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Coconut Oil: Super Food or Super Fad .pdf
The document discusses a webinar on coconut oil, exploring its composition, metabolism, and scientific claims regarding weight loss and blood lipids. It highlights the unique medium-chain fatty acids in coconut oil, research findings on its potential health benefits, and controversies around its use in diets. Additionally, the presentation covers the application of coconut oil in food, dietary recommendations, contraindications, and upcoming related learning events.
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Coconut Oil: Super Food or Super Fad .pdf
- 1. NW https://militaryfamilieslearningnetwork.org/event/22086/ Coconut Oil: Super Foodor Super Fad 1 Thanks for joining us! We will get started soon. While you’re waiting you can get handouts etc. by following the link below:
- 2. Connecting military familyservice providers and Cooperative Extension professionals to research and to each other through engaging online learning opportunities https://militaryfamilieslearningnetwork.org MFLN Intro 22
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- 4. Kristi Crowe-White PhD,RD Associate Professor, University of Alabama [email protected] •PhD in Food Science & Nutrition at the University of Maine while holding a fellowship with the National Science Foundation •Research Focus: impact of bioactive food compounds on reducing oxidative and inflammatory stress as mechanisms underpinning cardio- metabolic diseases •Current research funded by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, United States Department of Agriculture, and the American Heart Association •Holds service and leadership positions within the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics •Active member of the Institute of Food Technologists serving as a Food Science Ambassador and Media Spokesperson 4 4 Today’s Presenter
- 5. Learning Objectives • THEPARTICIPANT WILL BE ABLE TO… • DISCUSS THE COMPOSITION OF COCONUT OIL AND THE METABOLISM OF ITS TRIGLYCERIDES. • EXPLAIN THE SCIENCE BEHIND THE PURPORTED BENEFITS OF COCONUT OIL FOR WEIGHT LOSS AND BLOOD LIPIDS. • DISCUSS THE CONTROVERSIES SURROUNDING COCONUT OIL • ASSIST CLIENTS IN UNDERSTANDING THE INCLUSION OF COCONUT OIL IN CONTEXT OF HEALTHY DIETARY PATTERNS. • LEARNING NEED CODES • 2020 (COMPOSITION OF FOOD) • 2070 (MACRONUTRIENTS: FAT) • 5370 (WEIGHT MANAGEMENT AND OBESITY) 5
- 6. Triglyceride and FattyAcid Review TRIGLYCERIDES ARE COMPOSED OF A GLYCEROL BACKBONE AND THREE FATTY ACIDS. FATTY ACIDS (FA) ARE COMPOSED OF CARBON CHAINS THAT CAN DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER IN… 1.LENGTH OR NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS – SHORT, MEDIUM*, AND LONG CARBON CHAINS 2.DEGREE OF SATURATION DETERMINED BY DOUBLE BONDS* 3.CONFIGURATION OF HYDROGENS ATTACHED TO DOUBLE BONDS 6
- 7. Coconut Oil: A UniqueBlend Of Triglycerides (TG) • DEGREE OF TG SATURATION ~ 87% • MEDIUM CHAIN LENGTH FATTY ACIDS (MCFA) IN COCONUT OIL • LAURIC ACID – C12:0 • CAPRYLIC ACID – C8:0 • CAPRIC ACID – C10:0 • MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES (MCT) IN COCONUT OIL • 58% OF LIPIDS IN COCONUT OIL • ENERGY PROVISION = 8.25KCAL/G 7 Licensed by J Chilek from AdobeStock 7
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- 9. Mahan, L. Kathleen.,Escott-Stump, Sylvia., Raymond, Janice L.Krause, Marie V. (Eds.) (2012) Krause's food & the nutrition care process /St. Louis, Mo. : Elsevier/Saunders, 9 Metabolism of TG with Long Chain Fatty Acids
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- 12. Science behind CoconutOil 12 Licensed by J Chilek from AdobeStock
- 13. MCT and WeightLoss: Mechanisms • RAPIDLY METABOLIZED VIA Β-OXIDATION REDUCING THE OPPORTUNITY FOR UPTAKE IN ADIPOSE TISSUE • ENHANCED UTILIZATION OF MCT = ENERGY EXPENDITURE MORE SO THAN ENERGY STORAGE • POTENTIAL INCREASES IN SATIETY AS A RESULT OF MCT OXIDATION TO KETONES N = 21 studies Duration = 4 to 16 weeks BMI = 20 -30 kg/m2 MCT Intake = 1% (2g/d) to 24% (54g/d) energy intake 13 Licensed by J Chilek from AdobeStock
- 14. MCT and WeightLoss: Research Update PRIMARY OUTCOMES • BODY WEIGHT (BW): - 0.51KG (95% CI, -0.80 TO -0.23KG) • WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE: -1.46CM (95% CI, -2.04 TO -0.87CM) • HIP CIRCUMFERENCE: -0.79CM (95% CI, -1.27 TO -0.30CM) • TOTAL BODY FAT: -0.39 (95% CI, -0.57 TO -0.22) • VISCERAL FAT: -0.55 (95% CI, -0.75 TO -0.34) • SUBCUTANEOUS FAT: -0.46 (95% CI, -0.64 TO -0.27) •SECONDARY OUTCOMES • NO SIGNIFICANTLY ADVERSE INFLUENCES OF MCT ON LIPID PROFILES DESPITE DOSE RANGE. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115:249-263. 14
- 15. Coconut Oil andBlood Lipids: Research Update • TWENTY-ONE STUDIES MEETING I/E WITH ONLY 8 CLINICAL TRIALS • COMPARED TO UNSATURATED OILS, THE FOLLOWING RESULTS WERE OBSERVED: • SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER TC AND LDL-C • DIVERGENT, ALBEIT NON-SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS RELATED TO HDL-C • COMPARED TO BUTTER, BLOOD LIPID LEVELS WERE SIMILARLY INFLUENCED WITH SOME STUDIES SHOWING NON-SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER BLOOD LIPIDS WITH COCONUT OIL AS THE PREDOMINANT SATURATED DIETARY FAT. 15 Licensed by J Chilek from AdobeStock
- 16. Coconut Oil andBrain Function: Mechanisms • INSULIN SIGNALING IS IMPAIRED IN COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, ESPECIALLY ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (AD), CONTRIBUTING TO INADEQUATE ENERGY PROVISION TO THE BRAIN. • KETONE BODY-DERIVED OXIDATION OF MCFA….. • ENHANCES MITOCHONDRIAL PRODUCTION OF ATP AND MAY PROVIDE AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL SOURCE TO SUSTAIN NEURONAL VIABILITY • ADDITIONAL RESEARCH IS WARRANTED TO DETERMINE IF ENERGY PROVISION VIA KETONES ALSO AFFECTS AMYLOID-Β LEVELS, A HALLMARK FEATURE OF AD. 16 Licensed by J Chilek from AdobeStock
- 17. Coconut Oil andBrain Function: Research Update • SEVERAL CLINICAL STUDIES REPORTED POSITIVE EFFECTS ON COGNITION AFTER CONSUMING MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS INCLUDING COCONUT OIL • SIGNIFICANT LEVELS OF BLOOD KETONES WERE OBSERVED • APOE-4 ALLELE CARRIERS HAVE INCREASED NUMBER OF AMYLOID PLAQUES AND RISK OF AD • BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF COCONUT OIL WERE NOT OBSERVED AMONG APOE-4 ALLELE CARRIERS WITH AND WITHOUT CURRENT AD DIAGNOSIS • COCONUT OIL AND THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER (BBB) • FEW SMALL OR LARGE DRUGS CROSS THE BBB • EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT TWO KETONES DERIVED FROM MCFA CROSS THE BBB AND ENTER THE MITOCHONDRIA FOR CONVERSION TO ENERGY 17 J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115:249-263.
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- 19. Understanding Discordant Reportings 19 Licensedby J Chilek from AdobeStock
- 20. Research Findings inContext “COCONUT OIL IS PURE POISON” 20
- 21. • IN 2017,A NEW SCIENCE ADVISORY WAS ISSUED AGAINST SATURATED FATS, INCLUDING COCONUT OIL. THE ADVICE WAS BASED ON THE FINDINGS OF OVER 100 RESEARCH STUDIES, DATING FROM THE 1950’s. • THE AHA RECOMMENDS LIMITING ALL SATURATED FATS TO NO MORE THAN 5-6 PERCENT OF TOTAL CALORIES. THIS INCLUDES FATS FROM TROPICAL OILS, WHETHER OR NOT THEY CONTAIN MCTS. • THE 2015-2020 DIETARY GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS ARE A LITTLE LESS STRICT, RECOMMENDING NO MORE THAN 10 PERCENT OF TOTAL CALORIES COME FROM SATURATED FAT. • REMEMBER – IF USED, IT SHOULD BE A REPLACEMENT FOR OTHER SOURCES OF FAT NOT OTHER MACRONUTRIENTS OR IN ADDITION TO DAILY FAT INTAKE! American Heart Association 21
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- 24. R&D Use ofCoconut Oil in Processed Foods • LESS EASILY OXIDIZED AND STABLE IN COOKING DUE TO DEGREE OF SATURATION • ASIDE FROM COCONUT OIL, MCT OILS CAN BE MANUFACTURED. 24 Licensed by J Chilek from AdobeStock
- 25. Bioactive Compounds in CoconutOil • ANTIOXIDANTS • PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS - VIRGIN COCONUT OIL CONTAINS 7.78- 29.18MG GALLIC ACID EQUIVALENTS PER 100G OIL • TOCOPHEROLS • PHYTOSTEROLS • COMPOUNDS WITH STRUCTURAL SIMILARITY TO CHOLESTEROL • PRESERVING BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS • CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE EXTRACTION AS USED IN VIRGIN COCONUT OIL EXTRACTION. READ PACKAGING LABELS! 25
- 26. Types of CoconutOil • PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED COCONUT OIL IS JUST AS HARMFUL AS OTHER HIGHLY PROCESSED OILS THAT CONTAIN TRANS FATS. • REFINED COCONUT OIL IS EXTRACTED FROM CHEMICALLY BLEACHED AND DEODORIZED COCONUT MEAT. • VIRGIN COCONUT OIL IS EXTRACTED FROM THE FRUIT OF FRESH, MATURE COCONUTS WITHOUT USING HIGH TEMPERATURES OR CHEMICALS. IT IS CONSIDERED UNREFINED OR VIRGIN. 26 Licensed by J Chilek from AdobeStock
- 27. Dietary Inclusion ofCoconut Oil • CULINARY APPLICATIONS • SMOOTHIES • BAKED DESSERTS OR FRUIT STIR FRY • SALAD DRESSINGS • PAN FRYING OR SAUTÉING, ESPECIALLY WITH FISH AND SEAFOOD • GRANOLA • CONFECTIONS 27 Licensed by J Chilek from AdobeStock
- 28. ContraIndications for the useof Coconut Oil • CAUTION WITH USE DURING PREGNANCY AND BREAST-FEEDING • CONTRAINDICATIONS – CIRRHOSIS OR OTHER LIVER PROBLEMS, DIABETICS WITH INABILITY TO METABOLIZE KETONES, INDIVIDUALS WITH ALTERED LIPID METABOLISM • POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS - DIARRHEA, VOMITING, IRRITABILITY, NAUSEA, STOMACH DISCOMFORT, INTESTINAL GAS, ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID DEFICIENCY, ETC. INCLUSION IN FOOD RATHER THAN BY THE SPOONFUL MAY REDUCE THE SIDE EFFECTS! 28
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- 30. Nutrition & Wellness ContinuingEducation Credits MFLN Nutrition & Wellness is offering 1.0 CPEU for today’s webinar. To receive credits, please complete the evaluation at: https://vte.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_5bW7jr6K2xCYlTL 30 30
- 31. Upcoming Nutrition &Wellness Event • Title: Clinical Insight into Vitamin B12 • Time: 11am-12pm EDT • Date: October 31, 2018 • Location: militaryfamilieslearningnetwork.org/event/22090 • For more information on MFLN visit militaryfamilieslearningnetwork.org 31 31
- 32. Learn with usat https://militaryfamilieslearningnetwork.org 32 32
Editor's Notes
- #3 Coral www.extension.org/militaryfamilies Webinar notifications www.extension.org/62831
- #8 Bc of saturated fat content, always regarded to consume infrequently along with butter, palm oil, and animal fats. It is important to remember as we move through this webinar that coconut oil is not completely comprised of MCT. Thus, it is inaccurate to ascribe all MCT research to coconut oil. 10% less energy dense than LCFA
- #10 https://www.elsevier.com/legal/elsevier-website-terms-and-conditions Except as otherwise provided in any additional terms for a Service, you may print or download Content from the Services for your own personal, non-commercial, informational or scholarly use, provided that you keep intact all copyright and other proprietary notices.
- #11 Medium chain length allows for greater water solubility allowing solubility in the aqueous phase of the intestinal contents without forming micelles. FASTER ABSORTION!!! Highly ionized at neutral pH further increasing solubility. Upon transport into the mitochondria, beta-oxidation of fatty acids occur. As ketones are produced, they are absorbed by cells, converted to acetyl-CoA which enters the Krebs cycle and is oxidized in the mitochondria to produce ATP.
- #14 Coconut oil was a source of MCT in many of the included studies, but other sources of MCT may have contributed to the total dietary MCT provision. As such, we see plausible support for the effect of MCT in coconut oil on weight loss; however, coconut oil is only comprised of 58% MCT. Results lack full generalizability.
- #16 Image of article and note that only reporting on the 13 clinical trials due to the following issues arising from observational study designs: cannot show causation, prone to confounding, cannot show temporal sequence, and prone to recall bias and reverse causation. Observational studies report more favorable lipid profiles and lower mortality rates in coconut-consuming populations. However, in context of their higher fiber and lower sugar diet, these results cannot be contributed solely to the intake of coconut oil. More specifically, in context of a Western diet, there is a greater intake of saturated fats from animal sources, more processed foods, and less fish, fruits, and vegetables. For this reason, I am not discussing the observational studies today, but I will direct you to the reference if you are interested.
- #17 Other mechanisms in addition to ATP provision are being investigated. Page 5 of Br J Nutr 2015;114:1-14.
- #18 ApoE-4 finding is a reminder of the unique difference between AD and dementia, specifically the presence of the amyloid-β plaques. With minimal crossing of the BBB, difficult to develop an effective therapeutic to permeate BBB. Caprylic acid in coconut oil has demonstrated anti-convulsants and neuroprotective effects. More research is needed in human clinical trials.