Cholinergic antagonists medicinal chemistry
- 1. Cholinergic antagonists Medicinal Chemistry Srikanth Kolluru, Ph.D. Rm: 320 [email protected] 361-593-3034
- 2. Lecture outline Introduction Muscarinic antagonists ◦ Therapeutic application ◦ Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) studies ◦ Specific muscarinic antagonists Nicotinic antagonists ◦ Introduction ◦ Discovery ◦ Different classes of nicotinic antagonists
- 3. Learning objectives After completion of this topic students should be able to 1. Identify the structures and discuss therapeutic uses of various classes muscarinic and nicotinic antagonists 2. Identify acetylcholine binding residues at the muscarinic receptor 3. Discuss structure activity/pharmacokinetic relationships of antimuscarinics including 1. Substitution at alpha carbon with respect to ester group 2. Substitution on the nitrogen 4. Identify chemical class of any muscarinic antagonist 5. Identify the metabolites (active/inactive) of specific antimuscarinics 6. Identify the structural requirements of a compound to be a neuromuscular blocker 7. Discuss how nicotinic antagonists bind at the receptor site 8. Compare and contrast depolarizing and non‐depolarizing neuromuscular blockers 9. Identify the metabolites of (active and inactive) of steroid and tetrahydro isoquinoline type neuromuscular blockers
- 4. Cholinergics ACh
- 5. What is muscarinic antagonist ? An agent that have high binding affinity for the muscarinic receptor but have no intrinsic activity. What are they competing with to occupy muscarinic receptor? Acetylcholine They are competitive (reversible) antagonists of acetylcholine Their pharmacological actions are opposite to that of the muscarinic agonists
- 6. Muscarinic Antagonists • Drugs which bind to cholinergic receptor but do not activate it • Prevent acetylcholine from binding • Opposite clinical effect to agonists - lower activity of acetylcholine Postsynaptic Postsynaptic nerve nerve Ach Ach Ach Antagonist
- 7. Muscarinic Antagonists Clinical Effects • Decrease of saliva and gastric secretions • Relaxation of smooth muscle • Decrease in motility of GIT and urinary tract • Dilation of pupils Uses • Shutting down digestion for surgery • Ophthalmic examinations • Relief of peptic ulcers • Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease • Anticholinesterase poisoning • Motion sickness
- 8. Muscarinic antagonists are commonly referred to as ◦ Anticholinergics ◦ Antimuscarinics ◦ Cholinergic blockers ◦ Antispasmodics ◦ Parasypatholytics
- 9. What are the therapeutic applications of antimuscarinics? M-Receptor Antimuscarinic Therapeutic Organ Effect effect indication Eye Iris circular muscle Contracts Relaxes Ciliary muscle Contracts Relaxes Mydriatic Heart Sinoatrial node Decelerates Accelerates Bradycardia Atrial contractility Decelerates Accelerates Bradycardia Asthma Bronchiole smooth muscle Contracts Relaxes Allergic rhinitis Gastrointestinal tract Smooth muscle Contracts Relaxes GI antispasmodic Secretions Increases Decreases Sphincters Relaxes Contracts Overactive Bladder smooth muscles Contracts Relaxes bladder
- 10. Binding site (muscarinic) hydrophobic pocket Trp-307 Asp311 CH3 CH3 CO 2 N CH3 hydrophobic O O pockets CH3 Trp-616 Trp-613 H H O N hydrophobic pocket Asn-617
- 11. Binding site (muscarinic) vdw Trp-307 Asp311 CH3 CH3 CO 2 Ionic bond N CH3 vdw O O H-bonds CH3 vdw Trp-616 Trp-613 H H O N Asn-617 It is postulated that muscarinic antagonists bind to the Asp and contain hydrophobic substituents that bind to a hydrophobic pocket in the receptor, which does not allow the change in conformation needed to transfer the agonist signal to the coupled G protein
- 12. Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) Studies Acetylcholine (ACH) Acetyl CH3 group is substituted with at least one phenyl ring for antimuscarinic activity Acetylcholine analogue antimuscarinics
- 13. Substitutions at α-carbon with respect to ester group 1. May be a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a hydroxymethyl group, or a carboxamide 2. Hydroxyl group or a hydroxymethyl group, the antagonist usually is more potent R2 and R3 should be carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings (phenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl) for maximal antagonist potency Substitution of naphthalene rings at R2 and R3 affords inactive compounds, because of steric hindrance at the muscarinic receptor. Bigger R2 and R3 groups bind to the hydrophobic region outside the Ach receptor site The hydroxyl group at R1 presumably increases binding strength by participating in a hydrogen bond interaction at the receptor.
- 14. Changes at ester group This substituent may also be an ether oxygen, or it may be absent completely. Ester group provides most potent anticholinergic activity
- 15. Substitution at the amine group Compounds possessing the quaternary Quaternary ammonium compounds ammonium group exhibit nicotinic possess most potent anticholinergic antagonist activity at high doses. activity Methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl groups are tolerated Tertiary amines also possess antagonist activity, presumably by binding to the receptor in the protonated form. Quaternary ammonium drugs are primarily used in the treatment of ulcers or other conditions for which a reduction in gastric secretions and reduced motility of the gastrointestinal tract are desired
- 16. Changes at R4 position Optimum chain length is 2‐4 carbons. Two carbon chain possess the most antagonistic activity.
- 17. The Pharmacophore for all classes of antimuscarinics Acetylcholine (ACH) R1 = OH : Aminoalcohol ester R1 = CONH2: Aminoamide ester R1 = OH : Aminoalcohol R1 = CONH2: Aminoamides R1 = OH : Aminoalcohol ether R1 = CONH2: Aminoamide ether Acetylcholine analogue antimuscarinics
- 18. Identify which chemical class the following compounds belong to .. CH3 N O O HO Glycopyrrolate Propantheline Clidinium (Nodapton, Robinal, Tarodyl) (Corrigast, Pro‐Banthine, Pantheline) (Quarzan) Flavoxate Oxyphencyclimine Ipratropium (Bladderon, Spasuret, Urispas) (Antulcus, Setrol, Daricon) (Atem, Atrovent, Narilet)
- 19. More Drugs … N N Cl OH HO O O Trospium Chloride Procyclidine Trihexyphenidyl (Sanctura) (Kemadrin) (Artane) Urinary and GI antispasmodic Antiparkinsonism Antiparkinsonism Benztropine (Cogentin) Orphenadrine Tolterodine (Norflex) (Detrol) Antiparkinsonism Muscle relaxant (skeletal); Urinary incontinence antihistaminic
- 20. Muscarinic receptor subtype selectivity With the exception of solifenacin and darifenacin (selective M3 antagonists), all other agents discussed in this chapter display no marked selectivity for muscarinic receptor subtypes.
- 22. Atropine: Classic Prototype for Antimuscarinics Amino alcohol ester pharmacophore Quaternary Nitrogen binds to the anionic Asp residue in the muscarinic receptor OH H When the Nitrogen made is CH2 O N quaternary, molecule looses CH3 oral availability, but effective C O by inhalation H Methyl is optimal substitution on Quaternary Nitrogen R-isomer is 100 fold more active There is little difference between than and S- isomer R- and S- configurations The naturally occurring alkaloid, (–)‐hyoscyamine, upon base‐catalyzed racemization gives (±)‐hyoscyamine or atropine. Uses: antidote for anticholine esterase poisoning, Decrease GIT motility, Dilation of pupils
- 23. Scopalamine (Hyoscine) O O N CH3 H C C O CH2 OH Chemically and pharmacologically similar to atropine CNS depressant where as other antimuscarinics are CNS stimulants Used in the treatment of motion sickness, parkinsonism Used as a truth drug (CNS effects)
- 24. Antimuscarinic drugs used in the treatment of urinary incontinence
- 25. Tolterodine (Detrol®) Oxidation to Non-selective muscarinic antagonist hydroxymethyl Tolterodine CYP2D6 Metabolites: Active 1. 5-hydroxymethyl (Active) 2. N-dealkylated-5-carboxylic acid Further oxidation to Carboxylic acid N-dealkylation Acts on M2 and M3 subtypes of muscarinic receptors whereas most anti- muscarinic treatments for overactive bladder only act on M3 receptors making them more selective. Known Side Effects: Hyposalivation(Dry mouth) Decreased gastric motility (Upset stomach) Headache , Constipation , Dry eyes , Drowsiness Half Life: 2-4 hrs
- 26. Oxybutynin (Ditropan®) Active N-N-deethylation CYP3A4 Non-selective muscarinic antagonist Inactive The (R)-enantiomer is a more potent anticholinergic than the (S)-enantiomer, but marketed as racemic mixture Half Life : 2-5 hrs
- 27. Solifenacin (Vesicare) Selective M3 antagonist O H CYP3A4 (S) N O N N-oxide, N-glucuronide Active 4-hydroxylation Metabolites: 1. 4-hydroxy derivative (active), 2. N-glucuronide 3. N-oxide Half Life: 55 hrs 4. 4-hydroxy-N-oxide
- 28. Darifenacin(Enablex®) CYP3A4 CYP2D6 Hydroxylation N-dealkylation Selective M3 antagonist
- 29. Antimuscarinic drugs used in the treatment of bronchial asthma Ipratropium hydrobromide Tiotropium bromide M3 receptors: Bronchiole constriction Therapeutic use: block cholinergic bronchiole constriction (anticholinergics) and allow adrenergic bronchiole dilation to help overcome the pulmonary constriction associated with asthmatic attack.
- 30. Ipratropium Hydrobromide (Atrovent®) N-isopropyl analogue of Atropine Quaternary cationic nature makes it highly hydrophilic and poorly absorbed from the lungs after inhalation via solution or aerosol, so bronchodilation effect can be considered to be a local, site-specific effect Ipratropium is indicated primarily for the relief of bronchospasms associated with COPD and has seen little application for the treatment of asthma Reaches the circulation minimally and is partially metabolized to inactive esterase products
- 31. Tiotropium Bromide (Spiriva®) Scopalamine Tiotropium Bromide Dithienyl derivative of N-methyl scopolamine, a quaternary analogue of naturally occurring scopolamine in Atropa belladonna Indicated primarily for the relief of bronchospasms associated with COPD and can be considered to be a site-specific, local medication to the lung. Longer duration of action than ipratropium (24 versus <4 hours, respectively). Tiotropium is metabolized by both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, followed by glutathione conjugation to a variety of metabolites
- 33. Cholinergics Ach Nicotinic antagonists as neuromuscular blockers
- 34. Nicotinic Antagonists Compounds that bind to cholinergic nicotinic receptors with no intrinsic efficacy (competitive antagonists with Ach) Two subclasses of nicotinic antagonists ◦ Skeletal neuromuscular blocking agents and ◦ Ganglionic blocking agents. DONOT confuse with skeletal muscle relaxants that produce their effects through the CNS
- 35. Events and sites of drug action at a nicotinic cholinergic synapse Neuromuscular Blockers Resource: Rang and Dales Pharmacology, 6th Edition, Chapter 10, Fig. 10.2
- 37. Therapeutic application Neuromuscular blocking agents are used primarily as an adjunct to general anesthesia. ◦ Produces skeletal muscle relaxation which facilitates operative procedures Questions to be considered in choosing NMB 1. Will the compound produce the desired neuromuscular blockade? 2. What is its duration of action? 3. What are its adverse effects? 4. What is its relative cost?
- 38. Discovery:Tubocurarine – the first neuromuscular blocker The neuromuscular H3CO blocking effects of extracts N CH3 Cl HO CH3 of curare were first O H reported as early as 1510 It was demonstrated that HO H curare extracts prevented H O N skeletal muscle Cl H3C contractions by an effect at OCH3 the neuromuscular junction
- 39. Tubocurarine structure H3CO CH3 N Cl HO CH3 O H quaternary ammonium tertiary amine HO H H O N Cl H3C OCH3 Incorrect structure: 1935 Correct Structure: 1970 Nevertheless, the incorrect structure of tubocurarine served as the model for the synthesis of all the neuromuscular blocking agents in use today
- 40. Rationale for designing new compounds Bis‐quaternary ammonium compound having two quaternary ammonium salts separated by 10 to 12 carbon atoms (similar to the distance between the nitrogen atoms in tubocurarine) was a requirement for neuromuscular blocking activity The rationale for this structural requirement was that nicotinic receptors possessed two anionic‐binding sites, both of which had to be occupied for a neuromuscular blocking effect. Nicotinic antagonist may be a ◦ Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker ◦ Non‐depolarizing neuromuscular blocker
- 41. Depolarizing agents Decamethonium Bromide Succinylcholine Chloride (Anectine®) Decamethonium Bromide Succinylcholine Chloride
- 42. Decamethonium Bromide 10 carbon bridge between two nitrogens Bis‐quaternary ammonium salt Decamethonium at the nicotinic receptor
- 43. Acetylcholine at the nicotinic receptor site Anionic binding pocket Anionic binding pocket
- 44. Succinyl choline Dimer of acetylcholine bonded through their α‐carbon adjacent to ester Rapidly hydrolyzed to inactive metabolites, both in aqueous solution and plasma esterases (shorter duration of action, 6‐8 min) Through succinylcholine has 10 atoms between two nitrogens, it still reported to catalyze with two molecules at the receptor site.
- 45. Non-depolarizing agents Aminosteroids Tetrahydroisoquinolines Pancuronium bromide d‐Tubocurarine and (Pavulon) metocurine (Metubine Iodide) Vecuronium bromide Atracurium besylate (Tracrium) (Norcuron) Cis‐atracurium Rocuronium bromide Mivacurium chloride (Zemuron) (Mivacron) Pipecuronium bromide Doxacurium chloride (Arduan) (Nuromax)
- 46. Amino steroid NM blocking agents 17 16 11 D 1 C 9 A B 3 6 Monoquaternary aminosteroids are less potent but has faster onset of action
- 47. Vecuronium at the nicotinic receptor
- 48. Vecuronium (Norcuron) 17 deacetylated metabolite is active 3‐deacetylated metabolite is active Metabolites: 3‐hydroxy metabolite (Active) Accumulation is responsible for prolonged 17‐hydroxy metabolite (Active) neuromuscular blockade in patients receiving long‐ 3, 17‐dihydroxy metabolite (Active) term therapy
- 49. Pancuronium Bromide (Pavulon) 17 deacetylated metabolite is inactive O H3C O CH3 N C 17 16 CH3 CH3 H D CH3 2 Br N A H H 3 B O H 6 O CH3 3‐deacetylated metabolite is active as long Metabolites: as 17 deacetylation does not occur 3‐hydroxy metabolite (Active) 17‐hydroxy metabolite (Inactive) 3, 17‐dihydroxy metabolite (Inactive)
- 50. Tetrahydroisoquinolines d-Tubocurarine and metocurine (Metubine Iodide®) H3CO H3CO CH3 CH3 N Cl N I HO CH3 H3CO CH3 O O H H CH3I HO H3CO H H H O H3C O N N Cl I H3C H3C OCH3 OCH3 d-Tubocurarine Metocurine iodide Long duration of action Long duration of action Mostly eliminated unchanged via 4 fold more potent than d- kidney and bile, <1% gets tubocurarine demethylated in the liver Eliminated unchanged via kidney
- 52. Hofmann elimination (Inactive) Mivacurium and Doxacurium does not undergo hofmann elimination like atracurium Ester hydrolysis
- 53. Structure Activity Relationships Contain at least one +ve charged quaternary amine (4 C atoms attached to nitrogen) like Ach N+ attracted to Alpha sub unit of AChR (‐ve charge) Bis quaternary amines Succinylcholine, Pancuronium, Atracurium Mono quaternary amines D‐Tubocurarine, Vecuronium, Rocuronium In acidosis, Tertiary amine protonated + charge increased potency Bridging structure in between two amines is lipophilic and determines potency 10‐12 carbon bridge between two nitrogens is optimal for maximal neuromuscular blockade.
- 54. Metabolism of neuromuscular blockers Agent Duration of Metabolites Mode of elimination action (min) Succinylcholine 6–8 Ester hydrolysis (inactive) Hydrolysis by plasma cholinesterases d‐Tubocurarine 80–120 Mostly unchanged Renal elimination, liver clearance Vecuronium 30–40 3‐hydroxy , 17‐hydroxy, 3,17‐ Liver metabolism and clearance, dihydroxy (all active) renal elimination Pancuronium 120–180 3‐hydroxy (active) Renal elimination, liver 17‐hydroxy, 3,17‐dihydroxy metabolism and clearance (inactive) Pipecuronium 80–100 Primarily unchanged Renal elimination, liver metabolism and clearance Rocuronium 30–40 Primarily unchanged Liver metabolism and clearance Atracurium 30–40 Ester hydrolysis products, Hofmann degradation, hydrolysis Laudanosine (all inactive) by plasma cholinesterases Mivacurium 12–18 Ester hydrolysis products (inactive) Hydrolysis by plasma cholinesterases Doxacurium 90‐120 Ester hydrolysis products Renal elimination, liver (Inactive) metabolism Duration of action: 0‐29 min: Short acting; 30‐40 min: Intermediate acting; over 40 min: long acting
- 55. QUESTIONS ???