![Kuyoro S. O., Ibikunle F. & Awodele O.
International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 248
FIGURE 1: Results of IDC survey ranking security challenges, 2008 [1]
From one point of view, security could improve due to centralization of data and increased
security-focused resources. On the other hand concerns persist about loss of control over certain
sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored kernels entrusted to cloud providers. If those
providers have not done good jobs securing their own environments, the consumers could be in
trouble. Measuring the quality of cloud providers’ approach to security is difficult because many
cloud providers will not expose their infrastructure to customers. This work is a survey more
specific to the different security issues and the associated challenges that has emanated in the
cloud computing system. The following section highlights a brief review of literature on security
issues in cloud computing and the remaining sections are organized as follows. Section 3.0
discusses security issues in cloud computing laying emphasis on SaaS, PaaS and IaaS; and
cloud computing deployment methods. Section 4.0 deliberates on associated cloud computing
challenges; and Section 5.0 presents the conclusion.
2. RELATED WORKS
Gartner 2008 identified seven security issues that need to be addressed before enterprises
consider switching to the cloud computing model. They are as follows: (1) privileged user access
- information transmitted from the client through the Internet poses a certain degree of risk,
because of issues of data ownership; enterprises should spend time getting to know their
providers and their regulations as much as possible before assigning some trivial applications first
to test the water, (2) regulatory compliance - clients are accountable for the security of their
solution, as they can choose between providers that allow to be audited by 3rd party
organizations that check levels of security and providers that don't (3) data location - depending
on contracts, some clients might never know what country or what jurisdiction their data is located
(4) data segregation - encrypted information from multiple companies may be stored on the same
hard disk, so a mechanism to separate data should be deployed by the provider. (5) recovery -
every provider should have a disaster recovery protocol to protect user data (6) investigative
support - if a client suspects faulty activity from the provider, it may not have many legal ways
pursue an investigation (7) long-term viability - refers to the ability to retract a contract and all
data if the current provider is bought out by another firm.[2] The Cloud Computing Use Case
Discussion Group discusses the different Use Case scenarios and related requirements that may](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijcn-176-160225133920/85/Cloud-Computing-Security-Issues-and-Challenges-2-320.jpg)
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International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 249
exist in the cloud model. They consider use cases from different perspectives including
customers, developers and security engineers.[3] ENISA investigated the different security risks
related to adopting cloud computing along with the affected assets, the risks likelihood, impacts,
and vulnerabilities in the cloud computing may lead to such risks.[4] Balachandra et al, 2009
discussed the security SLA’s specification and objectives related to data locations, segregation
and data recovery.[5] Kresimir et al, 2010 discussed high level security concerns in the cloud
computing model such as data integrity, payment and privacy of sensitive information.[6] Bernd
et al, 2010 discuss the security vulnerabilities existing in the cloud platform. The authors grouped
the possible vulnerabilities into technology-related, cloud characteristics-related, security controls
related.[7] Subashini et al discuss the security challenges of the cloud service delivery model,
focusing on the SaaS model.[8] Ragovind et al, (2010) discussed the management of security in
Cloud computing focusing on Gartner’s list on cloud security issues and the findings from the
International Data Corporation enterprise.[9] Morsy et al, 2010 investigated cloud computing
problems from the cloud architecture, cloud offered characteristics, cloud stakeholders, and cloud
service delivery models perspectives.[10] A recent survey by Cloud Security Alliance
(CSA)&IEEE indicates that enterprises across sectors are eager to adopt cloud computing but
that security are needed both to accelerate cloud adoption on a wide scale and to respond to
regulatory drivers. It also details that cloud computing is shaping the future of IT but the absence
of a compliance environment is having dramatic impact on cloud computing growth.[11] Several
studies have been carried out relating to security issues in cloud computing but this work
presents a detailed analysis of the cloud computing security issues and challenges focusing on
the cloud computing deployment types and the service delivery types.
3. SECURITY ISSUES IN CLOUD COMPUTING
3.1 Cloud Deployments Models
In the cloud deployment model, networking, platform, storage, and software infrastructure are
provided as services that scale up or down depending on the demand as depicted in figure 2. The
Cloud Computing model has three main deployment models which are:
3.1.1 Private cloud
Private cloud is a new term that some vendors have recently used to describe offerings that
emulate cloud computing on private networks. It is set up within an organization’s internal
enterprise datacenter. In the private cloud, scalable resources and virtual applications provided
by the cloud vendor are pooled together and available for cloud users to share and use. It differs
from the public cloud in that all the cloud resources and applications are managed by the
organization itself, similar to Intranet functionality. Utilization on the private cloud can be much
more secure than that of the public cloud because of its specified internal exposure. Only the
organization and designated stakeholders may have access to operate on a specific Private
cloud.[12]
3.1.2 Public cloud
Public cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources
are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web
applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on
a fine-grained utility computing basis. It is typically based on a pay-per-use model, similar to a
prepaid electricity metering system which is flexible enough to cater for spikes in demand for
cloud optimization.[13] Public clouds are less secure than the other cloud models because it
places an additional burden of ensuring all applications and data accessed on the public cloud
are not subjected to malicious attacks.
3.1.3 Hybrid cloud
Hybrid cloud is a private cloud linked to one or more external cloud services, centrally managed,
provisioned as a single unit, and circumscribed by a secure network [14]. It provides virtual IT
solutions through a mix of both public and private clouds. Hybrid Cloud provides more secure](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijcn-176-160225133920/85/Cloud-Computing-Security-Issues-and-Challenges-3-320.jpg)
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International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 250
control of the data and applications and allows various parties to access information over the
Internet. It also has an open architecture that allows interfaces with other management systems.
Hybrid cloud can describe configuration combining a local device, such as a Plug computer with
cloud services. It can also describe configurations combining virtual and physical, collocated
assets -for example, a mostly virtualized environment that requires physical servers, routers, or
other hardware such as a network appliance acting as a firewall or spam filter.
FIGURE 2: Cloud deployment model [13]
3.2 Cloud Computing Service Delivery Models
Following on the cloud deployment models, the next security consideration relates to the various
cloud computing service delivery models. The three main cloud service delivery models are:
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Software-as-a-Service
(SaaS).
3.2.1 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service is a single tenant cloud layer where the Cloud computing vendor’s
dedicated resources are only shared with contracted clients at a pay-per-use fee. This greatly
minimizes the need for huge initial investment in computing hardware such as servers,
networking devices and processing power. They also allow varying degrees of financial and
functional flexibility not found in internal data centers or with collocation services, because
computing resources can be added or released much more quickly and cost-effectively than in an
internal data center or with a collocation service [2]. IaaS and other associated services have
enabled startups and other businesses focus on their core competencies without worrying much
about the provisioning and management of infrastructure. IaaS completely abstracted the
hardware beneath it and allowed users to consume infrastructure as a service without bothering
anything about the underlying complexities. The cloud has a compelling value proposition in
terms of cost, but ‘out of the box’ IaaS only provides basic security (perimeter firewall, load
balancing, etc.) and applications moving into the cloud will need higher levels of security provided
at the host.
3.2.2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) is a set of software and development tools hosted on the provider's
servers. It is one layer above IaaS on the stack and abstracts away everything up to OS,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijcn-176-160225133920/85/Cloud-Computing-Security-Issues-and-Challenges-4-320.jpg)
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International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 251
middleware, etc. This offers an integrated set of developer environment that a developer can tap
to build their applications without having any clue about what is going on underneath the service.
It offers developers a service that provides a complete software development life cycle
management, from planning to design to building applications to deployment to testing to
maintenance. Everything else is abstracted away from the “view” of the developers. Platform as a
service cloud layer works like IaaS but it provides an additional level of ‘rented’ functionality.
Clients using PaaS services transfer even more costs from capital investment to operational
expenses but must acknowledge the additional constraints and possibly some degree of lock-in
posed by the additional functionality layers [14]. The use of virtual machines act as a catalyst in
the PaaS layer in Cloud computing. Virtual machines must be protected against malicious attacks
such as cloud malware. Therefore maintaining the integrity of applications and well enforcing
accurate authentication checks during the transfer of data across the entire networking channels
is fundamental.
3.2.3 Software as a Service
Software-as-a-Service is a software distribution model in which applications are hosted by a
vendor or service provider and made available to customers over a network, typically the Internet.
SaaS is becoming an increasingly prevalent delivery model as underlying technologies that
support web services and service-oriented architecture (SOA) mature and new developmental
approaches become popular. SaaS is also often associated with a pay-as-you-go subscription
licensing model. Meanwhile, broadband service has become increasingly available to support
user access from more areas around the world. SaaS is most often implemented to provide
business software functionality to enterprise customers at a low cost while allowing those
customers to obtain the same benefits of commercially licensed, internally operated software
without the associated complexity of installation, management, support, licensing, and high initial
cost. The architecture of SaaS-based applications is specifically designed to support many
concurrent users (multitenancy) at once. Software as a service applications are accessed using
web browsers over the Internet therefore web browser security is vitally important. Information
security officers will need to consider various methods of securing SaaS applications. Web
Services (WS) security, Extendable Markup Language (XML) encryption, Secure Socket Layer
(SSL) and available options which are used in enforcing data protection transmitted over the
Internet.[8]
FIGURE 3: Cloud computing service delivery models [15]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijcn-176-160225133920/85/Cloud-Computing-Security-Issues-and-Challenges-5-320.jpg)
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International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 252
Combining the three types of clouds with the delivery models we get a holistic cloud illustration as
seen in Figure 3, surrounded by connectivity devices coupled with information security themes.
Virtualized physical resources, virtualized infrastructure, as well as virtualized middleware
platforms and business applications are being provided and consumed as services in the Cloud
[15]. Cloud vendors and clients’ need to maintain Cloud computing security at all interfaces. The
next section of the paper introduces challenges faced in the Cloud computing domain.
4. CLOUD COMPUTING CHALLENGES
The current adoption of cloud computing is associated with numerous challenges because users
are still skeptical about its authenticity. Based on a survey conducted by IDC in 2008, the major
challenges that prevent Cloud Computing from being adopted are recognized by organizations
are as follows:
A. Security: It is clear that the security issue has played the most important role in hindering
Cloud computing acceptance. Without doubt, putting your data, running your software on
someone else's hard disk using someone else's CPU appears daunting to many. Well-known
security issues such as data loss, phishing, botnet (running remotely on a collection of machines)
pose serious threats to organization's data and software. Moreover, the multi-tenancy model and
the pooled computing resources in cloud computing has introduced new security challenges that
require novel techniques to tackle with. For example, hackers can use Cloud to organize botnet
as Cloud often provides more reliable infrastructure services at a relatively cheaper price for them
to start an attack.[9]
B. Costing Model: Cloud consumers must consider the tradeoffs amongst computation,
communication, and integration. While migrating to the Cloud can significantly reduce the
infrastructure cost, it does raise the cost of data communication, i.e. the cost of transferring an
organization's data to and from the public and community Cloud and the cost per unit of
computing resource used is likely to be higher. This problem is particularly prominent if the
consumer uses the hybrid cloud deployment model where the organization's data is distributed
amongst a number of public/private (in-house IT infrastructure)/community clouds. Intuitively, on-
demand computing makes sense only for CPU intensive jobs.[9]
C. Charging Model: The elastic resource pool has made the cost analysis a lot more complicated
than regular data centers, which often calculates their cost based on consumptions of static
computing. Moreover, an instantiated virtual machine has become the unit of cost analysis rather
than the underlying physical server. For SaaS cloud providers, the cost of developing
multitenancy within their offering can be very substantial. These include: re-design and re-
development of the software that was originally used for single-tenancy, cost of providing new
features that allow for intensive customization, performance and security enhancement for
concurrent user access, and dealing with complexities induced by the above changes.
Consequently, SaaS providers need to weigh up the trade-off between the provision of multi-
tenancy and the cost-savings yielded by multi-tenancy such as reduced overhead through
amortization, reduced number of on-site software licenses, etc. Therefore, a strategic and viable
charging model for SaaS provider is crucial for the profitability and sustainability of SaaS cloud
providers.[9]
D. Service Level Agreement (SLA): Although cloud consumers do not have control over the
underlying computing resources, they do need to ensure the quality, availability, reliability, and
performance of these resources when consumers have migrated their core business functions
onto their entrusted cloud. In other words, it is vital for consumers to obtain guarantees from
providers on service delivery. Typically, these are provided through Service Level Agreements
(SLAs) negotiated between the providers and consumers. The very first issue is the definition of
SLA specifications in such a way that has an appropriate level of granularity, namely the tradeoffs
between expressiveness and complicatedness, so that they can cover most of the consumer
expectations and is relatively simple to be weighted, verified, evaluated, and enforced by the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijcn-176-160225133920/85/Cloud-Computing-Security-Issues-and-Challenges-6-320.jpg)
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International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 253
resource allocation mechanism on the cloud. In addition, different cloud offerings (IaaS, PaaS,
and SaaS) will need to define different SLA metaspecifications. This also raises a number of
implementation problems for the cloud providers. Furthermore, advanced SLA mechanisms need
to constantly incorporate user feedback and customization features into the SLA evaluation
framework.[16]
E. What to migrate: Based on a survey (Sample size = 244) conducted by IDC in 2008, the seven
IT systems/applications being migrated to the cloud are: IT Management Applications (26.2%),
Collaborative Applications (25.4%), Personal Applications (25%), Business Applications (23.4%),
Applications Development and Deployment (16.8%), Server Capacity (15.6%), and Storage
Capacity (15.5%). This result reveals that organizations still have security/privacy concerns in
moving their data on to the Cloud. Currently, peripheral functions such as IT management and
personal applications are the easiest IT systems to move. Organizations are conservative in
employing IaaS compared to SaaS. This is partly because marginal functions are often
outsourced to the Cloud, and core activities are kept in-house. The survey also shows that in
three years time, 31.5% of the organization will move their Storage Capacity to the cloud.
However this number is still relatively low compared to Collaborative Applications (46.3%) at that
time.[1]
F. Cloud Interoperability Issue: Currently, each cloud offering has its own way on how cloud
clients/applications/users interact with the cloud, leading to the "Hazy Cloud" phenomenon. This
severely hinders the development of cloud ecosystems by forcing vendor locking, which prohibits
the ability of users to choose from alternative vendors/offering simultaneously in order to optimize
resources at different levels within an organization. More importantly, proprietary cloud APIs
makes it very difficult to integrate cloud services with an organization's own existing legacy
systems (e.g. an on-premise data centre for highly interactive modeling applications in a
pharmaceutical company).The primary goal of interoperability is to realize the seamless fluid data
across clouds and between cloud and local applications. There are a number of levels that
interoperability is essential for cloud computing. First, to optimize the IT asset and computing
resources, an organization often needs to keep in-house IT assets and capabilities associated
with their core competencies while outsourcing marginal functions and activities (e.g. the human
resource system) on to the cloud. Second, more often than not, for the purpose of optimization,
an organization may need to outsource a number of marginal functions to cloud services offered
by different vendors. Standardization appears to be a good solution to address the interoperability
issue. However, as cloud computing just starts to take off, the interoperability problem has not
appeared on the pressing agenda of major industry cloud vendors. [9]
5. CONCLUSION
Although Cloud computing can be seen as a new phenomenon which is set to revolutionise the
way we use the Internet, there is much to be cautious about. There are many new technologies
emerging at a rapid rate, each with technological advancements and with the potential of making
human’s lives easier. However, one must be very careful to understand the security risks and
challenges posed in utilizing these technologies. Cloud computing is no exception. In this paper
key security considerations and challenges which are currently faced in the Cloud computing are
highlighted. Cloud computing has the potential to become a frontrunner in promoting a secure,
virtual and economically viable IT solution in the future.
6. REFERENCES
[1] F. Gens. (2009, Feb.). “New IDC IT Cloud Services Survey: Top Benefits and Challenges”,
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[3] Cloud Computing Use Case Discussion Group. "Cloud Computing UseCases Version 3.0,"
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[11] Cloud Security Alliance (CSA). Available: http://www.cloudsecurityalliance.org [Mar.19,
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[12] S. Arnold (2009, Jul.). “Cloud computing and the issue of privacy.” KM World, pp14-22.
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[13] A Platform Computing Whitepaper. “Enterprise Cloud Computing: Transforming IT.”
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[14] Global Netoptex Incorporated. “Demystifying the cloud. Important opportunities, crucial
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[15] M. Klems, A. Lenk, J. Nimis, T. Sandholm and S. Tai. “What’s Inside the Cloud? An
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[16] C. Weinhardt, A. Anandasivam, B. Blau, and J. Stosser. “Business Models in the Service
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[17] N. Gruschka, L. L. Iancono, M. Jensen and J. Schwenk. “On Technical Security Issues in
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[18] N. Leavitt. “Is Cloud Computing Really Ready for Prime Time?” Computer, vol. 42, pp. 15-
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[19] M. Jensen, J. Schwenk, N. Gruschka and L. L. Iacono, "On Technical Security Issues in
Cloud Computing." in PROC IEEE ICCC, Bangalore 2009, pp. 109-116.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijcn-176-160225133920/85/Cloud-Computing-Security-Issues-and-Challenges-8-320.jpg)
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[20] C. Soghoian. “Caught in the Cloud: Privacy, Encryption, and Government Back Doors in
the Web 2.0 Era” The Berkman Center for Internet & Society Research Publication Series.
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Cloud Computing Security Issues and Challenges
- 1. Kuyoro S. O., Ibikunle F. & Awodele O. International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 247 Cloud Computing Security Issues and Challenges Kuyoro S. O. [email protected] Department of Computer Science Babcock University Ilishan-Remo, 240001, Nigeria Ibikunle F. [email protected] Department of Computer Science Covenant University Otta, 240001, Nigeria Awodele O. [email protected] Department of Computer Science Babcock University Ilishan-Remo, 240001, Nigeria Abstract Cloud computing is a set of IT services that are provided to a customer over a network on a leased basis and with the ability to scale up or down their service requirements. Usually cloud computing services are delivered by a third party provider who owns the infrastructure. It advantages to mention but a few include scalability, resilience, flexibility, efficiency and outsourcing non-core activities. Cloud computing offers an innovative business model for organizations to adopt IT services without upfront investment. Despite the potential gains achieved from the cloud computing, the organizations are slow in accepting it due to security issues and challenges associated with it. Security is one of the major issues which hamper the growth of cloud. The idea of handing over important data to another company is worrisome; such that the consumers need to be vigilant in understanding the risks of data breaches in this new environment. This paper introduces a detailed analysis of the cloud computing security issues and challenges focusing on the cloud computing types and the service delivery types. Keywords: Cloud Computing, Scalability, Infrastructure, IT. 1. INTRODUCTION For years the Internet has been represented on network diagrams by a cloud symbol until 2008 when a variety of new services started to emerge that permitted computing resources to be accessed over the Internet termed cloud computing. Cloud computing encompasses activities such as the use of social networking sites and other forms of interpersonal computing; however, most of the time cloud computing is concerned with accessing online software applications, data storage and processing power. Cloud computing is a way to increase the capacity or add capabilities dynamically without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software. It extends Information Technology’s (IT) existing capabilities. In the last few years, cloud computing has grown from being a promising business concept to one of the fast growing segments of the IT industry. But as more and more information on individuals and companies are placed in the cloud, concerns are beginning to grow about just how safe an environment it is. Despite of all the hype surrounding the cloud, customers are still reluctant to deploy their business in the cloud. Security issues in cloud computing has played a major role in slowing down its acceptance, in fact security ranked first as the greatest challenge issue of cloud computing as depicted in figure 1.
- 2. Kuyoro S. O., Ibikunle F. & Awodele O. International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 248 FIGURE 1: Results of IDC survey ranking security challenges, 2008 [1] From one point of view, security could improve due to centralization of data and increased security-focused resources. On the other hand concerns persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored kernels entrusted to cloud providers. If those providers have not done good jobs securing their own environments, the consumers could be in trouble. Measuring the quality of cloud providers’ approach to security is difficult because many cloud providers will not expose their infrastructure to customers. This work is a survey more specific to the different security issues and the associated challenges that has emanated in the cloud computing system. The following section highlights a brief review of literature on security issues in cloud computing and the remaining sections are organized as follows. Section 3.0 discusses security issues in cloud computing laying emphasis on SaaS, PaaS and IaaS; and cloud computing deployment methods. Section 4.0 deliberates on associated cloud computing challenges; and Section 5.0 presents the conclusion. 2. RELATED WORKS Gartner 2008 identified seven security issues that need to be addressed before enterprises consider switching to the cloud computing model. They are as follows: (1) privileged user access - information transmitted from the client through the Internet poses a certain degree of risk, because of issues of data ownership; enterprises should spend time getting to know their providers and their regulations as much as possible before assigning some trivial applications first to test the water, (2) regulatory compliance - clients are accountable for the security of their solution, as they can choose between providers that allow to be audited by 3rd party organizations that check levels of security and providers that don't (3) data location - depending on contracts, some clients might never know what country or what jurisdiction their data is located (4) data segregation - encrypted information from multiple companies may be stored on the same hard disk, so a mechanism to separate data should be deployed by the provider. (5) recovery - every provider should have a disaster recovery protocol to protect user data (6) investigative support - if a client suspects faulty activity from the provider, it may not have many legal ways pursue an investigation (7) long-term viability - refers to the ability to retract a contract and all data if the current provider is bought out by another firm.[2] The Cloud Computing Use Case Discussion Group discusses the different Use Case scenarios and related requirements that may
- 3. Kuyoro S. O., Ibikunle F. & Awodele O. International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 249 exist in the cloud model. They consider use cases from different perspectives including customers, developers and security engineers.[3] ENISA investigated the different security risks related to adopting cloud computing along with the affected assets, the risks likelihood, impacts, and vulnerabilities in the cloud computing may lead to such risks.[4] Balachandra et al, 2009 discussed the security SLA’s specification and objectives related to data locations, segregation and data recovery.[5] Kresimir et al, 2010 discussed high level security concerns in the cloud computing model such as data integrity, payment and privacy of sensitive information.[6] Bernd et al, 2010 discuss the security vulnerabilities existing in the cloud platform. The authors grouped the possible vulnerabilities into technology-related, cloud characteristics-related, security controls related.[7] Subashini et al discuss the security challenges of the cloud service delivery model, focusing on the SaaS model.[8] Ragovind et al, (2010) discussed the management of security in Cloud computing focusing on Gartner’s list on cloud security issues and the findings from the International Data Corporation enterprise.[9] Morsy et al, 2010 investigated cloud computing problems from the cloud architecture, cloud offered characteristics, cloud stakeholders, and cloud service delivery models perspectives.[10] A recent survey by Cloud Security Alliance (CSA)&IEEE indicates that enterprises across sectors are eager to adopt cloud computing but that security are needed both to accelerate cloud adoption on a wide scale and to respond to regulatory drivers. It also details that cloud computing is shaping the future of IT but the absence of a compliance environment is having dramatic impact on cloud computing growth.[11] Several studies have been carried out relating to security issues in cloud computing but this work presents a detailed analysis of the cloud computing security issues and challenges focusing on the cloud computing deployment types and the service delivery types. 3. SECURITY ISSUES IN CLOUD COMPUTING 3.1 Cloud Deployments Models In the cloud deployment model, networking, platform, storage, and software infrastructure are provided as services that scale up or down depending on the demand as depicted in figure 2. The Cloud Computing model has three main deployment models which are: 3.1.1 Private cloud Private cloud is a new term that some vendors have recently used to describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks. It is set up within an organization’s internal enterprise datacenter. In the private cloud, scalable resources and virtual applications provided by the cloud vendor are pooled together and available for cloud users to share and use. It differs from the public cloud in that all the cloud resources and applications are managed by the organization itself, similar to Intranet functionality. Utilization on the private cloud can be much more secure than that of the public cloud because of its specified internal exposure. Only the organization and designated stakeholders may have access to operate on a specific Private cloud.[12] 3.1.2 Public cloud Public cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis. It is typically based on a pay-per-use model, similar to a prepaid electricity metering system which is flexible enough to cater for spikes in demand for cloud optimization.[13] Public clouds are less secure than the other cloud models because it places an additional burden of ensuring all applications and data accessed on the public cloud are not subjected to malicious attacks. 3.1.3 Hybrid cloud Hybrid cloud is a private cloud linked to one or more external cloud services, centrally managed, provisioned as a single unit, and circumscribed by a secure network [14]. It provides virtual IT solutions through a mix of both public and private clouds. Hybrid Cloud provides more secure
- 4. Kuyoro S. O., Ibikunle F. & Awodele O. International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 250 control of the data and applications and allows various parties to access information over the Internet. It also has an open architecture that allows interfaces with other management systems. Hybrid cloud can describe configuration combining a local device, such as a Plug computer with cloud services. It can also describe configurations combining virtual and physical, collocated assets -for example, a mostly virtualized environment that requires physical servers, routers, or other hardware such as a network appliance acting as a firewall or spam filter. FIGURE 2: Cloud deployment model [13] 3.2 Cloud Computing Service Delivery Models Following on the cloud deployment models, the next security consideration relates to the various cloud computing service delivery models. The three main cloud service delivery models are: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). 3.2.1 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Infrastructure as a Service is a single tenant cloud layer where the Cloud computing vendor’s dedicated resources are only shared with contracted clients at a pay-per-use fee. This greatly minimizes the need for huge initial investment in computing hardware such as servers, networking devices and processing power. They also allow varying degrees of financial and functional flexibility not found in internal data centers or with collocation services, because computing resources can be added or released much more quickly and cost-effectively than in an internal data center or with a collocation service [2]. IaaS and other associated services have enabled startups and other businesses focus on their core competencies without worrying much about the provisioning and management of infrastructure. IaaS completely abstracted the hardware beneath it and allowed users to consume infrastructure as a service without bothering anything about the underlying complexities. The cloud has a compelling value proposition in terms of cost, but ‘out of the box’ IaaS only provides basic security (perimeter firewall, load balancing, etc.) and applications moving into the cloud will need higher levels of security provided at the host. 3.2.2. Platform as a service (PaaS) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) is a set of software and development tools hosted on the provider's servers. It is one layer above IaaS on the stack and abstracts away everything up to OS,
- 5. Kuyoro S. O., Ibikunle F. & Awodele O. International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 251 middleware, etc. This offers an integrated set of developer environment that a developer can tap to build their applications without having any clue about what is going on underneath the service. It offers developers a service that provides a complete software development life cycle management, from planning to design to building applications to deployment to testing to maintenance. Everything else is abstracted away from the “view” of the developers. Platform as a service cloud layer works like IaaS but it provides an additional level of ‘rented’ functionality. Clients using PaaS services transfer even more costs from capital investment to operational expenses but must acknowledge the additional constraints and possibly some degree of lock-in posed by the additional functionality layers [14]. The use of virtual machines act as a catalyst in the PaaS layer in Cloud computing. Virtual machines must be protected against malicious attacks such as cloud malware. Therefore maintaining the integrity of applications and well enforcing accurate authentication checks during the transfer of data across the entire networking channels is fundamental. 3.2.3 Software as a Service Software-as-a-Service is a software distribution model in which applications are hosted by a vendor or service provider and made available to customers over a network, typically the Internet. SaaS is becoming an increasingly prevalent delivery model as underlying technologies that support web services and service-oriented architecture (SOA) mature and new developmental approaches become popular. SaaS is also often associated with a pay-as-you-go subscription licensing model. Meanwhile, broadband service has become increasingly available to support user access from more areas around the world. SaaS is most often implemented to provide business software functionality to enterprise customers at a low cost while allowing those customers to obtain the same benefits of commercially licensed, internally operated software without the associated complexity of installation, management, support, licensing, and high initial cost. The architecture of SaaS-based applications is specifically designed to support many concurrent users (multitenancy) at once. Software as a service applications are accessed using web browsers over the Internet therefore web browser security is vitally important. Information security officers will need to consider various methods of securing SaaS applications. Web Services (WS) security, Extendable Markup Language (XML) encryption, Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and available options which are used in enforcing data protection transmitted over the Internet.[8] FIGURE 3: Cloud computing service delivery models [15]
- 6. Kuyoro S. O., Ibikunle F. & Awodele O. International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 252 Combining the three types of clouds with the delivery models we get a holistic cloud illustration as seen in Figure 3, surrounded by connectivity devices coupled with information security themes. Virtualized physical resources, virtualized infrastructure, as well as virtualized middleware platforms and business applications are being provided and consumed as services in the Cloud [15]. Cloud vendors and clients’ need to maintain Cloud computing security at all interfaces. The next section of the paper introduces challenges faced in the Cloud computing domain. 4. CLOUD COMPUTING CHALLENGES The current adoption of cloud computing is associated with numerous challenges because users are still skeptical about its authenticity. Based on a survey conducted by IDC in 2008, the major challenges that prevent Cloud Computing from being adopted are recognized by organizations are as follows: A. Security: It is clear that the security issue has played the most important role in hindering Cloud computing acceptance. Without doubt, putting your data, running your software on someone else's hard disk using someone else's CPU appears daunting to many. Well-known security issues such as data loss, phishing, botnet (running remotely on a collection of machines) pose serious threats to organization's data and software. Moreover, the multi-tenancy model and the pooled computing resources in cloud computing has introduced new security challenges that require novel techniques to tackle with. For example, hackers can use Cloud to organize botnet as Cloud often provides more reliable infrastructure services at a relatively cheaper price for them to start an attack.[9] B. Costing Model: Cloud consumers must consider the tradeoffs amongst computation, communication, and integration. While migrating to the Cloud can significantly reduce the infrastructure cost, it does raise the cost of data communication, i.e. the cost of transferring an organization's data to and from the public and community Cloud and the cost per unit of computing resource used is likely to be higher. This problem is particularly prominent if the consumer uses the hybrid cloud deployment model where the organization's data is distributed amongst a number of public/private (in-house IT infrastructure)/community clouds. Intuitively, on- demand computing makes sense only for CPU intensive jobs.[9] C. Charging Model: The elastic resource pool has made the cost analysis a lot more complicated than regular data centers, which often calculates their cost based on consumptions of static computing. Moreover, an instantiated virtual machine has become the unit of cost analysis rather than the underlying physical server. For SaaS cloud providers, the cost of developing multitenancy within their offering can be very substantial. These include: re-design and re- development of the software that was originally used for single-tenancy, cost of providing new features that allow for intensive customization, performance and security enhancement for concurrent user access, and dealing with complexities induced by the above changes. Consequently, SaaS providers need to weigh up the trade-off between the provision of multi- tenancy and the cost-savings yielded by multi-tenancy such as reduced overhead through amortization, reduced number of on-site software licenses, etc. Therefore, a strategic and viable charging model for SaaS provider is crucial for the profitability and sustainability of SaaS cloud providers.[9] D. Service Level Agreement (SLA): Although cloud consumers do not have control over the underlying computing resources, they do need to ensure the quality, availability, reliability, and performance of these resources when consumers have migrated their core business functions onto their entrusted cloud. In other words, it is vital for consumers to obtain guarantees from providers on service delivery. Typically, these are provided through Service Level Agreements (SLAs) negotiated between the providers and consumers. The very first issue is the definition of SLA specifications in such a way that has an appropriate level of granularity, namely the tradeoffs between expressiveness and complicatedness, so that they can cover most of the consumer expectations and is relatively simple to be weighted, verified, evaluated, and enforced by the
- 7. Kuyoro S. O., Ibikunle F. & Awodele O. International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 253 resource allocation mechanism on the cloud. In addition, different cloud offerings (IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS) will need to define different SLA metaspecifications. This also raises a number of implementation problems for the cloud providers. Furthermore, advanced SLA mechanisms need to constantly incorporate user feedback and customization features into the SLA evaluation framework.[16] E. What to migrate: Based on a survey (Sample size = 244) conducted by IDC in 2008, the seven IT systems/applications being migrated to the cloud are: IT Management Applications (26.2%), Collaborative Applications (25.4%), Personal Applications (25%), Business Applications (23.4%), Applications Development and Deployment (16.8%), Server Capacity (15.6%), and Storage Capacity (15.5%). This result reveals that organizations still have security/privacy concerns in moving their data on to the Cloud. Currently, peripheral functions such as IT management and personal applications are the easiest IT systems to move. Organizations are conservative in employing IaaS compared to SaaS. This is partly because marginal functions are often outsourced to the Cloud, and core activities are kept in-house. The survey also shows that in three years time, 31.5% of the organization will move their Storage Capacity to the cloud. However this number is still relatively low compared to Collaborative Applications (46.3%) at that time.[1] F. Cloud Interoperability Issue: Currently, each cloud offering has its own way on how cloud clients/applications/users interact with the cloud, leading to the "Hazy Cloud" phenomenon. This severely hinders the development of cloud ecosystems by forcing vendor locking, which prohibits the ability of users to choose from alternative vendors/offering simultaneously in order to optimize resources at different levels within an organization. More importantly, proprietary cloud APIs makes it very difficult to integrate cloud services with an organization's own existing legacy systems (e.g. an on-premise data centre for highly interactive modeling applications in a pharmaceutical company).The primary goal of interoperability is to realize the seamless fluid data across clouds and between cloud and local applications. There are a number of levels that interoperability is essential for cloud computing. First, to optimize the IT asset and computing resources, an organization often needs to keep in-house IT assets and capabilities associated with their core competencies while outsourcing marginal functions and activities (e.g. the human resource system) on to the cloud. Second, more often than not, for the purpose of optimization, an organization may need to outsource a number of marginal functions to cloud services offered by different vendors. Standardization appears to be a good solution to address the interoperability issue. However, as cloud computing just starts to take off, the interoperability problem has not appeared on the pressing agenda of major industry cloud vendors. [9] 5. CONCLUSION Although Cloud computing can be seen as a new phenomenon which is set to revolutionise the way we use the Internet, there is much to be cautious about. There are many new technologies emerging at a rapid rate, each with technological advancements and with the potential of making human’s lives easier. However, one must be very careful to understand the security risks and challenges posed in utilizing these technologies. Cloud computing is no exception. In this paper key security considerations and challenges which are currently faced in the Cloud computing are highlighted. Cloud computing has the potential to become a frontrunner in promoting a secure, virtual and economically viable IT solution in the future. 6. REFERENCES [1] F. Gens. (2009, Feb.). “New IDC IT Cloud Services Survey: Top Benefits and Challenges”, IDC eXchange, Available: <http://blogs.idc.com/ie/?p=730> [Feb. 18, 2010]. [2] J. Brodkin. (2008, Jun.). “Gartner: Seven cloud-computing security risks.” Infoworld, Available: <http://www.infoworld.com/d/security-central/gartner-seven-cloudcomputing- security-risks-853?page=0,1> [Mar. 13, 2009].
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