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Climate change and urban disaster prevention strategy in coastal area bj lee
- 1. Climate Change andUrban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Coastal Area Byoung Jae Lee Director, Urban Disaster Prevention & Water Resource Research Center
- 2. Contents I. Climate Changeand Natural Disasters in Korea II. Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy III. Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning in Coastal Area IV. Urban Disaster Prevention Policy in Korea
- 3. 1. Climate Changeand Trend 2. Korea’s Natural Disasters in Recent Years Ⅰ. Climate Change and Natural Disasters in Korea
- 4. 4 The scenarioof new climate change scenario will have more impact on climate change than the existing scenario In the case of RCP scenario, climate will change more markedly upward than SRES scenario as predicted in the 4th IPCC Evaluation Report In the case of Korea, it is expected that by 2050 the average temperate will rise from current 2.0℃ to 3.2℃, while precipitation will increase from current 11.5% to 15.6% < Expected Average Annual Temperature Changes(RCP8.5) > Second Half of 21st Century (2070-2099) Current < Expected Average Annual Precipitation Changes(RCP8.5) > Current Second Half of 21st Century (2070-2099) Climate Change and Trend
- 5. 5 Precipitation intensityincreased as the amount of precipitation increased while the number of days with precipitation decreased; draught to become more serious as evapotranspiration increases due to temperature rise By the end of 21st century, it is expected that Korea’s average temperature will rise by 4℃, precipitation by 17%, and sea level by 20.9 ㎝ respectively The number of heavy rain days is expected to increase and the incidence of powerful typhoon is also expected to increase (19%→26%) < Expected Precipitation Change >< Expected Temperature Change > Climate Change and Trend
- 6. 6 State ofDamage Caused by Natural Disaster by Year (1971~2014) In comparison to 1970s, the amount of property damage increased by approximately 7.4 times The number of humancasualties decreasedfor the same period by approximately 78% (330 → 72 persons),but largescaledamages werealwaysaccompaniedby considerablenumberof casualties Source: 2014 Disaster Yearbook (National Emergency Management Agency, 2015). Note: Amount of damage is the converted amount to 2014 value. 2.75-fold increase 1.23-fold increase 2.17-fold increase Approximately 7.36-fold increase compared to the 1970s Human Casualties Property Damage One hundred million Won Person Year Korea’s Natural Disasters in Recent Years
- 7. 7 Flood Damageand Flooding Area (1983~2014) (백만원) (ha) Flooding Area Damage (년도) Korea’s Natural Disasters in Recent Years Damage Flooding Area
- 8. Ⅱ. Urban DisasterPrevention Strategy 1.VulnerableUrbanEnvironment 2.UrbanDisasterPreventionStrategyinKorea
- 9. 9 Land Usewithout considering Vulnerability Vulnerable Urban Environment
- 10. 10 Infrastructure withoutconsidering Vulnerability Vulnerable Urban Environment
- 11. 11 Increase ofImpermeable Area Vulnerable Urban Environment
- 12. 12 For citiesto better adapt and respond to heavy rain disaster caused by climate change (bigger size, routinization), a Comprehensive Disaster Prevention System needs to be constructed in which all the constituents of a city respond in harmony to an impending disaster Comprehensive Disaster Prevention System denotes a system that shares disaster risks in linkage with and in response to urban land use, urban infrastructure (park, green belt), complexes (i.e., housing complex), buildings, and citizens in addition to traditional disaster prevention system (river, sewer, pump station) Comprehensive Disaster Prevention System can be constructed more effectively, utilizing spatial planning such as urban planning and design - Runoff reduction through enhancement of storage and infiltration capacity of ground surfaces in addition to risk sharing of enlarged disasters - Alleviation of loads on traditional disaster prevention system (Secondary effect) 1) Basic Direction of Disaster Prevention in Response to Climate Change Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea
- 13. 13 < Measures forDisaster Prevention in Cities based on Disaster Size > Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea
- 14. 14 What isPSR Strategy? PSR, a modern version of our ancestor’s spatial drainage system (valley - small pond - village(natural & man-made water ways) – large pond – river), denotes a multilayered urban disaster prevention strategy that delays runoff of rainwater or stores it ‘’layer after layer” taking characteristics of the scope of direct and indirect disaster influences into consideration - Disaster vulnerable site (S), a scope of direct disaster influence, human lives and property should be protected through land use measures, restriction on installation of urban infrastructure, and LID application taking disaster risks such as inundation depth into consideration - In urban responding region (R), which is a scope of indirect disaster influence, impacts within disaster vulnerable sites (S) should be mitigated by instituting disaster reduction measures such as reduction of rainwater runoff or surface water delay utilizing urban planning facilities taking slope of the region and catchment area into consideration < PSR Strategy Concept > P ★ S RS R ★ P R P S Grade1 Grade2 Grade3 R S P 2) Total Disaster Prevention System Implementation Considering Regional Disaster Pattern and Characteristic : PSR Strategy Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea
- 15. 15 Illustration ofPSR-based disaster reducing urban design techniques 1. Flood damage influencing area division 2. Land use arrangement 3. Disaster vulnerable area(S) measures 4. Urban responding area(R) measures Low risk areas(R) Medium risk areas(S2) High risk areas(S1) Low Lands High Lands Medium risk areas(S2) Low risk areas(R) Medium risk areas(S2) High risk areas(S1) Construction of Retention Facility Elevation of Ground Level / Buildings Resistant to Flooding Low risk areas(R) Medium risk areas(S2) High risk areas(S1) Residential Districts Commercial Districts Sports, Leisure Districts Open Space Road Drainage Permeable Pavement Wetlands Green Roof Rain Barrel Temporary Retention Pond Constant Retention Pond Floodplain Manmade Wetland Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea
- 16. 16 < Trinity RiverProject (Dallas, USA) > < Example of Erosion Control Facility > Measures for Disaster Occurring Point (Point) Take structural measures mainly with disaster prevention facilities - Reinforce dykes, enlarge sewer or storage capacity, expand pump stations, install erosion control facilities, etc. Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea
- 17. 17 Measures forDisaster Vulnerable Site (Site) To minimize human casualties, improve land use, restrict installation of important urban infrastructure, reinforce rainwater drainage, introduce low impact development techniques, employ adaptive measures for building, etc. < River basin low land : Green corridor constructed for disaster prevention > < Concept Drawing of Super Dyke > Present After Improvement < Ecological Waterways> < Ecological retention area > < Piloti Structure > Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea
- 18. 18 Measures forUrban Responding Region (Region) Customized measures to fit topographical characteristics - Employ appropriate measures taking inclination and catchment area of the locality into consideration: Steep-slope lowland type is an area with steep slope and small catchment area, Gentle-slope lowland type is an area with gentle slope and large catchment area, whereas Mixed topography is an area that has characteristics of both the steep-slope lowland type and the gentle-slope lowland type < Steep-slope Lowland Type > < Gentle-slope Lowland Type > < Mixed Topography > R S PP R S P R S Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea
- 19. 19 ① Steep-slope LowlandType For steep-slope lowland type, surface water control (improvement of road network, installation of road water blocking board ) and reinforcement of rainwater drainage facility are required as rain water can pour in short notice as rate of flow is very high Small catchment area Changing runoff paths Changing runoff paths Drainage facilities strengthen Changing runoff paths Increasing rainwater draining capacity (ssokssok rain gutter, etc.) Linear drainage along the road , discharged directly into coastal < Measures for Steep-slope Lowland Type: An Example > Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea
- 20. 20 ② Gentle-slope LowlandType For gentle-slope lowland type, rainwater storage and low impact development techniques should be introduced utilizing urban infrastructures (park, greet belt, school, official building) rather than improving drainage facility such as drainage pipe as rainwater flows in from a wide area even though flow rate is low Large catchment area Sports complex retention School retention Retention limit: 30cm Retention limit: 30cm Granting rainwater retention capabilities to Urban Infrastructure Runoff reduction through LID, pervious area increase < Measures for Gentle-slope Lowland Type: An Example > Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy in Korea
- 21. Ⅲ. Risk SensitiveLand Use Planning in Coastal Area 1. Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning 2. Urban Planning for Preventing Heavy Rainfall
- 22. 22 Current status To create a safe city in response to climate changes, a planning system for land use, infrastructures, parks, green spaces, etc. needs to be provided considering disaster vulnerable areas, etc. from the planning phase Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport revised a urban planning guideline on December 15, 2011 and introduced the disaster vulnerability analysis while establishing urban disaster policies because of the Woomyunsan landslides and the Gangnam Station area flooding It was applied to all the urban plans which are established and changed from July 2012 < Occurrence of a variety of disasters due to the impact of climate changes > Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning
- 23. 23 Multi-Scale DisasterVulnerability Analysis, Disaster Preventive Urban Planning Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning
- 24. 24 Concept ofdisaster vulnerability analysis Disasters to be analyzed for disaster vulnerability according to urban climate changes are divided into 6 disasters: heavy rains (floods, landslides), heat waves, heavy snow, high winds, droughts, sea level rise In urban climate change disaster vulnerability analysis , the frame of IPCC(2007) climate change vulnerability analysis is maintained and exposure and sensibility are considered. In addition, disaster vulnerable areas will be derived through the relative analysis on a range of minimum space (aggregate of a population census survey, usually 1/23 of Eup, Myeon, Dong) within a municipality - The exposure indicates the influence by climate factors such as temperatures, precipitation, etc., which cause climate disasters - The sensitivity means a negative impact on urban physical characteristics and urban components (citizen, infrastructures, buildings) according to disasters resulting from climate change - The results of disaster vulnerability analysis are graded into Ⅰ~Ⅳ grades through the relative evaluation by an aggregate group < Concept of urban climate change disaster vulnerability analysis > Exposure Sensitivity Urban Potential Vulnerability Adaptation Capacity Urban Climate Change Disaster Vulnerability Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning
- 25. 25 Analytical Structure ofDisaster Vulnerability according to Urban Climate Change Procedures of analysis of urban climate change disaster vulnerability Analysis and forecast of municipal disaster damages Construction of DB by target disaster and indicator Proposed direction of urban planning Selection of disaster type to be analyzed for vulnerability evaluation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Comment of local stakeholders (officials, professionals, residents, etc.) Urban comprehensive disaster vulnerability Analysis of urban climate changes disaster vulnerability Current vulnerability Current exposure Current sensitivity Future vulnerability Future exposure Future sensitivity Comprehensive disaster vulnerability(Plan) Local stakeholder consultation Survey and analysis of vulnerability (Citizens) (Urban Infrastructure) (Buildings) Structure of disaster vulnerability analysis Urban climate change disaster vulnerability are divided into current vulnerability, future vulnerability, and comprehensive urban disaster vulnerability Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning
- 26. 26 Current disaster vulnerabilityFuture disaster vulnerability Future-new disaster vulnerable area Comprehensive disaster vulnerability (draft) Comprehensive urban disaster vulnerability 1 2 3 4 5 How to analyze urban comprehensive disaster vulnerability Comprehensive disaster vulnerability (draft) is created by nesting new disaster vulnerable areas (Grades I, II) focusing on the current disaster vulnerability Comprehensive urban disaster vulnerability is fixed by reviewing the rating change, if necessary, through site investigation for comprehensive disaster vulnerability (draft) and consultation of experts, government officials, residents, etc Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning
- 27. 27 Disaster VulnerabilityAnalysis Results (National Level) <Heavy Rainfall: Present> <Heat Wave: Present> <Heavy Snow: Present> < Sea Level Rise: Present> <High Winds: Present> < Heavy Rainfall: Future> <Heat Wave: Future> <Heavy Snow: Future> < Sea Level Rise: Future> <High Winds: Future> Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning
- 28. 28 Disaster VulnerabilityAnalysis Example (Local Level) Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning
- 29. 29 Land Use UrbanPlanning for Preventing Heavy Rainfall
- 30. 30 Infrastructure Disaster VulnerabilityAnalysis for Urban Planning
- 31. 31 단독주택 저층 공동주택 Buildings Disaster Vulnerability Analysis for Urban Planning
- 32. 32 ▲Debris Barrier Infiltration▼ ◀Set Back SetBack▶ ▲Park Ecological Pond ▼ ▲ Open Space ▲Retention ◀ Retention ▼ Building Arrangement ▲ Buffer Green Belt 예상침수위 ◀ Building Arrangement
- 33. Ⅳ. Urban DisasterPrevention Policy in Korea 1.DisasterPreventingZone 2.Disasterpreventionfunctionsinurbaninfrastructures 3.Comprehensivefloodcontrolplanningforurbansheds 4.Urbandisasterpreventioncomprehensivemanagementsystem 5.UrbanDisasterPrevention&WaterResourceResearchCenter
- 34. 34 Related disasterrisk zone 1. Natural disaster risk zone of the Article 12 of the “Natural Disaster Measure Act” 2. Collapse risk area of the Article 6 of “Act on the steep slope disaster prevention” 3. Landslide susceptible areas of the Article 45.8 of the “Forest Act’ 4. Disaster management district of the Article 19 of the “Coastal Management Act” Basis of being designated as a disaster preventing zone Zones designated for areas needed to prevent storm and flood damages, landslides, collapse of the ground, and other disasters (Article 37 of National Land Planning Act) Act limits for a disaster preventing zone Prohibition of building the structures prescribed by urban planning regulations as it is acknowledged to be deterrent to cataclysm, landslides, collapse, earthquakes, and others (Article 75 of National Land Planning Act Enforcement Ordinance) Status of disaster prevention zone As of 2013, 15 zones and 3.443㎢ are designated across the country - Seoul(5 zones, 0.203㎢), Incheon(2 zones, 0.414㎢), Jeonam(4 zones, 2.284㎢), Gyeongnam(4 zones, 0.542㎢) Disaster Preventing Zone
- 35.
- 36. 36 Urban Disaster PreventingZone Sample Disaster Preventing Zone
- 37.
- 38. 38 Enhancement ofdisaster prevention standards (2012) of urban planning facilities (7 counties, 53 facilities): Regulations on decisions, structures, and installation of urban, provincial planning facilities Major facilities installation is restricted in disaster vulnerable areas - School, public building, comprehensive medical facilities, roads, under-passes, etc. Disaster prevention functions are granted to main infrastructure facilities ,such as permeable pavement, detention facilities, ecological channels, shelters, etc. - Permeable pavement: Roads, parking lots, plazas, amusement parks, and public lands - Detention facilities installation: Public buildings, parking lots, public sites - Eco-channel installation: Roads, parking lots, squares, amusement parks - Evacuation facilities installed : Schools, grounds, public buildings Detention facilities are installed in city parks - Pilot projects from April 2013 : 2 places - currently, Yangjae Neighborhood Park in Seoul, Iro Park in Mokpo Disaster Preventing Functions in Urban Infrastructures
- 39. 39 Problems ofurban watersheds Limits in traditional river measures ( river-wide expansion, bank increasing, etc. ) Lack of cooperation between upper and downstream municipalities and in various disaster plans Current Status Comprehensive watershed plan for connecting rivers- sewers-city infrastructures in cities watersheds where habitual flooding occurs (rivers flowing more than 2 municipalities) Demonstration projects for Gyeyang River - Urban Watersheds (Incheon, Gimpo) where flooding damages frequently occurred (pilot project location ) Expanded to the whole country from 2014 < Pilot project location> 김포시청 경 기 도 고양시 경 기 도 김포시 천 광 역 서 구 인 시 천광역 계양구 인 시 경 기 도 김포시 운양펌프장유역 A=33.8km2 인천국제공항고속도로 운양펌프장(증설) 32m3/S⇒127m3/S 향산2펌프장(증설) 28m3/S⇒103m3/S 향산1펌프장 5.1m3/S(유역외) 유수지 조성 (A=48,000m2) 향산2펌프장유역 A=22.1km2 사우동 가동보 향산가 동보 방 수 로 천변저류지조성 A=303천km2 Comprehensive Flood Control Planning for Urban Sheds
- 40. 40 Integrated managementof new urban disaster DBs by connecting distributed urban disaster prevention and analyzing disaster vulnerability through establishment of urban disaster prevention comprehensive management system UPIS connected to an urban disaster prevention DB management system An urban disaster prevention comprehensive management system links and uses the urban relevant information of the Urban Planning Information System(UPIS) The Urban Planning Information System (UPIS) provides public service for local governments, etc. by adding urban disaster –related layers on a standard DB and related institutions’ DBs and new urban disaster prevention DBs DB Integrated Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (National Urban Disaster Prevention Research Center) N Division Z Division X Division L DivisionADivision … F Division Y Division TDivision … J Division Z Division H Division …R Division S Division Q Division … O Division C Division B Division … 관련 국가기관 QDivision K Division I Division … Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Korea Forest Service Ministry National Emergency Management Agency Korea Meteorological Office Rural Development Administration (RDA) Related National Agencies Urban Planning Information System Urban Disaster Prevention Comprehensive Management System
- 41. 41 Basis ofCenter Establishment Urban disasters are becoming larger and routinized due to the impact of climate changes A dedicated organization needs to be established to systematically perform policy and technology researches On April 6, 2012 the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport established “National Urban Disaster Prevention Research Center” under Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements Major Role This center supports the central government to promote urban disaster prevention policies and provides technical support and consulting to local governments to create disaster reduction cities Urban Disaster Prevention & Water Resource Research Center Urban disaster prevention policy and system improvement support by the central government Performs urban disaster prevention researches Supports local government for urban disaster prevention and performs entrusted projects Establishes and operates an urban disaster analysis system Establishes the cooperation networks Urban Disaster Prevention & Water Resource Research Center
- 42.