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Chemical properties of monosaccharides
The document discusses various chemical properties and reactions of monosaccharides, including: 1) Reaction with hydrazines to form osazones and reduction to form sugar alcohols such as sorbitol and mannitol. 2) Oxidation to produce sugar acids such as gluconic acid, which is important physiologically for detoxification. 3) Reducing action in alkaline solutions and formation of esters, phosphates, acetates, and propionates. 4) Formation of important sugar derivatives like amino sugars and glycosides.
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Discusses reactions of monosaccharides with hydrazines, including reduction to sugar alcohols.
Highlights the diuretic use of mannitol for cerebral edema and sorbitol's role in cataract formation.
Focuses on oxidation of sugars producing gluconic acid and its importance in detoxification.
Explores reducing actions of sugars, formation of esters, and their metabolic significance.
Describes formation of amino sugars and their roles in glycosaminoglycans and mucopolysaccharides.
Explains glycosides formation from carbohydrates attaching to aglycone residues and their structures.
Lists important glycosides including cardiac glycosides such as ouabain and their health roles.
Defines deoxy sugars, focusing on 2’-deoxy-D-ribose's role in DNA and other deoxy sugars.
Summarizes various monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and pentoses, including biological significance.
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Chemical properties of monosaccharides
- 1. Chemical properties ofmonosaccharides Reaction with hydrazines to form osazones. Reduction to form sugar alcohols Name of monosaccharide Sugar derivative Glucose Sorbitol Mannose Mannitol Galactose Dulcitol Fructose Sorbitol and Mannitol Ribose Ribitol Glyceraldehyde Glycerol Dihydroxyacetone Glycerol
- 2. Mannitol acts asdiuretic and used in the patients of cerebral edema. Sorbitol gets deposited in the lens of the diabetic patient and contributes to an early cataract formation.
- 3. Oxidation to producesugar acids Gluconic acid,Glucuronic acid,Glucaric acid Gluconic acid is of great physiological importance,used in the detoxification and inactivating many substances like benzoic acid,steroid hormones,bilirubin etc.
- 4. Reducing action ofsugars in alkaline solutions Action of acids and bases Formation of esters 1.Phosphates acetates,propionates,stearatesetc. 2.Glucose catabolism 3.Nucleoproteins
- 5. Several sugar estersimportant in metabolism
- 6. Formation of aminosugars 1.Hexosamines(D-glucosamine,D-galactosamine and D manosamine). 2.Constituent of Glycosaminoglycans. Fermentation
- 7. Special monosaccharides: aminosugars Constituents of mucopolysaccharides
- 8. FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES.Compounds in which carbohydrate residue is attatched by an acetal linkage at the anomeric carbon atom to an alcoholic residue called aglycone which is a non carbohydrate.
- 9.
- 10. The aglycone mayattach through to sugar through –OH or -NH2 group forming O and N-glycosides. Aglycone may be methyl alcohol,a sterol,phenol,a purine or a pyrimidine(sugar nucleosides),a protein(glycoproteins,GAG’s) and lipids(glycolipids).
- 11. Physiologically important glycosides.Cardiac glycosides Streptomycin Ouabain Glucovanillin
- 12.
- 13. Deoxy sugars. Oxygenof the hydroxyl group is removed. Most important deoxy sugar is 2’-deoxy-D-ribose.
- 14. Component of DNAL- fucose(deoxy L-galactose) in milk and blood group substances. 2-deoxy glucose is used in research.
- 15. Some important Monosaccharides.HEXOSES D-GLUCOSE . Grape sugar or dextrose. Form glycogen, starch and cellulose. Represents almost 100% of monosaccharides in blood therefore known as blood sugar. Found in the urine of diabetics Sorbitol.sugar acids Can occur in pyran and furan form 74% as sweet as sucrose.
- 16. FRUCTOSE Fruit sugarand levulose. Occurs in honey and plant kingdom. Source of energy for spermatozoa. Occur in pyran and furan form Constituent of sucrose. Sweetest of all sugars(173%) of sucrose
- 17. GALACTOSE . Partof lactose,seed coat of legumes. Constituent of glycolipids and glycoproteins. 32% sweeter than sucrose. MANNOSE Constituent of glycoproteins In the body turns into glucose
- 18. PENTOSES Monosaccharides containring of five atoms. Constituent of nucleic acids,ATP,GTP,CTP,UTP,NAD+,NADP+,FMN,FAD and coenzyme A. Phosphates as intermediates in the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism. L-Xylulose is intermediate in uronic acid pathway of glucose metabolism.
- 19. D-lyxose is foundin heart muscle. D-arabinose and D-Xylose is found in glycoproteins.