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Chinese revolution 20th c- pareja 2012
The Chinese Revolution began with the May 4th Movement in 1919 and established nationalism in China. Sun Yat-sen led the nationalist Kuomintang party and allied with the Chinese Communist Party to unite China against warlords. Chiang Kai-shek took control of the KMT and unified China through military force but then ordered a massacre of Communist Party members. The Long March from 1934-1935 saw the Communist Party flee to the countryside to escape the KMT, establishing Mao Zedong as their leader. World War 2 saw a brief alliance against Japan but then the Chinese Civil War resumed until 1949 when Mao declared the People's Republic of China, establishing communist rule. Mao instituted social, political and economic
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Chinese revolution 20th c- pareja 2012
- 1. The ChineseThe Chinese RevolutionRevolution By:Janet Pareja, Signature SchoolBy: Janet Pareja, Signature School Evansville, INEvansville, IN
- 2. May 4May 4thth MovementMovement •1919-3,000 students from Beijing’s universities protested •First trueFirst true nationalistnationalist movement in Chinamovement in China •Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
- 3. Sun Yat senSunYat sen • LeaderLeader -- Nationalist Party:Nationalist Party: ((KMTKMT-- KuomintangKuomintang)) • Started to unite aStarted to unite a China beset withChina beset with warlordswarlords • Allies: Soviets,Allies: Soviets, Chinese CommunistChinese Communist PartyParty
- 4. CHIANG KAI-SHEKCHIANG KAI-SHEK •New leader of KMT at death of Sun Yatsen. • ““Northern Expedition”Northern Expedition” militarily UNIFIEDUNIFIED China under Nationalists
- 5. Civil WarCivil War• Chiang ordered massacreChiang ordered massacre of Communist Partyof Communist Party members at Shanghai. • German advisors helped “eliminate the cancer of Communism” • Some escaped …including Mao Zedong.
- 6. The Long March1934-1935The Long March 1934-1935 • Communist nationalistsCommunist nationalists forced to fleeflee to countryside: • Traveled 6,000 miles • Took 370 days • Through 11 provincesThrough 11 provinces • Through 18 mountain ranges • 100,000 set out • 4-8,000 survived
- 7. Where were theygoing?Where were they going? • Just running! Along the way they were unwelcome by local warlords… • ““Long March” becameLong March” became a badge of honor ina badge of honor in the CCP.the CCP. • Deng Xiaoping was a Long Marcher – one of the last living
- 8. • Undisputed leader ofthe CCP during the Long March
- 9. Meanwhile, JapaneseMeanwhile, Japanese OccupiedManchuria…Occupied Manchuria… • Chiang’s generals forced him to ally with the Communists to fight the Japanese.
- 10. 1937 – 1945Sino-Japanese War &1937 – 1945 Sino-Japanese War & World War IIWorld War II • Japanese occupied major coastal cities • 20 million Chinese died in the war
- 11.
- 12. Post World WarII: WestPost World War II: West Supported NationalistsSupported Nationalists • Civil War resumed • Japanese insisted on surrender only to Nationalists, per orders from US • Nationalists disorganized & corrupt, in debt… • Printed more money to pay war debt hyperinflation
- 13. Nationalists Fled toTaiwanNationalists Fled to Taiwan After 3 more years of civil war, Mao proclaimed the creation of the People’sPeople’s Republic ofRepublic of ChinaChina
- 14. Economic CHANGE inChinaEconomic CHANGE in China • All businesses wereAll businesses were nationalized!nationalized! • Land & homes were takenLand & homes were taken from Gentry, redistributedfrom Gentry, redistributed to peasants!to peasants! • Peasants’ land wasPeasants’ land was collectivized, and theycollectivized, and they worked on state ownedworked on state owned cooperative farms.cooperative farms.
- 15. Mao’s POLITICAL ChangesMao’sPOLITICAL Changes One-party totalitarian state:One-party totalitarian state: Chinese Communist PartyChinese Communist Party • Sacrifices for “the State”Sacrifices for “the State” • Government attacked crime &Government attacked crime & corruptioncorruption
- 16. Mao’s SOCIAL ChangesMao’sSOCIAL Changes • Peasants encouraged to “speak bitterness”“speak bitterness” against landlords (10,000 landlords killed as result) • Maoism/Communism replaced Confucianism.Maoism/Communism replaced Confucianism. • Political educationPolitical education in new schools. • Health careHealth care workers sent to remote areas. • WomenWomen won equality (but little opportunity in government, and were paid less than men) • The extended family replaced by CommunistThe extended family replaced by Communist comrades & party leaders.comrades & party leaders.
- 17. The Great LeapForwardThe Great Leap Forward 1958-19601958-1960 • Mao’s plan toto increase agriculturalincrease agricultural & industrial production:& industrial production: • All life to beAll life to be collectivizedcollectivized • Family houses torn down, replaced with community domiciles & farms • Backyard steel furnaces set up, using scrap metal to make iron & steel
- 18. The Great LeapForward:The Great Leap Forward: FAILURE!FAILURE! • Initial production statistics were inflated to show progress • Backyard furnaces did not turn out iron of acceptable quality • Bad weather of 1950’s – 60’s contributed to low farm production •16 million Chinese starved16 million Chinese starved
- 19. Korean War -1950Korean War - 1950 • China allied with North KoreaChina allied with North Korea • By 1953 - War over but North and SouthBy 1953 - War over but North and South remain enemiesremain enemies
- 20. Break with USSR- 1962Break with USSR - 1962 • Marxism, Leninism,Marxism, Leninism, Stalinism, Maoism…Stalinism, Maoism… • Considered the USSR too revisionist – too much capitalism • USSR consider CCP too revisionist – too agricultural • Both “ExportedBoth “Exported Communism.”Communism.”
- 21. Cultural Revolution –1960’sCultural Revolution – 1960’s • Mao called upon studentsstudents to rebel againstto rebel against authority to form units of the Red Guardauthority to form units of the Red Guard. • Chaos in cities & rural areas • Destruction of Temples • Schools & offices closed • Transportation disrupted
- 22. According to Mao:Accordingto Mao: “Although the bourgeoisie has been overthrown, it is still trying to use the old ideas, culture, customs, and habits of the exploiting classes to corrupt the masses, capture their minds, and endeavor to stage a comeback. The proletariat must do just the opposite: It must meet head-on every challenge of the bourgeoisie in the ideological field and use the new ideas, culture, customs, and habits of the proletariat to change the mental outlook of the whole of society. At present, our objective is to struggle against and crush those persons in authority who are taking the capitalist road, to criticize and repudiate the reactionary bourgeois academic "authorities" and the ideology of the bourgeoisie and all other exploiting classes and to transform education, literature and art, and all other parts of the superstructure that do not correspond to the socialist economic base, so as to facilitate the consolidation and development of the socialist system.”
- 23. Cultural Revolution- 1960’sCulturalRevolution- 1960’s ““Relationship between Teacher & student is as important as between family members” • Cultural revolutionaries • assembled in large groups, • held "great debates," and • wrote educational plays. • Western art, music,Western art, music, philosophy, literature wasphilosophy, literature was banned; artists werebanned; artists were “reformed.”“reformed.” • Those who could not reform were exiled, purged, rehabilitated, disappeared…
- 24. Mao Purges thePartyMao Purges the Party • Cult of PersonalityCult of Personality – • Mao compares himself to the first emperor of China • Party officials not considered loyal sent to work in labor camps in countryside. • Gang of FourGang of Four • Mao’s loyal followers vs. other factions in the Party
- 25. U.S. “Opening” withChinaU.S. “Opening” with China • February 21, 1972, at 10:30 P.M., EST, Richard M.Richard M. NixonNixon stepped down from Air Force One alone, and offered his hand to Premier Chou En-lai, to consummate one of the most historic handshakes in diplomatic history.
- 26. Later that day,Nixon met theLater that day, Nixon met the aging Chairman, Mao Tse-tungaging Chairman, Mao Tse-tung
- 27.
- 29. Change in ChineseLeadershipChange in Chinese Leadership
- 30. New Leader: DengXiaopingNew Leader: Deng Xiaoping • Launched economic reforms • Agricultural first • ““It does not matter if the catIt does not matter if the cat is black or white; whatis black or white; what matters is how well itmatters is how well it catches mice.”catches mice.” • Direct contrast to ideology of Mao, whose favorite saying was “Better Red than expert.”
- 31. Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square •Economic reforms Question of political reform • Tiananmen Square, May, 1989May, 1989 • Leaders of the Party saw student protest as an attack on their power • Officially, only 200 demonstrators died
- 32. After Deng….After Deng…. •1997 • Jiang ZeminJiang Zemin • economic growth at alleconomic growth at all costscosts • widening gap betweenwidening gap between rich and poor in China,rich and poor in China, • social costssocial costs absorbed byabsorbed by those left behind bythose left behind by economic reform.economic reform.
- 33. New Leadership:New Leadership: HuJintaoHu Jintao • Addressing the imbalances: • Development v. environment, • Rich v. poor • Health issues • Spring 2006 – Spent several days with Microsoft’s Bill Gates & with Boeing Airlines’ executives on the West Coast of the U.S. • Traveled to several college campuses over a week’s time. • Spent an afternoon with US president, George Bush, before returning to China.
- 34. Chinese – USRelations TodayChinese – US Relations Today • Help with North Korea! • Permanent Seat on Security Council of UN • Imbalance of Trade w US ( our major creditor!)
- 35. The Role ofWomen in Russian &The Role of Women in Russian & Chinese RevolutionsChinese Revolutions Russia • Served in Red Army • 65% of factory workers • Government ordered equal pay (though not enforced • Maternity leave with full pay • Women entered professions China • New marriage law forbade arranged marriage (met w/ resistance • Worked alongside men in factories • State-run nurseries to care for children • Party leadership male • Efforts to end foot binding
- 36. What will thefuture bring betweenWhat will the future bring between the US and China?the US and China? Hint: If you plan to go into business or government, you should study Chinese language and culture…
Editor's Notes
- #11 But Chiang sent troops North against the CCP, rather than to fight against the Japanese Chiang’s generals made him promise to fight the Japanese aggression before fighting the CCP (kidnapped him & held him captive until he agreed).