it should have the elements of people, territory, government, and sovereignty. In this case, country
and state are almost synonymous.
4. Nation-State is defined as a form of political organization under which a relatively homogeneous people inhabits
state"

. NATIONALISM
1. Nationalism Defined
a. It refers to "identification with one's own nation and support
for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the
interests of other nations or advocacy of or support for the
political independence of a particular nation or people"
b. According to Britannica nationalism pertains to "ideology
based on the premise that the individual's loyalty and devotion
to the nation-state surpass other individual or group interests."
c. The word also refers to the "loyalty and devotion to a nation
especially a sense of national consciousness exalting one
nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on
promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of
other nations or supranational groups"
d. In politics and governance, it is "the desire for political
independence in a country that is controlled by or part of
another country" and in social science, nationalism means "the
feelings of affection and pride that people have for their country"
e. On the other hand defines nationalism as "the desire for
political independence of people who feel they are historically
or culturally a separate group within a country."

• 2. Concepts of Nationalism
• a. According to Tharoor (2021), "few concepts have gone through as many transformations of connotation
as nationalismword itself, in English, goes back in common usage only to 1844, though it is argued that the
proposition that 'the English people were a nation' dawned with the Tudors in the late fifteenth century."
• b. Tharoor (2021) added that:
• "in ancient Rome, the word 'nation' natio actually meant 'litter', as in cat's progeny, and referred to
foreigners a and migrants who were deemed subhuman by Roman citizens, but the term gradually lost its
implications of contempt and began to refer to a community of shared opinion. The Latin roots 'natio' and
'natus' (both come from 'nascor' or 'I am born', whose perfect form is 'natus sum', I have been born
• c. Nationalism is "the policy or doctrine of asserting the interests of one's own nation viewed as separate
from the interests of other nations or the common interests of all nations." Dictionary.com (2022) emphasizes
that "nationalism is a kind of excessive, aggressive patriotism."
• d. "modern nationalismis rooted, in part, in French and American revolutions that fought for the
sovereignty of their people over monarchies. This historic nationalism is generally viewed favorably, a
cornerstone of Western liberalism and democracy."

3. Principles of Nationalism –
Principle pertains to one's rule of life or "a personal
basic rule by which one lives" (Dalgish, 1997). Principle
refers to "a moral rule or belief that helps you know what is
right and wrong and that influences your actions." In
nationalism, there is an emphasis on one's national identity.
National Identity is the characteristics of a nation or country
such as its distinct race, language, culture, values, and
traits. Marschelke (2021) defined national identity as "a
specific kind of collective feeling, i.e., a self-image or an
understanding. As such, it can become part of peoples'
personal identities, too (their "sense of belonging")."

4. Elements of Nationalism
a. Basic elements of Nationalism refer to commonality of race, language,
culture, traditions, history, religion or religious belief and geographical location.
b. According to Deacon, Denton & Southall, (2018). The key elements of
nationalism are the following.
1) The nation - The fundamental principle to all forms of nationalism is the idea of the
nation as the core political unit
2) National adherence - It is the belief that the world is divided into a series of
different nations, each one possessing Its own unique character and identity.
Furthermorenationalists tend to view the adherence which people have towards their
nation as one which has extreme significance, and which stands above their
adherence to any other collective entity.

3) National sovereignty and self-determination - An important step in the development of nationalism as a political ideology occurred
when the idea of a national community merged with the idea of the people's sovereignty.
4) Culture -A great deal of the discussion surrounding nationalism has focused on the kinds of political or constitutional demands
connected to the ideology and specifically the call for national self-determination - but it must be remembered that the cultural
dimension has also been central to the agenda put forward by many national movements.
c. Three core elements of nationalism. According to Miller (2009, Chapter 29, Introduction, paras. 1-4), there are three core elements of
nationalism.
1) Nations are real
That there is something that differentiates people who belong to one nation from those who belong to its neighbors.
2) Membership in a nation has practical implications
It confers rights and imposes obligations.
3) Nationhood is politically significant
Nationalists argue for political institutions that will allow the nation to be self-determining to decide on its own future
course, free from outside coercion.

• 5. Characteristics of Nationalism
a. Proponents of nationalism are known as nationalist.
They see ""nations as inclusive categorization of human beings-assigning every individual to one
specific nation. In fact, nationalism sees most human activity as national in character. Nations have national
symbols, a national culture, a national music and national literature; national folklore, a national mythology and-in
some cases-even a national religion. Individuals share national values and a national identity, admire the national
hero, eat the national dish and play the national sport" (2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection, n.d., para. 6).
b. National identity refers "both to these defining criteria, and to the shared heritage of each group.
Membership in a nation is usually involuntary and determined by birth. Individual nationalisms vary in
their degree of internal uniformity: some are monolithic, and tolerate little variance from the national norms.
Academic nationalism theory emphasizes that national identity is contested, reflecting differences in region, class,
gender, and language or dialect" (2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection, n.d., para. 7).
c. Territorial claims "characterize the politics of nationalist movements.
Established nation-states also make an implicit territorial claim, to secure their own continued
existence: sometimes it is specified in the national constitution. In the nationalist view, each nation has a moral
entitlement to a sovereign state: this is usually taken as a given" (2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection, n.d., para. 8).

6. Types of Nationalism - There are various types of nationalism. It can be typified depending on its focus and
emphasis.
a. Anticolonial Nationalism
refers to "the first time that a group of people who had previously been treated as not part of a nation
began to see themselves as equal members of a community"
b. Civic Nationalism
"a relatively liberal form of nationalism in which the nation is defined by its shared values and
commitment to civic democracy rather than its bloodlines or ethnicity"
c. Creole Nationalism or Criollo, nationalism
"the ideology that emerged in independence movements among the Criollos (descendants of the
European colonizers). especially in Latin America in the early 19th century"
d. Cultural Nationalism .
“the nation is defined by a shared culture rather than by ethnic heritage”
e. Economic Nationalism
"a school of thought that favors the protection of a nation's economy over globalization"
f. Ethnic Nationalism
"the most overtly racist of all forms of nationalism. It is the belief that a nation should be ethnically
homologous"
g. Expansionist Nationalism
"holds that a nation should expand its territory by force. It advocates for annexing neighboring
countries and settling its people on that land through the process of colonization"
h. Gendered and Muscular Nationalism
"Feminist critique interprets nationalism as a mechanism through which sexual control and
repression are justified and legitimized, often by a dominant masculine power "

i. Left-wing Nationalism
"Left-wing nationalism or leftist nationalism, also known as social nationalism is a form of
nationalism based upon national self-determination, popular sovereignty, national self-interest, and left-
wing political positions such as social equality“
j. Liberal Nationalism
"a nation-state should preserve Western values including liberalism and democracy within its
borders, often by enacting illiberal policies to achieve this goal"
k. Liberation Nationalism
"a political ideology that emerged in the mid-20th century in response to the decolonization
process. Liberation nationalists argue that each nation has the right to self-determination and should be free
from the control of foreign powers"
l. Linguistic Nationalism
is "the idea that a nation should be defined by a common language. This is in contrast to other
forms of nationalism, which may place more emphasis on a shared culture or ethnicity"
m. National Conservatism
"believes in preserving traditional values and institutions such as the family, religion, and the
nation-state. They also tend to support a strong military and an aggressive foreign policy policy"
n. National Socialism
"often shortened to Nazism, is a political ideology that rose to prominence in Germany during the
early twentieth century"

o. Nativist Nationalism
"similar to creole or territorial types of nationalism, but which defines belonging to
a nation solely by being bom on its territory"
p. Pandemic Nationalism
" Pandemic nationalists are those who supported the lockdown to reduce the
massive effect of the Covid-19"
q. Pan-Nationalism
"transcends national boundaries to envision nations based on ethnic background.
It aims to undermine and re-draw the boundaries of nations"
r. Religious Nationalism
"a nation should be defined and unified by a shared religion" (Drew, 2023).
Grzymala-Busse (2019) defined religious nationalism as the "fusion of religious and national
identities and goals." Juergemsmeyer (, 1993, p. 40), on the other hand, defined the term as "the
attempt to link religion and the nation-state."
s. Romantic Nationalism
"advocated the return of a nation to an imagined past when the nation was
supposedly more idealistic than it is today.
t. Sports Nationalism
"command worldwide audiences as nations battle for supremacy and the fans
invest intense support for their national team. Increasingly people have tied their loyalties and
even their cultural identity to national teams"
u. Territorial Nationalism
"based on the belief that all inhabitants of a particular territory should share a
common national Identity, regardless of their ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural and other
differences

PATRIOTISM-similar to the word nationalism, patriotism can be better understood
after having a clear understanding of its root word "patriot"
1. Patriot
a. According to Oxford Learner's Dictionary, the word patriot came in the "late
16th cent. (in the late Latin sense): from French patriote, from late Latin patriota
"fellow countryman', from Greek patriotës, from patrios of one's fathers', from
patris 'fatherland"."
b. Merriam-Webster dictionary, writes that the word patriot came "from Greek
patrios, meaning "of one's father," patriot entered English via French patriote-
meaning "fellow countryman" or "compatriot" during a time of political unrest in
western Europe that was characterized by infighting among fellow countrymen-
especially among those of the Protestant and Catholic faiths."
c. For Oxford Languages, it defines patriot as "a person who vigorously supports
their country and is prepared to defend it against enemies or detractors."
d. Further, Merriam-Webster refers to a patriot as "a person who loves his or her
country and is ready to boldly support and defend it."
e. Collins Dictionary, has a similar definition of patriot who is referred to as "a
person who loves, supports, and defends his or her country and its interests with
devotion." f. Finally, patriot is also defined as "a person who loves and strongly
supports or fights for his or her country" (Britannica Dictionary, n.d.).
With the above premises, any individual can be a patriot as long as he or she is
willing to support and defend his/her country. According to Euben (2006, p. 307),
"to be a patriot is first of all to love one's country, and then to be committed to
advancing its interests in various ways, by defending it against attack or working
to help it prosper."

2. Patriotism
a. According to Dictionary as a noun, patriotism means "devoted love, support, and
defense of one's country; national loyalty." further asserted that patriotism "often
brings to mind people directly involved with the defense of a nation, namely military
service members as well as state and local government representatives."
b. As to when the word patriotism came out, stated that it is "first recorded in the early
patriot 1700s. Interestingly, by the 1770s, the word patriot could refer to "a member of
a resistance movement, a freedom fighter," specifically those who fought against the
British in the war for independence-associations that persist today."
c. further stated that "patriotism is based on patriot, which is recorded in the 1500s.
This word ultimately derives from Greek patrités, "fellow-countryman or lineage
member." The root of this word, in turn, means "fatherland." Paternal, patriarchy, and
even English's own father are related."

3. Concepts of Patriotism
There are various concepts or notions about patriotism.
For Altıkulaç (2016), he stated in his research that "social psychologists emphasize patriotism's main
characteristics as loyalty, love and individual's desire of being a part of a community" (Bar-Tal and Staub,
1997).
Nathanson (1997, as cited by Altikulac) said that there are "4 main components which are, a special
affection towards one's country; defining himself or herself through his or her country; being interested in
country's welfare; and sacrificing for the sake of country's welfare."
However,
Primoratz and Pavković (2007, p. 3) stated that patriotism is not only defined by one's "special concern for
the political, economic, and cultural well-being of the patria [country or fatherland]." Patriotism, in its
ethical side, is also manifested with one's deep and sincere concern with his/her country's "moral well-
being: [that is to be] concerned that its policies, laws, and institutions be just and humane.

E. NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM COMPARED
1. Merriam-Webster, stated that nationalism and patriotism similarly "emphasize strong
feelings for one's country. However, they are not synonymous. Nationalism, while it refers to
loyalty and devotion to a nation, tends to imply the placing of that nation above others, a
tendency that is not necessarily implict in patriotism."
2. Difference between net differentiated nationalism and patriotism as "both showing the
relationship of an individual towards his or her nation. The two are frequently believed to mean
the same thing. However, there is a vast difference between nationalism and patriotism."
3. Herbert and Kertz-Welzel, claimed that there is an antithesis between nationalism and
patriotism. They said, "whatever is good about an allegiance to a country is called "patriotism,"
and whatever is bad about it is called "nationalism." It may be said, for example, that a patriot
wants his country to flourish, while a nationalist wants his country to dominate all others."
They stated further that the better way to understand the distinction between nationalism and
patriotism is the object of their affection. For the patriots, they love their country while the
nationalists love their nation or any thing about the people in their country.
4. On the extreme side, nationalists consider their country and people as superior over other
countries and nationals and the nationalists will defend their country and their people in
whatever reason.

5. Another meaning of nationalism is "to give more importance to unity by way of a cultural background,
including language and heritage [while] patriotism on the other hand pertains to the love for a nation, with
more emphasis on values and beliefs." (Differencebetween.net, n.d., para. 2). Nationalism implies to a
person that his country is most superior among other countries and he will defend it no matter what.
6. For the patriots, they are always ready to live and die for their country.
7. Nationalism, etymologically, means love, care for, preservation and patronage of one's native land and
everything in it-the country of birth of a national, whether it be Filipino or otherwise.
8. George Orwell (as cited by Differencebetween.net, n.d., para. 3), claimed the worst enemy of peace is
nationalism because of "one's feeling that one's [his/her] country is superior to another in all respects,
while patriotism is merely a feeling of admiration for a way of life." Orwell is saying "patriotism is passive by
nature and nationalism can be a little aggressive."

F. TYPES OF PATRIOTISM.
Personal patriotism and official patriotism.
The first "is emotional and voluntary in which a patriot adheres to certain patriotic values, such as respect for the flag or the honoring of
veterans. On the other hand, official patriotism "has a high symbolic and ceremonial content. It derives legitimacy from being the
expression of the common good of the political community.
2. Blind and constructive.
His first type is characterized by "an attachment to country that is characterized by unquestioning acceptance of its policies and
practices and unquestioning allegiance with a pledge of supporting one's country right or wrong." Constructive patriotism on the other
hand, "combines attachment, love of country, with the capacity and willingness to question, criticize, and work for change." Constructive
patriots are those who are not hesitant to question wrong policies of their govemment.
3. Value-based and egocentric.
His first type of patriotism refers to a patriot's love for his country due to his country having certain privileges and great achievements.
The value-based patriots' loyalty is dependent on what privilege and opportunities they get from their country. Primoratz added that once
their country could no longer provide for those privileges and benefits, the loyalty of the value-based patriots wanes. Hence. these
patriots are materialistic, superficial and insincere. The ego-centric patriotism on the other hand "is seen better compared to value-
based patriotism because of its principle which leads to a patriot's love for his country because it is his country, not because of the
importance, merit or certain achievements obtained by his country." It can be said that ego-centric patriotism is unconditional and
sincere expression of patriotism.

4. Inclusive patriotism and exclusive patriotism.
Inclusive prides itself on giving hope and refuge to those around the world who are most
desperate. This means that the patriotism patriots spouses liberty and tolerance and
welcome other foreign nationals who needed American inclusive help to reside in their
country. .. exclusive patriotism asserts a unique "By contrast. and superior "Americanism
that's determined to exclude others beyond our [their) borders." Hence, exclusive patriots
are not welcoming and not generous.
5. Impartial patriotism,
appealing only to universal principles and it arises from the demands of wider loyalties;
second, sports patriotism, similarly affirming universal principles, valid for each "particular
team and this patriotism arises from pressure to universalize patriotic judgements; and
third, loyalty patriotism is considered the real patriotism which is similar to loyalty to one's
family. Nation is a moral community whose members are bound together by a common
good that is not instrumental."

6. Other Types of Patriotism
a. Constitutional Patriotism
"reaffirms political principles of democratic procedures; instead on identity, it focuses on an inclusive model of belonging; and instead
on territorially defined state, it invests its moral energies into public sphere."
b. Robust Patriotism
the loyalty should be to one's country and people; but this does not mean that they will support any government in her country
c. Deflated Patriotism
This type of patriotism arose from one's debt of gratitude to his/her country. Gratitude because his/her country provided life, liberty,
language, and identity
d. Moderate Patriotism
"combines a special concern for one's country with some level of concern for people in other countries, also promotes the country's
well-being, but it only approves of means that are consistent with the rights of people in other countries."
e. Ethical Patriotism
"focuses on the country's moral record and the implementation of just and humane laws" and that patriotism is a moral duty.
f. Extreme Patriotism
having much "concern for one's own country and no concern for others, and it sets the highest importance promoting the country's
interests and well-being while rejecting any constraints”

7. Negative or destructive types of Patriotism and/or Nationalism
While constructive patriotism pictures patriotism as a way of
showing one's love and support for his or her country. There are also acts
considered as manifestation of one's love to his or her country but in a way
may be destructive or seen as negative.
a. Jingoism
"an attitude of belligerent nationalism, or a blind adherence to
the rightness or virtue of fone's own nation, society, or group, simply because it
is one's own."
b. Chauvinism
"excessive and unreasonable patriotism similar to jingoism”
c. Pseudo-patriotism
Pseudo-patriots refer to persons "who use patriotism as a tool to
silence all criticism by anyone who does not support what majority political
party thinks. These type of people tend to hate free speech unless it applies
them"
d. Ethnocentrism
This type of patriotism that "embodies the assumption that
thinking well of one's own group entails looking down on the members of other
groups"

How about the Holy Bible? What does it say about nationalism and Patriotism?
Therefore, render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things
that are God's." (Matthew 22:21b) But our citizenship is in heaven, and from it we
await a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, who will transform our lowly body to be like
his glorious by body, by the power that enables him even to subject all things to
himself. (Philippians 3:20-21)
First of all, then, I urge that supplications, prayer prayers, intercessions, and
thanksgivings be made for all and all who are in high people, for kings and all nigh
positions, that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every
way. This is good, and it is pleasing in the sight of God our Savior, 1 Timothy 2:1-3
ESV

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