Chemotherapy & Antibiotics

Chemotherapy & Antibiotics

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  PREFACE I EXPRESS MY HEARTFUL GRATITUDE TO MADAM MONIKA DAS BORKOTOKI, S/T & HOD OF DEPT. OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, DARRANG COLLEGE, TEZPUR FOR GIVING ME AN OPPURTUNITY TO PRESENT THIS PRESENTATION ON “CHEMOTHERAPY & ANTIBIOTICS” AND HELPING ME TO COLLECT AND ORGANIZE THE PRESENTATION DATA. I SINCERELY HOPE THAT THE KNOWLEDGE PROVIDED BY HER WILL BE BENEFICIAL IN MY FUTURE LIFE.
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  CONTENTS
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  TERMS AND TERMINOLOGIESRELATED TO CHEMOTHERAPY • THE TREATMENT OF A DISEASE CHEMOTHERAPY WITH A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC • THE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE USED AGENTS FOR CHEMOTHERAPY • A SPECIAL KIND OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC ANTIBIOTICS AGENT USUALLY OBTAINED FROM LIVING ORGANISMS
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  CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY COMPOUNDS NOT TREATED CHEMOTHERAP- PREPARATIO AS EUTIC AGENTS N CHEMOTHERAP E-UTIC AGENT
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  CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHEMOTHERAPEUTICAGENT DESTROY OR PREVENT THE ACTIVITY OF A PARASITE WITHOUT INJURING THE CELLS OF THE HOST OR WITH MINOR INJURY TO ITS CELLS BE ABLE TO COME IN CONTACT WITH THE PARASITE BY PENETRATING THE CELLS AND TISSUES OF THE HOST IN EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATIONS LEAVEUNALTERED THE HOST’S NATURAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS, SUCH AS PHAGOCYTOSIS AND THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES
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  HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTICAGENT  HAS BEEN PRACTICED FOR CENTURIES  EARLY IN THE PRESENT CENTURY, IN THE MID 1930S, THIS THERAPY REVOLUTIONIZED THE FIELD OF MEDICINE  THIS TURN IN EVENTS ATTRIBUTED TO TWO DISCOVERIES-  SULFONAMIDE COMPOUNDS (SULFA DRUGS) COULD BE USED SUCCESSFULLY FOR THE TREATMENT OF CERTAIN BACTERIAL DISEASES  DISCOVERY OF A NEW AND POTENT CLASS OF ANTIBACTERIALLY ACTIVE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
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   EUROPEANS USEDNATURAL QUININE FROM THE BARK OF THE CINCHONA TREE TO TREAT MALARIA AS EARLY AS 1630  MERCURY WAS USED TO TREAT SYPHILIS AS EARLY AS 1495  PAUL EHRLICH, IN ABOUT 1910, SYNTHESIZED AN ARSENICAL COMPOUND SALVARSAN, CAPABLE OF CURING DISEASE WITHOUT CAUSING GREAT DANGER TO THE PATIENT  DOMAGK, IN ABOUT 1935 SHOWED THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF A GROUP OF COMPOUNDS KNOWN AS THE SULFONAMIDES
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  ANTIBIOTICS, FLEMING AND PENICILLIN ANTIBIOSIS, FIRST DEFINED BY VUILLEMIN IN 1889  IN 1929, ALEXANDER FLEMING NOTICED THAT AN AGAR PLATE INOCULATED WITH Staphylococcus aureus HAD BECOME CONTAMINATED WITH A MOLD. BECAUSE THE MOLD WAS IDENTIFIED AS A Penicillium sp., FLEMING CALLED THE ANTIBOTIC PENICILLIN
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  Alexander Fleming in Agar plate inoculated his Laboratory with Staphyllococcus aureus
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  CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIBIOTICS THATQUALIFY THEM AS CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS  SHOULD HAVE THE ABILITY TO DESTROY OR INHIBIT MANY DIFFERENT SPECIES OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS, i.e. BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC  SHOULD PREVENT THE READY DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANT FORMS OF THE PARASITES
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   SHOULD NOTPRODUCE UNDESIRABLE SIDE EFFECTS IN THE HOST  SHOULD NOT ELIMINATE THE NORMAL MICROBIAL FLORA OF THE HOST
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  ANTIBIOTICS AND THEIRMODE OF ACTION  ANTIBIOTICS CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN SEVERAL WAYS-  BACTERICIDAL  BACTERIOSTATIC  CHEMICAL STRUCTURE  MODE OF ACTION (MAJOR POINTS OF ATTACK)-  INHIBITION OF CELL-WALL SYNTHESIS  DAMAGE TO THE CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE