Class 7th L. no. 1Tracing_Changes.pdf

Class 7th L. no. 1Tracing_Changes.pdf

• 1.
  Tracing Changes ThroughA Thousand Years History - L.no. 1
• 2.
  Changes in map Map1 - 1154 Arab cartographer (Al-Idrisi) Map 2 - 1720 French cartographer First map was upside down.
• 3.
  New and OldTerminology 13 Century Minhaj-i-Siraj - Hindustan Punjab, Haryana and land between Ganga and Yamuna 16 Century Babur - Hindustan Geography, fauna and flora 14 Century Amir Khusrau - Hind Same as Babur
• 4.
  Foreigner = aperson from other country Pardesi = stranger (from same country) Forest dwellers were pardesi for city-dwellers
• 5.
  Historian and theirsources Variety and number of textual records increased dramatically. (paper had become cheaper) 1. Coins 2. Inscriptions 3. Architecture 4. Textual records Holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters, teaching of saints, petition, judicial records etc. Manuscript - collected by wealthy people, rulers, monasteries, archives and library.
• 6.
  Problems faced byscribes 1. No printing press 2. Couldn’t read the handwriting of the other scribes. 3. They were forced to guess particular word so there were small but significant changes in the copy of scribes. 4. Small changes in words grew over the centuries. 5. Other copies became very much different from original. 6. Authors revised their chronicles. Ex : Ziyauddin Barani - 1356 and 1358 (1960s)
• 7.
  NEW SOCIAL ANDPOLITICAL GROUPS 1. New Technologies - Persian wheel, spinning wheel, firearms in combat 2. New food - potatoes, corn, chillies, tea, coffee. Resulted in economical, political, social and cultural changes. ● Period of great mobility - in the search of opportunity. ● One group of people became important - Rajput (Chivalric code of Conduct, valour and loyalty) ● Other group of people became important - Marathas, sikhs, Jats, Ahoms and Kayasthas (a caste of scribes and secretaries)
• 8.
  ● Clearing offorest ● Migration of forest dwellers in villages ● Started tilling land and became peasants ● Affected by regional markets, taxes , offering goods and services to local lords. ● Significant difference between peasants (more productive land, artisanal work, cattle) ● People were grouped into jatis or sub-castes based on their backgrounds and occupations. (not fixed) ● Jatis formed their own rules and jati panchayat. Also followed village rules. ● Several villages were governed by chieftain and one small unit of state was formed.
• 9.
  REGION AND EMPIRE ●The Cholas, Tughluqs or Mughals encompassed many regions. ● A sanskrit prashasti - Ghiyasuddin Balban (Bengal to Afghanistan also included south India) ● People of other region fled before his army. (exaggeration) ● By 700 many regions possessed distinct geography, language, culture. ● Cholas, Khaljis, Tughluqs and Mughals built pan-regional empire. (not permanent) ● After declination of Mughal Empire : re-emergence of regional states but with altered character of the regions. ● Regions had shared tradition : realms of governance, economy management, elite culture and language.
• 10.
  OLD AND NEWRELIGIONS The major religious developments during this period: ● As social worlds of these groups altered so too their beliefs. ● Hinduism - Worship of new deities, construction of temples by royalty, Importance of Brahmanas and the priests grew and they became dominant groups of the society because of their knowledge of sanskrit. ● There was also the emergence of the idea of bhakti i.e. of a loving, personal deity. ● Muslim religion - Religions like Islam appeared in the subcontinent who brought the teachings of holy Quran in the 7th C, ● Shia muslims - Prophet Muhammad’s son-in–law , Ali ● Sunni muslims - Early leaders Khalifas ● Many rulers were patrons of Islam and the ulama.
• 11.
  THINKING ABOUT TIMEAND HISTORICAL PERIODS ● To make the study of time easier past is divided into large segments - periods : 1. Hindu 2. Muslim and 3. British ● Division was based on religion of the rulers. ● Few historians follow this periodisation today. ● Most look to economic and social factors & they divide history into : 1. Ancient 2. Medieval and 3. Modern ● Ancient : hunter-gatherers, early farmers, people living in towns and villages, early empires and kingdoms. ● Medieval : Spread of peasant society, rise of regional and imperial state formations, cost of pastoral and forest people, development of Hinduism and Islam, arrival of European trading companies. (because of prosperity)
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  T H EE N D