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Cold War
The Cold War emerged after World War II as tensions grew between the Western powers (US, Britain, France) and the Soviet Union. Germany and Berlin were divided between the Western Allies and Soviet control. Over time, Eastern European nations fell under Soviet control as well, separated by an "Iron Curtain". The US and Western nations established policies and alliances like the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and NATO to contain the spread of communism and Soviet influence, engaging in a nuclear arms race and policy of brinkmanship with the Soviet Union. These tensions defined the Cold War era between the Western and Eastern blocs.
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Introduction to the Cold War (1945-1991) and its impact on Europe.
Germany's division post-WWII: West Germany emerged democratic; East Germany was communist, highlighted by the Iron Curtain.
Berlin's division: significance and events like the Berlin Blockade and Airlift that underscored the Cold War tensions.
Marshall Plan aimed to stabilize Europe; Truman Doctrine promised US support to countries resisting communism.
Domino Theory explained; significant events in 1949 including China's communist takeover and USSR's atomic bomb test.
Formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, reflecting the military alliances formed during the Cold War. Leadership changes in US and USSR; development of hydrogen bomb leading to Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).
Construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 symbolized Communist oppression and divided East and West Berlin.
Concept of brinkmanship: willingness to approach nuclear war without engaging, reflecting Cold War fears.
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Cold War
- 1. A Divided Europe: TheCold War
- 2. A Divided Europe: TheCold War Do Now: Analyze the cartoon to the left. 1. What has changed between the Western Powers and the East after VE Day? 2. Why do you think this change has taken place? Do Now: Analyze the cartoon to the left. 1. What has changed between the Western Powers and the East after VE Day? 2. Why do you think this change has taken place?
- 3.
- 4. Germany Divided British French American Soviet •Germany’s armedforces were disbanded and the Nazi party was outlawed •In Western Germany, Allies helped set up political parties and assisted Germans in writing a federal Constitution. •In 1949, West Germany regained self-government and named itself the Federal Republic of Germany
- 5. East and WestEastand West Germany formedGermany formed West Germany East Germany West Berlin East Berlin • The city of Berlin was also divided even though it was located in Soviet occupied territory. • West Germany was democratic with free elections and eventual self-rule, and industrial growth was encouraged. • East Germany was Communist under Soviet control. Its factories were dismantled and the resources used to rebuild the Soviet Union.
- 6. “From Stettin inthe Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an ________________- has descended across the Continent. Winston Churchill – March 5, 1946 “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an ________________- has descended across the Continent. Winston Churchill – March 5, 1946 iron curtain
- 7. Peep under the Ironcurtain March 6, 1946 • Who is “Joe”? • What part of Europe is sealed off? • What does the wall symbolize?
- 8. Democracy in JapanDemocracyin Japan •A new Japanese Constitution was drafted creating a Constitutional Monarchy that limited the power of the Emperor •Japanese accepted this constitution and signed a treaty that took away Japan’s overseas empire •In 1952, the Allied occupation officially ended •A new Japanese Constitution was drafted creating a Constitutional Monarchy that limited the power of the Emperor •Japanese accepted this constitution and signed a treaty that took away Japan’s overseas empire •In 1952, the Allied occupation officially ended •Japan’s armed forces were disbanded •The American occupiers had the goal to end militarism and ensure a democratic government •Japan’s armed forces were disbanded •The American occupiers had the goal to end militarism and ensure a democratic government
- 9. Possible Plan toSplit Japan American Sphere of Influence
- 10. 10 The Soviet Bloc: SatelliteNations… The Soviet Bloc: Satellite Nations… • Stalin never allowed truly free elections. • Instead, communist governments were installed in many Eastern European nations. • Led to a mistrust between the United States and the Soviet Union. Main Purpose? Protect USSR from invasion from the West
- 11. What is aCold War? USA USSR A State of Diplomatic hostility among nations without______________________Direct armed conflict
- 12. How did theCold War Start? A. The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. both emerge as _____________ after WWII B. Each Nation had _______________ – saw other as a dangerous threat Super Powers Different ideologies Democracy Capitalism Equality of Opportunity Constitutional Freedoms Totalitarian Communism Classless Society No Private Property
- 13. How do youFight a Cold A.Need a ____________________________ – Arms, technology, influence B.Use of __________________________________ C.Send ______________ to weaker nations to spread influence and gain allies D.Support with ___________ nations in conflicts to protect interests or agitate other side Threat of Direct armed conflict Propaganda- created hatred and paranoia of the other side Economic aid Military aid
- 14. 14 Problem with Berlin? • Berlinwas in the Soviet Sector. • Stalin was not happy with a “small piece” of democracy in Eastern Europe. – What did he do? • Berlin was in the Soviet Sector. • Stalin was not happy with a “small piece” of democracy in Eastern Europe. – What did he do?
- 15. 15 _____________________ ___ • June 1948,Stalin attempts to starve West Berliners into submission. • All rail and street access was blocked. Berlin Blockade
- 16. 16 _____________________ • American andBritish planes flew food and supplies into Berlin for 327 days. • Stalin lifted the Blockade by May 1949. Berlin Airlift
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- 18. 18 Operation “Little Vittles” • Duringthe Berlin Airlift a group of pilots decided to help boost the spirits of the German children. • They organized a mission to drop candy to the children using parachutes made of handkerchiefs.
- 19. 1947 -The MarshallPlan1947 -The Marshall Plan What was it? •The goal was to promote economic and political stability in post WWII world •Provided food, machines, and other materials •The goal was to promote economic and political stability in post WWII world •Provided food, machines, and other materials A U.S. program of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after WWII.
- 20. Why would theUSSR oppose such a plan? •Stalin saw the plan as a threat •Marshall Plan aid would largely be used by the Europeans to buy U.S. manufactured goods and raw materials •Communist influence on Western Europe would be reduced •Stalin saw the plan as a threat •Marshall Plan aid would largely be used by the Europeans to buy U.S. manufactured goods and raw materials •Communist influence on Western Europe would be reduced The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan
- 21. Which country receivedthe most aid from the United States? Why would Great Britain and France receive the most aid? Is the U.S. acting out of self interest? Why? The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan
- 22. Evaluate the twophotos. What significant changes have occurred in the second photo? The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan
- 23. •A promise madeby U.S. President Truman to provide military and economic support to all countries that rejected communism •This policy of stopping any further spread of communism became known as the ______________________ •A promise made by U.S. President Truman to provide military and economic support to all countries that rejected communism •This policy of stopping any further spread of communism became known as the ______________________ 1947 - The Truman Doctrine1947 - The Truman Doctrine Policy of containment
- 24. 1947 - TheTruman Doctrine1947 - The Truman Doctrine 1. In what way would the continuation of chaos in Western Europe be beneficial to the Soviet Union? 2. What country does the cartoonist see as the savior of Western Europe?
- 25. What is theidea of a domino theory? The domino theory was a 20th Century foreign policy theory that speculated if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino effect.
- 26. 1949 – MajorDomino falls – Chinese communists take control of China 1949 – Major Domino falls – Chinese communists take control of China 1949 - USSR explodes an atomic bomb
- 27. 1949 - NATO NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization – Western Nations join in a military alliance to defend against Communist threats. North Atlantic Treaty Organization – Western Nations join in a military alliance to defend against Communist threats. 1955 – Warsaw Pact USSR and Eastern Bloc Nations join in a military alliance to counter NATO. USSR and Eastern Bloc Nations join in a military alliance to counter NATO. United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Portugal, West Germany, Greece, Turkey United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Portugal, West Germany, Greece, Turkey Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, East Germany, Bulgaria, Albania Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, East Germany, Bulgaria, Albania
- 28. 28 Change in Leaders The early 1950s sawa change in leaders in both the US and USSR. American President Dwight Eisenhower wins the election of 1952
- 29. 29 Change in Leaders USSR:Nikita Khruschev takes over when Stalin dies in 1953. “Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you!”
- 30. 30 Hydrogen Bomb • USexploded the 1st H-bomb on November 1, 1952 in South Pacific. • Russians exploded on in August of 1953. • US exploded the 1st H-bomb on November 1, 1952 in South Pacific. • Russians exploded on in August of 1953.
- 31. 31 Hydrogen Bomb • Ledto MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction – Military theory of nuclear deterrence holding that neither side will attack the other if both sides are guaranteed to be totally destroyed in the conflict. • Led to MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction – Military theory of nuclear deterrence holding that neither side will attack the other if both sides are guaranteed to be totally destroyed in the conflict.
- 32. THE BERLIN WALL FilmClip 1961: Soviets wanted to keep Germans from moving out of1961: Soviets wanted to keep Germans from moving out of East GermanyEast Germany into West Berlin, where they could become freeinto West Berlin, where they could become free 1961: Soviets wanted to keep Germans from moving out of1961: Soviets wanted to keep Germans from moving out of East GermanyEast Germany into West Berlin, where they could become freeinto West Berlin, where they could become free
- 33. Berlin Wall BuiltBerlinWall Built Berlin Wall became the symbol ofBerlin Wall became the symbol of Communist oppression around the worldCommunist oppression around the world Berlin Wall became the symbol ofBerlin Wall became the symbol of Communist oppression around the worldCommunist oppression around the world
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- 35. Brinkmanship Defined as willingnessto push the nation to the “brink” of nuclear war and not appease the enemy. However, you will pull back at the last possible moment to avoid war! Defined as willingness to push the nation to the “brink” of nuclear war and not appease the enemy. However, you will pull back at the last possible moment to avoid war!
- 36. “Grandpa!” I shouted.“Be careful! Oh gee! Who’s going to drop it? Will you…? Or will he...?” “Be patient,” said Grandpa. “We’ll see. We will see...” “Grandpa!” I shouted. “Be careful! Oh gee! Who’s going to drop it? Will you…? Or will he...?” “Be patient,” said Grandpa. “We’ll see. We will see...” Film Clip
- 37. 37Russians – BySting