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Class 10 biology_chapter_1_life processes
Chapter 1 of the Class 10 Biology by Vinay Kumar Maurya outlines essential life processes, including nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion in living organisms. It details the types of nutrition (autotrophic and heterotrophic), human digestive and respiratory systems, and how plants and humans transport nutrients and expel waste. The chapter also covers the excretory systems in both humans and plants, emphasizing the role of kidneys and stomata in waste removal.
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Class 10 biology_chapter_1_life processes
- 1. CLASS 10 Biology Chapter1 Life Processes By Vinay Kumar Maurya [email protected]
- 2. Life Earth happens tobe the only known planet having a life. There are beings who live, die and become part of nature again. The living organism can be differentiated from the inanimate entities on various parameters of life processes.
- 3. Life Process The basicprocesses of life include organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movements, and reproduction. In humans, who represent the most complex form of life, there are additional requirements such as growth, differentiation, respiration, digestion, and excretion.
- 4. Nutrition The process ofacquiring food that is needed for nourishment and sustenance of the organism is called nutrition.
- 5. Types of Nutrition Thereare two types of Nutrition :- ● Autotrophic ● Heterotrophic ❏ Holozoic ❏ Saprophytic ❏ Parasitic
- 6. Autotrophic Nutrition If anorganism can nourish itself by making its own food using sunlight or chemicals such mode of nutrition is called as autotrophic nutrition.
- 7. ● Plants photosynthesize(use light energy) and are called photoautotrophs. ● Few bacteria use chemicals to derive energy and are called chemoautotrophs.
- 8. Photosynthesis ● Photosynthesis isan important process by which food is formed. ● The plants make food using sunlight and water, which provides nourishment to other organism and themselves.
- 9. ● Chlorophyll presentin the green parts absorbs light energy. ● This light energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. ● Hydrogen is then used to reduce carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, typically glucose. Main Events of Photosynthesis
- 11. Stomata ● Stomata arepores on the leaves that help in exchange of gases. ● They are mostly found on the underside of the leaf. ● Each stoma is guarded by guard cells, which control the opening and closing of the pore.
- 12. ● The watercontent of the guard cells is responsible for their function.
- 13. Heterotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition hassubtypes as holozoic, saprophytic and parasitic nutrition.
- 14. Saprophytic Nutrition ● Someorganism feed on dead and decaying organic matter. This mode of nutrition is called saprophytic nutrition. ● The food is partially digested outside the body and then it is absorbed. E.g. Fungi are saprophytes.
- 16. Parasitic Nutrition Some organismsfeed on the expense of another organism and in turn causing it harm. This is called parasitic mode of nutrition. These organisms live on the body or in the body of a host organism and derive the nutrients directly from the body of the host.
- 18. Holozoic Nutrition In thisa solid intake is taken from mouth, and undigested food materials are excreted with the help of anus. Example: Amoeba Humans, etc.
- 20. Digestive system inHuman In human, digestive system begins from the mouth and gets completed in small intestine.
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- 34. Enzymes and theirWork ● Amylase, produced in the mouth. It helps break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules. ● Pepsin, produced in the stomach. Pepsin helps break down proteins into amino acids.
- 35. ● Trypsin, producedin the pancreas. Trypsin also breaks down proteins. ● Pancreatic lipase, produced in the pancreas. It is used to break apart fats. ● Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, produced in the pancreas. They are enzymes that break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
- 36. Emulsification of Fats Fatemulsification is the process of increasing the surface area of fats in the small intestine by grouping them into small clusters. This is the responsibility of bile, a liquid created by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Actual digestion of the fats is then accomplished by lipase, an enzyme from the pancreas.
- 37. Respiration ● Respiration broadlymeans the exchange of gases. ● Animals and plants have different means of exchange of gases.
- 38. ● At acellular level, respiration means the burning of the food at the for generating the energy needed for other life processes. ● Cellular respiration may take place in the presence or absence of oxygen.
- 39. Respiration in Humans ●The human respiratory system is more complex and involves breathing, exchange of gases and cellular respiration. ● A well defined respiratory system helps breathing and exchange of gases.
- 40. ● Breathing involvesthe inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide. ● The gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs and oxygen is supplied to all cells of the body. ● Cellular respiration takes place in each and every cell.
- 41. Difference between Aerobicand Anaerobic Respiration
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- 46. Inhalation and Exhalation ●Inhalation and Exhalation ● The process of taking in air rich in oxygen is called inhalation. ● Similarly, the process of giving out air rich in carbon dioxide is called exhalation. ● One breath comprises one inhalation and one exhalation.
- 47. ● A personbreathes several times in a day. ● The number of times a person breathes in one minute is termed as his/her breathing rate.
- 48. Respiration in lowerAnimals ● Lower animals lack a sophisticated respiratory system like lungs, alveoli etc. ● Respiration in them takes place by simple exchange mechanisms.
- 49. ● Animals likeearthworms take in gases through their skin.
- 50. ● Fishes havegills for gaseous exchange.
- 51. ● Insects havea tracheal system, which is a network of tubes, through which air circulates and gaseous exchange takes place.
- 52. ● Frogs breathethrough their skin when in water and through their lungs when on land.
- 53. ATP ● It isthe energy currency of the cell. ● ATP stands for Adenosine Tri-Phosphate. ● This molecule is created as a result reaction like photosynthesis, respiration etc.
- 54. ● The threephosphate bonds present in the molecule are high energy bonds and when they are broken, a large amount of energy is released. ● Such released energy is then used for other metabolic reactions.
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- 56. ● Unlike animalsand humans, plants do not have any specialized structures for gaseous exchange ● They have stomata (present in leaves) and lenticels (present in stems) which are involved in the exchange of gases. ● Compared to animals, plant roots, stems, and leaves respire at a very lower rate.
- 57. Transpiration ● Transpiration isa biological process in which water is lost in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plants. ● This process occurs mainly through the stomata where the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs.
- 58. ● Transpiration helpsin the transportation of water from roots to upper parts of plants and this is explained by ‘transpirational pull theory’. ● Loss of water, especially from leaves, acts as a straw effect and pulls water upwards from roots. ● Transpiration also acts as an excretory mechanism in plants as it helps to get rid of excess water.
- 59. Transportation ● All livingorganisms need a few necessary components like air, water, and food for their survival. ● On our regular basis, animals ensure these elements by breathing, drinking and eating.
- 60. ● The requiredelements are transported to their body cells and tissues by a transportation system. ● In plants, the vascular tissue is responsible for transporting the substances.
- 61. Transportation in Humans ●Transportation in humans is done by the circulatory system. ● The circulatory system in humans mainly consists of blood, blood vessels and heart.
- 62. ● It isresponsible for the supply of oxygen, nutrients, removal of carbon dioxide and other excretory products. ● It also helps to fight the infections.
- 63. Heart ● The muscularorgan which is located near the chest slightly towards the left in the thoracic region. ● The heart is the main pumping organ of the body.
- 64. ● The humanheart is divided into four chambers which are involved in the transportation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. ● The upper two chambers are called atria whereas the lower two chambers are called as ventricles.
- 65. The flow ofblood through the heart is as follows:
- 68. Blood vessels ● Bloodvessels carry blood throughout the body. ● There three types of blood vessels; arteries, veins and blood capillaries. ● Arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood. ● Gaseous exchange takes place between blood and cells at capillaries.
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- 71. Double Circulation ● Inthe human body, blood circulates through the heart twice. ● Once it goes through the heart during pulmonary circulation and second time during systemic circulation. ● Hence, circulation in human beings is called double circulation.
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- 74. ● Transportation isa vital process in plants. ● The process involves the transportation of water and necessary nutrients to all parts of the plant for its survival. ● Food and water transportation takes place separately in plants. ● Xylem transports water and phloem transports food.
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- 77. Transport of Water Imbibition,osmosis, root pressure and transpiration are the forces that contribute towards the upward movement of water, even in the tallest plants.
- 79. Excretion Excretion is theprocess of removal of metabolic waste material and other non-useful substances.
- 80. Excretory system inHumans ● The excretory system in humans includes ● a pair of kidneys, ● a pair of ureters, ● a urinary bladder and ● urethra. ● It produces urine as a waste product.
- 83. Kidney ● Paired kidneysare the main excretory organs of the body. ● They are basically the filtration units of the human body. ● Each kidney is made up many tiny filtration units called nephrons.
- 84. Nephron Nephrons are thestructural and functional unit of kidney. ● Each kidney has millions of nephrons and it forms the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. ● Each nephron has two parts: Malpighian body and renal tubule.
- 85. ● Malpighian bodyis made up of cup-like structure called Bowman’s capsule which encloses a bunch of capillaries called glomerulus. ● They together filter waste materials along with many useful substances. ● Renal tubule has regions called proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule.
- 86. ● These regionsabsorb back useful substances into the blood and also filter remaining waste substances. ● The output from nephrons is called urine.
- 88. Haemodialysis When the kidneysfail, it results in a lot of complications and to compensate this situation a technology called dialysis has been developed.
- 90. Excretion in Plants ●The cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and other metabolic reactions produce a lot of excretory products in plants. ● Carbon dioxide, excess water produced during respiration and nitrogenous compounds produced during protein metabolism are the major excretory products in plants.
- 91. ● Plants producetwo gaseous waste products i.e. oxygen during photosynthesis and carbon dioxide during respiration. ● Excretion of gaseous waste in plants takes place through stomatal pores on leaves.
- 92. ● Oxygen releasedduring photosynthesis is used for respiration while carbon dioxide released during respiration is used for photosynthesis. ● Excess water is excreted by transpiration. ● Organic by-products generated by the plant are stored in different forms in different parts.
- 93. ● The gums,oils, latex, resins, etc. are some waste products stored in plant parts like barks, stems, leaves, etc. ● Eventually, plants shed off these parts. ● Few examples of the excretory products of plants are oil produced from orange, eucalyptus, jasmine, latex from the rubber tree, papaya tree, and gums from acacia.
- 94. ● Sometimes plantseven excrete into the soil.
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