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Climate-Smart Agriculture Bruce Campbell, CCAFS
This document presents a vision for climate-smart agriculture (CSA). It discusses what CSA is, potential mitigation and adaptation options in CSA, and the path forward. Key points include: CSA aims to support food security, adaptation, and low emissions; mitigation options include practices like alternate wetting and drying in rice and improved nitrogen use efficiency; adaptation relies on technology, knowledge, risk management, and transformative changes; moving forward requires analytical tools to evaluate trade-offs and support integrated decision making at multiple levels.
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Climate-Smart Agriculture Bruce Campbell, CCAFS
- 1. A Vision forClimate Smart Agriculture Bruce Campbell, Director CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)
- 2. Outline 1. What is CSA? 2. Mitigation options 3. Adaptation options 4. Which way forward for CSA?
- 4. Food security Ecological Adaptation footprint Grand Challenges of the 21st Century
- 5. Ocean Safe Role of acidification Nitrogen operating Agriculture cycle space Climate change Phosphorous cycle Current Biodiversity status loss Global freshwater use Change in land Rockström et al. (2009); use Bennett et al. (in prep.)
- 6. GHG CO2-eq tonne Food 25 per capita Security 20 15 10 5 0 US Malawi Adaptation Ecological footprint Climate-Smart Agriculture
- 7. Agriculture and RuralDevelopment Day 2011 • Positive on CSA: national governments, regional organisations, regional farmer’s organisations • Informal feedback: More clarity needed on CSA
- 8. A multitude oftrade-offs…….. • Across sub-sectors (e.g. residues to soils or livestock?) • Across spatial scales (e.g. more productive agriculture can result in forest clearance) • Different kinds of households (e.g. some risk insurance exclude female-headed households) • Short-term vs. long term benefits (e.g. livestock risk insurance can promote land degradation)
- 9. CSA will differsignificantly… Impact of climate change on child malnutrition Costs of adaptation Indirect emissions Direct emissions
- 10. 2) Mitigation options
- 11. Where to invest? • Agronomy • Nutrient management Cropland • Tillage/residue management management • Water management Grazing land • Rice management management Land cover change • Agro-forestry • Set-aside, land use change Management of organic Manure- GHG soils biosolid reduction management Restoration of Bioeenergy degraded lands Livestock management
- 12. Five areas forinvestment 1. Sustainable intensification & forest governance 2. Sustainable land management (SLM) practices 3. Alternate wetting and drying systems in irrigated rice 4. Improved nitrogen use efficiency 5. Increased intensity of ruminant production in Africa to reduce GHG++ per unit of product
- 13. Food Security Adaptation Ecological footprint “Climate smart means landscape and policy smart”
- 14. Alternate-Wetting- and-Drying (AWD) 30% water 25-50% GHG Yield not compromised
- 15.
- 16. Adaptive capacity Technology Income & assets Infrastructure Knowledge & Governance Access skills & to institutions information Social capital
- 17. Key adaptation strategies Incrementaladaptation to progressive climate change • Closing the yield gaps • Raising the bar – breeding for 2030s Climate risk management • Technologies (e.g. flood-resistant varieties) • Institutions (e.g. index-based insurance) • Climate information systems (e.g. seasonal forecasts) Transformative adaptation • Changing production systems • Changing livelihood portfolios
- 18. Mali farmer climateadvisories • Climate information to farmers for decision making • National Met Service, WMO, ACMAD • Forecasts provided for three‐days, ten‐days, and seasonal (inc. crop health...) • Major increases in yields for participating farmers • Lessons learning and scaling up across Sahel?
- 19. EA Regional Learning partnership • Information exchange, capacity strengthening, building consensus around issues and priorities • National and regional • Regional economic agencies community • Research providers • Advisory services • = • NGOs & policy think tanks • Farmer organisations
- 20. Activities • Common messages to UNFCCC COP17 • Communities of practice – Synergies across diverse projects – Carbon markets for agriculture
- 21. Transformative adaptation Relocation of grape production or wineries to cooler regions Shifts to other crops Diversification Parks et al CSIRO
- 22. Coffee areas shrink (in Nicaragua)
- 23. 4) Which wayforward for CSA?
- 24. CSA, in summary: •Takes into account: food security, adaptation and ecological footprint • foremost about development itself and address smallholder concerns • Crucial to deal with trade-offs • Context matters: CSA differs widely • Development & ecological footprint → green economy
- 25. What is needed? •Analytics and tools – choices, options, investments • What kinds of knowledge products are needed to advance action – especially at farmer, district and national levels? – but also for coherent messaging and dialogue?
- 26. More analytics onresource efficiency? E.g. Tomatoes $ return per X water use X Cotton X X X X X X X Maize Soybean X Rice X X X X X X Water use per output Grains use much more water than fruits/vegetables and yield lower economic returns Lele et al. (2011)
- 27. Integrated decision support tools? Example: Options Food Adaptation Environmental security impact Crop x Crop z Livestock Agroforestry
- 28. Questions • What kindsof knowledge products are needed to maintain momentum? • Is it time to give more formalisation to the partnership between the CGIAR and WB?