Class 10, Social Science (History), Nationalism in India PPT/Slide

Nationalism in India
Social Science
Class-X

• The first world war, Khilafat and Non-
cooperation
• Differing strands within the movement
• Towards civil disobedience movement
• The sense of collective belonging

• The growth of modern
nationalism is intimately
connected to anti-colonial
movement
• The congress under the
leadership of Mahatma
Gandhi tried to forge
groups together within
one movement.
• However, the unity did not
emerge without conflict.
.
Introduction

The First World War (1914-1918) created a new
political and economic situation.
*India faced various problems during war period:
→ Increase in defense expenditure which led
increase of taxes.
→ Income taxes was introduced
→ Custom duties were increased
→ Prices increased through the war years.
→ Forced recruitment in rural areas
*During 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failure in many parts of
India led shortage of good.
* In 1921, around 12 to 13 people perished in famines and
epidemics
*Hardships did not end after the war was over.

• Mahatma Gandhi returned
to India in January, 1915
• His novel method of mass
agitation known as
Satyagraha had yielded
good results in South
Africa.
• The idea of Satyagraha
emphasized the power of
truth and the need to search
for truth
• If the cause is true, if the
struggle is against injustice,
then physical force is not
necessary to fight against
the oppressor
• Mahatma Gandhi believed
that Dharma of Non
Violence could unite all
Indians

→ Champaran in Bihar(1916)
Objective:- to inspire the
peasants to struggle against
the oppressive plantation
system.
→ Kheda in Gujarat(1917)
Objective:- to support the
peasants as due to crop
failure and plague epidemic
they could not remit the
taxes and were demanding
to relax it.
→ Ahmadabad in
Gujarat (1918)
Objective:-
* to solve dispute
between cotton
mill workers and
owners
*

The Rowlett Act
The Rowlett act 1919, was
passed hurriedly through
the Imperial Legislative
Council despite the united
opposition of the Indian
members
This act gave the
government enormous
powers:
• to repress political
activities
• allowed detention of
political prisoners without
trial for two years.
• Gandhiji wanted non-
violent civil
disobedience against
such unjust laws,
which would start
with a Hartal on
6th April.
• Activities carried out
during Rowlett
Satyagraha:
* Rallies were organised
* workers went on strike
* shops were closed down
→ 1919, the country
witnessed a remarkable
political awakening in
India.

• Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar
• Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering
Delhi.
• On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired
upon a peaceful procession
• Which provoked widespread attacks on
Banks, Railway stations, Post office.
• Martial law was imposed.
• General Dyer took Command

The dare consequence of Martial Law
• A large crowd gathered in the enclosed
ground of Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April.
• People came to protest against government’s
repressive measure while some came to attend
the annual Baisakhi fair.
• General Dyer entered the area. Blocked the
exit points and opened fire on the crowd,
killing hundreds.
• It was to ‘Produce Moral Effect’ to create in the
minds of Styagrahis a feeling of terror and awe

Reactions by Indians and action by British of
Indians
• Crowds took to
street
• There were
strikes , clashes
with police
• Attacked on govt
buildings
• Seeing violence
Mahatma Gandhi
called off the
movement
British
• The government responded
with brutal repression seeking
to humiliate and terrorize
people
• Satyagrahis were forced to
rub their noses on the
ground, crawl on the streets
and do Salaam (salute) to all
Sahibs.
• People were flogged and
village were bombed

• Rowlett Satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was
still limited mostly to cities and towns.
• Khilafat issue was taken to unite Hindus and Muslim for a
broad base movement in India
• The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman
Turkey. There were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was
going to be imposed on the Ottoman Emperor, who was the
spiritual head (Khalifa) of the Islamic world.
• The Muslims of India decided to defend Khalifa’s temporal
powers
• A Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay(March 1919)
• Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat
Ali began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the
possibility of a united mass action on the issue.
• At the Calcutta Session of Congress (Sept-1920) decoded to
start a Non Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as
well as for Swaraj.

• In ‘Hind Swaraj’-1909 Gandhiji
declared that the British rule in
India was for Indian’s Cooperation.
• If Indians started to Non cooperate
with Britishers then India will be
independent within year.
• The movement should unfold in
Stage.
• Began with surrender of Titles,
Boycott of civil Services, Army,
Police, Court and Legislature
council, Schools and Foreign
Goods
• If British Govt represses the
movement , a full Disobedience
Campaign would be lunched.
Concerns within the
Congress
• Some were reluctant
to boycott the
council election
(Nov1920)
• Feared that
Movement might
lead Violence
• Intense tussle among
them (Sept and Dec-
1920)
• Congress session at
Nagpur 9Dec-1920)
worked out for the
Movement

The Movement in the Towns
*It started with middle class
participation in cities.
*Students gave up their studies
*Teachers ,lawyers resigned from
their duties and joined
movements.
* Council elections were
boycotted.(Except-Madras)
* Non cooperation
movement(NCM)began
in Jan 1921
*Various Social
group participated
with own aspiration
*All responded to
the call of
Movement with
different
interpretations

Economic Effect of NCM
*Foreign goods were boycotted.
*Liquor shops were picketed.
*Foreign cloths burnt in huge bonfires.
*Import of foreign cloths halved (1921-22)
*The value dropped Rs102 to Rs75 crore
*Merchant and Traders refused to trade in foreign
goods and trade
*Wearing Khadis by Indians
*Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms
went up.

Gradually the movement slowed down because
• Khadi cloth was often more expensive.
• Boycott of British institutions posed a
problem since alternative Indian
institutions were less in number
• Students began trickling back to
schools
• Lawyers joined back in Govt court

Rebellion in the countryside
• From the cities, the NCM spread to the
countryside
• The presents were led by Baba
Ramchandra in Awadh stand against
Talukdars and Landlords
• The peasant movement demanded
reduction of revenue, an abolition of Begar
and Social Boycott of oppressive landlords.
• ‘Nai dhubi bandhs’ were organised against
Landloards

• In 1920, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by
Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others
• Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up
by the villagers
• Peasant Movement in Awadh took violent forms(1921)
* Houses of Talukdars and Merchant were attacked
* Bazars were looted and so on..
• The Name of the Mahatma was being invoked to
sanction all action and aspiration
* No tax, *Redistribution of land etc..
• The peasants interpreted Gandhiji’s idea yet in
another way

Movement in the Gudem Hills of
Andhra Pradesh.
• A militant Guerrilla Movement in early 1920s.
• The colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing
people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect
fuel wood and fruits.
• Affected livelihood of tribal people as well as traditional rights
• Govt forced them for ‘Begar’
• Alluri Sitaram Raju Claimed that he had special powers.
• He inspired by NCM and persuaded people to were Khadi and give up
drinking but he asserted asserted that India could be liberated only
by the use of force.
• Peasants and tribal took over the struggle which turned violent
gradually.
• The rebels attacked police stations.
* Killed British officers and carried out Guerrilla warfare
• Raju was captured and executed in 1924
Over the years he became a folk Hero

• Swaraj for
Plantation workers
in Assam:
* Rifght to move freely
in and out of enclosed
area
*Retaining a link
with their village
from where they
belong to
• The Inland
Emigration Act
(1859)
* Not permitted to
leave garden
without permission
*Permission
was given rarely

• Thousand of workers
defied authority
• Left plantation and
headed home
• Believed that Gandhi
Raj would give them
land in native
• They never reached
their destination
• Stranded by a rail way
and steamer strike
• Caught by British and
brutally beaten up
• Taken Gandhiji’s name
and raise slogan
‘Swatanta Bharat’
• Emotionally relating
to ‘All India Agitation’
• Gradually Movement
turned into violent
agitation

• In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to
withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement
• The movement was turning violent in many
places and Satyagarhis needed properly trained
for mass struggle.
• CR Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj
Party within the Congress to argue for a return
to council politics.
• Younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and
Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical
mass agitation and for full independence

Factors that shaped Indian politics
towards the late 1920s
The Worldwide Economic
Depression
→ Agricultural prices
collapsed after 1930
→ Demand for
agricultural goods fell
and exports declined.
→Peasant found
difficult sell their
harvest and pay their
revenue
→By 1930, the
country side was in
turmoil.
Simon Commission
→The Indian members of the
central legislative assembly
exposed some drawbacks in the
Govt. of India Act, 1919.
→ As a result of it, the Simon
Commission was appointed in
1927, to suggest
→ It was constituted by the Tory
government of Britain to look into
the demands of the nationalists
and suggest changes in the
constitutional structure of India.

Indian opposed Simon Commission
• This Commission consisted of 7 members
• Indian boycotted it, as there were no Indian members.
The Commission arrived in India in 1928.
→ It was greeted with ‘Go Back Simon’
→ All parties participated in the demonstration
→ The Congress protested against this commission.
In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal
Nehru, the Lahore session of Congress formalized the
demand of “Purna Swaraj”.
It was declared that on 26th January 1930, country would
celebrate as ‘Independence Day’ and struggle for
complete freedom
But it was with little effect, hence Gandhiji decided to start
more concrete way of movement

Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin
• 31st January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy
Irwin stating 11 demands.
• The idea of these wide ranging demands was to
bring all classes for an united campaign
• He most stirring of all was the demand to abolish
Salt Tax.
• Gandhiji chose salt as the medium that could unite
the nation as it is consumed by all the sections of
the society
• The letter was an Ultimatum, If not demands were
not fulfilled by 11 March 1930, congress would
launch a civil Disobedience Movement
• Irwin was unwilling to negotiate.

The Salt March
→ Salt or Dandi March began on March 12, 1930
from Sabarmati Ashram to Gujarati coastal town
‘Dandi’.
→ Gandhiji was accompanied by 78 volunteers.
→ They march was over 240 km and took 24 days
→ On 6th April 1930, Gandhiji reached Dandi and
broke the Salt Law by boiling water and
manufacturing salt.
→ Thus, it began the Civil Disobedience
Movement.

Civil Disobedience Movement
• It was different from Non-Cooperation Movement
as people were now asked not only to refuse
cooperation but also to break colonial laws.
• Thousands in different parts of the country broke
Salt Law and manufactured salt
• Foreign cloths were boycotted
• Liquor shops were picketed
• Peasants refused to pay revenue and Chaukidary
Taxes
• Forest people violated forest laws and start entering
in reserved forests.

Response of British Govt
• British Government worried by the developments
• The British Government followed a policy of brutal
repression.
• British government arrested congress leaders
• When Abdul Ghafar Khan(Disciple of Gandhiji) was
arrested , angry crowds demonstrated.
• Gandhiji was arrested.
• Peaceful Satygrahis were attacked, women, children were
beaten up
• About 100000 people were arrested.
• Situations turned into violent again.
• Finally, Mahatma Gandhi once again decided to call off
the movement.
• He entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931.

Round Table
Conference
• In December 1931,Gandhiji
went to London for the Second
Round Table Conference
• But he returned disappointed
• When Gandhiji backed from
London, he found that most of
the leaders were put in Jail.
• Congress was declared illegal.
• Series of measures were taken
to stop movements
• Gandhiji re-launched CDM
• But by 1934, the movement
had lost its momentum
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
•On 5 March 1931,
Lord Irwin, the
Viceroy, signed a
pact with Gandhiji
•Gandhiji
consented to
participate in
Round Table
Conference

How Participants saw the Movement
Rich peasant
→ Communities like Patidas of
Gujarat and Jat of UP were active
in Movement.
→ They expected the revenue tax
to be reduced
→ When the British refused to do
so, they joined the movement.
→ For them Swaraj was a struggle
against high revenues.
→ They were deeply disappointed
when movement was called
off(1931) without revising the
revenue rates.
→ So they did not rejoined in the
movement (1932).
Poor Peasants
→As the depression
continued and cash
income dwindled, poor
peasants found difficult
pay their rent
→ The poor peasants wanted
rents of lands to be
remitted.
→ The Congress was unwilling
to support the “no rent”
campaigns
→ The Congress not interested
to upset the rich peasants and
landlords.

Business Classes
• Toorganize business interest,
formed the Indian Industrial
and commercial congress in
1920
• Federation of the Indian
Chamber of Commerce and
Industries (FICCI) 1927
• After the war, their huge profits
were reduced, wanted
protection against import of
foreign goods.
• The spread of militant activities,
worries of prolonged business
disruptions, growing influences
of socialism amongst the young
Congress forced them not to
join the movement.
Industrial Workers
* They did not participate in
large number, except in
Nagpur
* Since industrialists were close
to the congress, workers
stayed aloof.
* But some workers selectively
adopted the ideas of
Gandhian Programme
* Railway workers(1930) and
Dockworkers (1932) too
participated in DCM
* Congress was reluctant to
includes workers demands
*Congress felt that it would
alienate industrialists and
divide the anti imperial forces

Women
• Women in large number
participated in the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
• During Salt March
thousands of women came
out of their homes to listen
to Gandhiji.
• They participated in protest
marches, manufactured salt.
• They picketed foreign cloth
and liquor shops.
• Many went to jail.
• They began to see service
to the nation as a sacred
duty of women
• Yet there was no radical
change in way the position
of women was visualised.
• Gandhiji was convinced that
the duty of women was to
look after home and hearth
• They should be good
mothers and wives
• The congress was reluctant to
allow women to hold any
position authority within the
organisation
• It was only on their
symbolic presence.

Limits of CDM
* The Dalits or the Untouchables did not actively participate
in the movement
• They demanded reservation of seats, separate electorates
• Dr B.R. Ambedkar, the leader of the Dalits, formed an
association in 1930, called the Depressed Classes
Association.
• He clashed with Gandhiji in issue of Reservation.
• In Sept.1932, Poona Pact between the Gandhiji and B.R.
Ambedkar gave reserved seats to Depressed classes in
Provincial and Central Legislative Councils
• But they were to be voted by general electorate.
• The Dalit Movement continued to be apprehensive of the
Congress led National Movement.

• Muslim political
Organizations were
lukewarm to the CDM
• From mid 1920 the congress
visibly associate with ‘Hindu
Mahasabha’.
• Gradually Hindu Muslim
communal clashes and
riots started
• The congress and Muslim
league tried to renegotiate
the alliance.
• The leader of the Muslim
League M.A. Jinnah wanted
reserved seats for Muslims
in Central Assembly.
• They demanded for
Proportional representation
in Muslim dominated region
(Bengal & Punjab)
• In all parties conference
1928 M.R. Jayakar strongly
opposed the compromise.
• In the time of CDM some
Muslim leaders and Intellectual
expressed concern about their
status as minority
• They even feared about
their culture and Identity.
• Large sections of
Muslims did not
participate in the Civil
disobedience movement.
Limits of CDM

The Sense of Collective Belonging
• Nationalism spreads
when people begin to
believe that are part
of the same Nation.
• They discover unity
through development of
Sense of Collective
Belonging
• It developed through
United Struggle and
Cultural Process.
Cultural Process:
• History and fiction,
folklore and songs
• Popular prints, Symbols
all played a part in the
making of nationalism.

The Nation’s Identity:
• Symbolised in a figure of Image
• 20th centaury Identity of India
visualised through the Image
of ‘Bharat Mata’
• The first Bharat Mata image
was created by Bankim
Chandra Chattopadhyay
• In 1870s, he wrote ‘Vande
Mataram’ a hymn to the
Motherland
• He wrote a novel
Anandamath
• Moved by Swadeshi
Movement, Abanindranath
Tagore Painted Image of
Bharat Mata
• It is portrayed as an Ascetic
figure.
• She is calm, Composed,
Devine and Spiritual
The Sense of Collective Belonging

Idea of Nationalism through Indian folklore
• Movement to revive Indian
folklore
• Nationalists began recording
folk tales sung by bards
• They toured village to village
to gather folksongs and
legends
• It was believed that folklore
gives true picture of traditional
culture
• Folk culture gives own national
Identity
• Folk cultures help resorting
sense of pride
Rabindranath Tagore himself
collected
– Balads
– Nursery rhymes and Myths
He led a movement for folk revival
Natesa Sastri published
• A massive four volume
collection of Tamil folk tales
• That was “The folklore of
Southern India”
He believed that folklore was
National literature; it was the
most trustworthy manifestation
of people’s real thoughts and
character

• Icons and Symbols were
popularised to unify and
inspire the people
• During Swadeshi Movement
in Bengal a tricolour flag was
designed(Red, Green and
Yellow)
• It had eight lotus
representing eight provinces
of British India
• It had a crescent moon
representing Hindus and
Muslim
Swaraj Flag 1921
* Gandhiji designed it
* Tricolour-Red, Green and
White)
* A spinning wheel in
centre representing
the idea of ‘Self Help’
* Carrying the flag ,
holding it aloft during
marches became
symbol of defiance
Idea of Nationalism through Icons and Symbols

Idea of Nationalism through
Reinterpretation of History
• By end of 19th centaury It
was felt that the sense of
pride to be instilled
• British tried defaming
Indians
• In response, Indian began
glorifying India’s great
achievements
• India’s glorious
development in different
fields
• This glorious time was
darkened by Colonial
Rule
• Nationalist Historians urged
readers to take pride in
India’s achievements
• They encouraged people
to struggle to change the
miserable conditions of
life under British Rule

• The congress under Gandhiji
tried to channel people’s
grievances organized into
movements
• But this unification was no
easy task because of diversity
• Inner conflict and disunity
often noticed
• Many voices wanting freedom
from colonial greatly rule
helped emerging India is a
Strong Nation
The anger against
colonial Government
brought people together

Class 10, Social Science (History), Nationalism in India PPT/Slide

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Class 10, Social Science (History), Nationalism in India PPT/Slide