Classification of crops..Hindi

CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS
( फसलों के वर्गीकरण )

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Classification ( वर्गीकरण ) is done to generalize similar crop plants
as a class for attaining better understanding of them. Field crops are
classified in the following ways:
 based on ontogeny (Life cycle / जीवन चक्र के आधार पर )
 based on Economic use /Agronomy (आर्थिक उपयोर्ग /सस्य ववज्ञानं के आधार पर
)
 Seasonal classification (मौसम के अनुरूप )
 Botanical classification (वानस्पतिक आधार पर )
 Commercial classification (व्यवस्यातयकिा के आधार पर )
 Climate based classification (जलवायु के आधार पर )
 According to range of cultivation (खेिी के ववस्िार के आधार पर )
 According to the place of origin (उत्त्पवि के आधार पर )
 According to important uses (ववशिष्ट उपयोर्ग के आधार पर )
 According to cultural requirement (परंपरार्गि आवश्यकिा के आधार पर )

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Based on Ontogeny (Life cycle)
(जीवन चक्र के आधार पर )
( a ) Annual crops (एक वर्षीय फसलें ): Crop plants that complete life cycle
within a season or year. They produce seed and die within the season. Ex. Wheat,
rice, maize, mustard etc.
( b ) Biennial crops (द्वववर्षीय फसलें ): Plants that have life span of two
consecutive seasons or years. First years/ season, these plants have purely
vegetative growth usually confined to rosette of leaves. The tap root is often fleshy
and serves as a food storage organ. During the second year / season, they produce
flower stocks from the crown and after producing seeds the plants die. Ex. Sugar
beet, beet root, cabbage, radish, carrot etc.
( c ) Perennial crops (बहुवर्षीय फसलें ): They live for three or more years. They
may be seed bearing or non-seed bearing. Ex.Napier fodder grass, coconut, etc. In
general perennial crops occupy land for more than 30 months.

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Classification based on Economic/Agronomy
(आर्थिक उपयोर्ग /सस्य ववज्ञानं के आधार पर )
This classification is based on use of crop plants and their products. This is an important classification as
for as agronomy is concerned (Agronomic classification)
(a)Cereals (धान्य फसलें )- They are cultivated grasses grown for their edible starchy grains (one seeded
fruit–caryopsis). Larger grains used as staple food are cereals–rice, wheat, maize, barley, oats etc. The
word cereal was derived from the word ceres, which denotes a goddess who was believed as the giver of
grains by Romans
(b) Millets (ज्वार बाजरा आधाररत फसलें ) - Small grained cereals, which form the staple food in
drier regions of the developing countries, are called millets. They are also annual grasses of the group
cereals. But’ they are grown in lesser area or less important area whose productivity and economics are
also less important. These are also staple food for people of poor countries. e.g. Sorghum, pearl Millet
and finger millet , Fox tail millet, little millet, common millet, barnyard millet etc.
( c ) Pulses (दलहनी फसलें ): Seeds of leguminous plants used as food (Dhal) rich in protein. Pod
containing grain is the economic portion. Pulses are preferred for protein rich value & also economic
important in cropping system. The wastes or stalk is called the ‘haulm’ or ‘stover’. Haulm is used as
green manure and has high value cattle feed. Green pods used as vegetables, e.g. cowpea, lablab. Seed
coat of pulses are nutritious cattle feed.

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( k ) Narcotics, fumitories and masticatories (उत्तेजक पदार्थ वाली फसलें )- Plants/products used for
stimulating, numbing, drowsing or relishing effects. e.g., tobacco, ganja, opium poppy.
( d ) Oil seeds(तिलहनी फसलें ): Those crops which are rich in fatty acid are cultivated for the production of
vegetable oil. They are used either for edible or industrial or medicinal purposes. e.g. Groundnut or Peanut ,
Rapeseed & Mustard ,Sesame or gingelly ,Sunflower ,Castor ,Linseed or flax ,Niger, Safflower
( e ) Sugar and starch crops (िकि रा व स्टाचियुक्ि फसलें ) : Crops cultivated for sugar and starch. e.g
Sugarcane and Sugarbeet,
potato, sweet potato, tapioca and asparagus.( f ) Fibre crops (रेिा / रुई वाली फसलें ): Plants are grown for obtaining fibre. Different kinds of fibre are,
i) seed fibre – cotton, ii) Stem/ bast fibre – Jute, mesta; and iii) leaf fibre – Agave, pineapple.
(g) Fodder / Forage (चारे वाली फसलें ): It refers to vegetative matter, fresh or preserved, utilized as feed for
animals. It includes hay, silage, pasturage and fodder. e.g Grasses - Bajra ,fodder bajra, napier grass, guinea
grass,
fodder sorghum, fodder maize and Legumes - Lucerne, Desmanthus, etc.
( h )Spices and condiments (मसाला वाली फसलें ): Crop plants or their products used for flavour, taste and
add colour to the fresh or preserved food. e.g.Ginger, garlic, fenugreek, cumin, turmeric, chillies, onion,
coriander,
anise and asafetida.
( i ) Medicinal plants (और्षर्ध युक्ि फसलें ): Crops used for preparation of medicines. Ex. Lavender, Aloe
vera, Cinnamon, mint. etc
( j ) Beverages (पेय फसलें ): Products of crops used for preparation of mild, agreeable and simulating drinking.
e.g. Tea, coffee, cocoa (Plantation crops).

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Seasonal Classification (मौसम के अनुरूप )
Crops are grouped under the seasons in which their major field duration falls.
( a ) Kharif or South West Monsoon season crops (वर्ाथ ऋतू की फसलें ) - Crops grown
during June–July to September–October, which require a warm wet weather during their major period of
growth and shorter day length for flowering. e.g., rice, maize, castor and groundnut.
(b) Rabi crops/post monsoon crops (शीत ऋतू की फसलें )- Crops grown during October–
November to January–February, require cold dry weather for their major growth period and longer day
length for flowering. e.g. wheat, mustard, barley, oats, potato, Bengal gram, berseem, cabbage and
cauliflower.
(c) Zaid or summer crops (ग्रीष्म ऋिू की फसलें )- Crops grown during February–March
to May–June which requires warm dry weather for growth and longer day–length for flowering. e.g., black
gram, green gram, sesame, cowpea etc.
This classification is not a universal one. It only indicates the period when a particular crop
is raised. Ex. Kharif rice, kharif maize, rabi maize, summer pulse etc.

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Botanical/Taxonomical Classification
(वानस्पतिक / वर्गीकरण पद्यति आधार पर )
According to systematic botany plants are classified as order, family etc. Botanical or scientific
names of plants which consist of genus and species and are universally accepted. Carolus Linnaeus,
a Swedish botanist, was responsible for the binomial system of classification. Similarly crop plants
are grouped into families as,
(a) Poaceae (Graminae) : Cereals, millets and grasses
(b) Papilionaceae (Legumes) : Pulses, legume fodders, vegetables, groundnut, berseem,
green manures etc.
(c) Cruciferae : Mustard, Indian rape seed, radish cabbage, cauliflower etc.
(d) Cucurbitaceae : All gourds, cucumber, pumpkin etc.
(e) Malvaceae : Cotton, lady’s finger, Roselle etc.
(f) Solanaceae : Potato, tomato, tobacco, chillies, brinjal
(g) Tiliaceae : Jute
(h) Asteraceae (Compositae) : Sunflower, safflower, niger
(i) Chenopodiaceae : Spinach, sugar beet
(j) Pedeliaceae : Sesame
(k) Euphorbiaceae : Castor, tapioca
(l) Convolvulaceae : Sweet potato
(m) Umbelliferae : Coriander, cumin, carrot, anise
(n) Liliaceae : Onion, garlic
(o) Zingiberaceae : Ginger, turmeric

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Commercial Classification (व्यवस्यातयकिा के आधार पर )
(a) Food crops (खाद्य फसलें ): Rice, wheat, Green gram, Soybean, Maize, Sorghum, Millet, Groundnut, etc.
(b) Fodder/Forage crops (चारे वाली फसलें ): All fodders, oats, fodder sorghum, fodder maize, napier grass, fodder millet ,
stylo, Lucerne etc.
(c) Industrial/Commercial /Cash crops (औद्योगिक एवं व्यावसागयक नकदी फसल ): Cotton, sugarcane, sugar beet, tobacco, jute, etc.
(d) Food adjuvants: Turmeric, garlic, cumin, Alum etc.
Climate based classification (जलवायु के आधार पर )
( a ) Tropical crop (उष्ण कटटबंधी फसलें ) : Coconut, sugarcane
( b ) Sub-tropical crop (उपोष्णकटटबंधी फसलें ): Rice, cotton
( c ) Temperate crop (समिीिोष्ण फसलें) : Wheat, barley
( d ) Polar crop (ध्रुवीय फसलें ) : All pines, pasture grasses
Classification according to Range of Cultivation (खेिी के ववस्िार के आधार पर )
(a) Garden crop (उद्यानी फसलें ) - Grown on a small scale in gardens. e.g., Onion, Brinjal. Garlic, turmeric etc.
(b) Plantation crop (बािान फसलें ) - Grown on a large scale in estates and perennial in nature.Tea, Coffee, Cacao, Rubber
(c) Field crop (खेती की फसलें) - Grown on a vast scale under field condition. They are mostly seasonal such as rice, wheat,
cotton etc.
Classification according to Place of Origin (उत्त्पवि के आधार पर )
( a ) Native crops (स्र्ानीय फसलें )- Crops grown within the geographical limits of their origin, for e.g., rice, barely, black
gram, green gram, mustard, castor, sugarcane and cotton, grown in India, are native to India.
(b) Exotic or Introduced crops (गवदेशाित फसलें )- Crops introduced from other countries, such as tobacco, potato, jute,
maize, apple, etc.

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According to Important Uses (ववशिष्ट उपयोर्ग के आधार पर )
Though plants are useful in many ways only certain uses are given below.
(a) Catch crops/contingent crops (अंिरविी फसल) are those crops cultivated to catch the forth coming
season. It replaces the main crop that has failed due to biotic or climatic or management hazards.
Generally, they are of very short duration, quick growing, harvestable or usable at any time of their field
duration and adaptable to the season, soil and management practices. They provide feed, check weed
growth, conserve soil, utilized added fertilizer and moisture. e.g., green gram, black gram, cowpea, onion,
coriander and bajra.
(b) Restorative crops (बलवधिक फसल) are those crops, which provide a good yield along with enrichment or
restoration of soil fertility or amelioration of the soils. They fix atmospheric nitrogen in root nodules,
shed their leaves during ripening and thus restore soil conditions. e.g., legumes.
(c) Exhaustive crops (सवथग्राही फसल )are those crop plants, which on growing leave the field exhausted
because of a more aggressive nature. e.g., gingelly, brinjal, linseed, sunflower etc.
(d) Paira crop/residual crops (अनुविी फसल) are those crop plants which are sown a few days or weeks
before the harvest of the standing mature crops to utilize the residual moisture, without preparatory tillage.
The standing crop and the later sown (paira) crop become simultaneous (forming a pair) for a short period.
For e.g., rice fallow pulses black gram, lathyrus, lentil etc. Paira crops in succession may constitute
relay cropping.

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( e ) Smother crops are those crop plants (दमनी फसल) which are able to smother or suppress
the weed growth by providing suffocation (curtailing movement of air) and obscuration
(of the incidental radiation) through their dense foliage developed due to quick growing
ability with heavy tillering or branching, planophyllic or procumbent or trailing habits.
e.g., barley, mustard, cowpea, etc.
(f) Cover crops are those crop plants (आवरण फसल), which are able to protect the soil surface
from erosion (wind, water or both) through their ground covering foliage and or root mats.
e.g., groundnut, black gram, marvel grass, sweet potato.
(g) Nurse crops (पोर्षक फसल) : A companion crop, which nourishes the main crop by way of
nitrogen fixation and or adding the organic matter into the soil. e.g., cowpea intercropped
with cereals, glyricidia, tephrosia in tea.
(h) Guard/barrier crops are those crop plants (रक्षक फसलें), which help to protect another crop from
trespassing or restrict the speed of wind and thus prevent crop damage. Main crop in the
centre surrounded by hardy or thorny crop. e.g., mesta around sugarcane; sorghum
around cotton; safflower around gram.

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( i ) Trap crops are those crop plants (पाि फसलें) grown to trap soil borne harmful
parasitic weeds. For e.g., orabanche and striga are trapped by solanaceous and
sorghum crops respectively. Nematode are trapped by solanaceous crops (On
uprooting crop plants, nematodes are removed from the soil). Castor works as trap
crop in cotton, groundnut act as crop for army worm pest.
(j) Augmenting crops are those sub crops (वधथक फसलें) sown to supplement the yield of the
main crop. e.g., Mustard or cabbage with berseem to augment the forage yield of
berseem.
(k) Alley crops are those arable crops (ववर्ध सस्यन फसलें ), which are grown in ‘alleys’
formed by trees or shrubs, established mainly to hasten soil fertility restoration,
enhance soil productivity and reduce soil erosion, diversify farm income. Alley
cropping is planting rows of trees at wide spacings with a companion crop grown in
the alleyways between the rows. They are generally of non-trailing with shade
tolerance capacity. For e.g., growing pulses in between the rows of casuarina.

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Classification According to Cultural Requirement of Crops
(परंपरार्गि आवश्यकिा के आधार पर )
Certain group of plants is alike in cultural requirements due to their similar agro-botanical or
morpho agronomical characters.
A. According to suitability of topo sequence (स्र्लाकृ गतक आधाररत )
(i) Crops grown on upland (उच्च भूगम की फसलें) - Levelled elevated land with drain all around or unbunded levelled
land with drains or drops. Crops that cannot tolerant water stagnation come under this group. e.g., red gram,
groundnut, maize, sorghum, cotton, sesamum, napier etc. Crops that require sufficient soil moisture but cannot
tolerate water stagnation. e.g., Potato, sugarcane, upland rice, ragi, wheat, black gram, Bengal gram.
(ii) Crops grown on low land (तराई भूमी की फसलें) - These lands are provided with dykes or bunds all around to stagnate
water. Crops that require abundant supply of water and can withstand prolonged water logged conditions. e.g., rice,
daincha, Para grass and jute.
B. According to source of water (गसंचाई के स्रोत आधाररत)
(i) Irrigated crops (गसंगचत फसलें) - The crop cultivation primarily depends upon the irrigation water for a part/
entire growth period of the crop. All crops irrespective seasons are possible to be raised in this category.
(ii) Rainfed crops (वर्ाथ पोगर्त फसलें) - The crop cultivation entirely depends upon the rainfall received. Crop
varieties depend upon the season and the rainfall pattern.

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C. According to moisture availability the soil (मृदा नमी आधाररत )
(i) Wet lands crops (आद्र प्रादेगशक फसलें ) - The soil moisture is allowed to occupy both macro and
microspores. Anaerobic field condition prevails here. Crops suitable are those crops, which
tolerate water stagnation.e.g., green manures like sesbania group, grasses etc.
(ii) Dry lands crops(शुष्क प्रादेगशक फसलें) - The soil moisture is allowed only on to microspores. Macro
pores are filled with air. Magnitude of soil moisture varies according to the crop. Crops like maize,
highly sensitive to excess moisture and drought, crops tolerant to drought and temporary
stagnation, sorghum are cultivated in this type of field condition.
D. According to the suitability of the textural groups of soils (मृदा संरचरना आधाररत फसलें )
(i) Crops suitable to sandy to sandy loam (light) soils (बलुआई - बलुआई दोमट ) - Sorghum, bajra, green
gram, sunflower, potato, onion, carrot etc.
(ii) Crops suitable to silty loam (medium) soils (िाद दोमट) - Jute, sugarcane, maize, cotton, mustard
, tobacco, bengal gram, red gram, cowpea, etc.
(iii) Crop suitable to clay loam (heavy) soils (गचकनी दोमट )- Rice, wheat, barley, linseed, lentil, para
grass, guinea grass, marvel grass etc.

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E. According to tolerance to problem soils (मृदा समस्या सगहष्णु फसलें )
(i) Tolerant to acidic soils (अम्लीय सहिष्णु )- Wet rice, potato, mustard.
(ii) Tolerant to saline soils (लवण सगहष्णु) Chillies, cucurbits, wheat, sorghum, bajra, cluster beans, barley etc.
(iii) Tolerant to alkali/sodic soils (छारीय सगहष्णु ) - Barley, cotton, bengal gram, berseem, sunflower, maize, etc.
(iv) Tolerant to waterlogged soils (जलाक्ांत सगहष्णु ) - Wet rice, daincha, para grass, napier grass, guinea grass.
(v) Crops tolerant to soil erosion (गमटटी कटाव सगहष्णु ) - Marvel grass, groundnut, black gram, rice bean, moth
bean, and horse gram.
F. According to tillage requirement (जुताई की जरुरत आधाररत )
(i) Arable crops (कृ ष्य फसलें )- Require preparatory tillage. e.g., Potato, tobacco, rice, maize.
(ii) Non-arable crops (अकृ ष्य फसलें ) - May not require preparatory cultivation/tillage. e.g., para grass.
G. According to the depth of root system (जड़ों की िहराई आधाररत )
(i) Shallow rooted crops (उर्ली जड़ों वाली) - Rice, potato, and onion.
(ii) Moderately deep rooted (मध्यम िहरी जड़ों वाली )- Wheat, groundnut, castor, and tobacco.
(iii) Deep rooted (िहरी जड़ों वाली ) - Maize, cotton, and sorghum.
(iv) Very deep rooted (अत्यगधक िहरी जड़ों वाली ) - Sugarcane, safflower, lucerne, and red gram.
H. According to the tolerance to hazardous weather condition (मौसम सगहष्णु आधाररत )
(i) Frost tolerant (पाला असगहष्णु )- Sugar beet, beet root.
(ii) Cold tolerant (ठंडी सगहष्णु )- Potato, cabbage, and mustard.
(iii) Drought tolerant (सूखा सगहष्णु )- Bajra, jowar, barley, safflower, castor.

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I. According to method of sowing/planting (वुवाई गवगध आधाररत )
(i) Direct seeded crop (सीधी वुवाई फसलें )- Where the seeds are sown directly either dry or sprouted. upland rice,
wheat, jowar, bajra, groundnut etc.
(ii) Planted crops (रोगपत फसलें) - Where plant parts are planted directly. e.g., sugarcane, potato, sweet potato,
napier, guinea grass.
(iii) Transplanted crops (प्रगतरोगपत फसलें) - Where seedlings are raised in the nursery, pulled out and planted
in the field: rice, ragi, bajra, tobacco, bellary onion, brinjal.
J . According to inter-tillage requirement specially earthing up (आंतररक जुताई आधाररत )
(i) Intertilled crops - Potato, sweet potato, groundnut, maize, sugarcane, and turmeric.
(ii) Non-intertilled crops - Fodder sorghum, deenanath grass, para grass etc.
K. According to length of field duration of crops (फसलों की अवगध की आधार पर )
(i) Very short duration crops (upto 75 days) : pulses
(ii) Short duration crops (75–100 days) : sunflower, cauliflower, upland rice
(iii) Medium duration crops (100–125 days ) : wheat, jowar, bajra, groundnut, sesame, jute
(iv) Long duration crops (125–150 days) : mustard, tobacco, cotton
(v) Very long duration crops: above 150 days : sugarcane, red gram, castor.

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L. According to the method of harvesting (फसल कटाई की आधार पर )
(i) Reaping (हंगसया कटाई ): rice, wheat,
(ii) Uprooting by pulling(खींच के उखाड़ने के आधार पर) : bengal gram, black gram, lentil, rapeseed
(iii) Uprooting by digging (खुदाई कर उखाड़ने के आधार पर ): potato, sweet potato, groundnut, carrot etc.
(iv) Picking (चुनने के आधार पर) : cotton, vegetables, brinjal, bhendi, chillies
(v) Priming (पत्ती तोड़ने के आधार पर) : tobacco
(vi) Cutting (कटाई के आधार पर)) : berseem, napier, amaranthus
(vii) Grazing (चराने के आधार पर) : para grass, kolukkattai grass, and stylo.
M. According to post harvest requirement (कटाई की बाद प्रबंधन की आधार पर )
(i) Curing (परररक्षण के आधार पर ): tobacco, mustard
(ii) Stripping (छाल अलि करने के आधार पर) : jute, sunnhemp
(iii) Shelling (बीज अलि करने के आधार पर) : groundnut
(iv) Ginning (कपास रुई अलि करने के आधार पर ): cotton
(v) Seasoning (मसाला बनाने के आधार पर ) : turmeric, chillies
(vi) Grading and sorting (छंटाई के आधार पर) : potato, rice, wheat, fibre crops etc.
N. Based on crops growing soil condition (गमटटी में उिाने की आधार पर )
(i) Psammophytes (Sandy soil) : castor
(ii) Lithophytes (Rock surface) : ferns
(iii) Chasmophytes (Rock crack) : potato
(iv) Acedophytes (Acid soil) : potato
(v) Basophytes (Alkali soil) : rice
(vi) Calciphytes (Basic soil) : asparagus
(vii) Halophytes (Saline soil) : sugar beet, alfalfa

Youtube Channel Name: “JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV”
published contents :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link :
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi)
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
7. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming
Link : https://youtu.be/8UGR1RTJeVQ
8. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming (Hindi)
Link : https://youtu.be/mi4AwBvkAeg
9. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming
Link : https://youtu.be/1gxu6hmZ0us
10. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming (Hindi)
Link : https://youtu.be/9-R5c7_HDN8
11. Classification of crops
Link : https://youtu.be/VHC8izeI4cA
12. Seeds and sowing
Link : https://youtu.be/9DsWBOyBO0Q
https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
VIJAY KUMAR SHRIVASTAV

Classification of crops..Hindi

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Classification of crops..Hindi