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Combined Heat and Power Engineering and Installation in the Pacific NW

This document provides an overview of combined heat and power (CHP) systems for the Pacific Northwest region. It discusses opportunities for CHP to earn LEED points and outlines various financial options for CHP projects. The presentation then reviews the benefits of CHP systems, common technology types, and the technical potential for CHP in Oregon and Washington. Key commercial market sectors for CHP are also identified.

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Combined Heat and Power Engineering and Installation In the Pacific NW Marcia Karr, PE U.S. DOE Northwest CHP Technical Assistance Partnership Energy Trust of Oregon - ETO June 15, 2016
Considerations of Presentation 1. Consider sponsoring training 2. Consider deemed calculation method for incentive
Outline of Presentation o Scoring LEED Points o Financial Options o Overview of CHP & benefits, technical potential o CHP technology & equipment o Key analytical Questions o Resiliency o Electrical Consideration o Building codes – NG CHP is explicitly allowed! o Resources & Tools
Scoring LEED Points with CHP Courtesy of http://www.usgbc.org
USGBC Methodology for Modeling CHP (BD+C) Methodology for Modeling Combined Heat & Power for EAp2/c1 in LEED - 2009 http://www.usgbc.org/resources/methodology-modeling-combined-heat-amp-power- eap2c1-leed-2009 o Guidance on how to account for CHP in the whole building energy simulation o Applies to on-site CHP systems which can either have the same ownership as the project or different ownership 7
USGBC Methodology for Modeling CHP (BD+C) 1. Model Baseline Building – Estimate energy loads using an energy model (Baseline Building must meet requirements of ASHRAE 90.1). – Determine energy cost for building by summing purchased electricity and purchased thermal. 2. Model Design Building (includes CHP) – Estimate energy loads using an energy model. – Determine energy cost for building by summing cost of CHP input fuel and any additional purchased electricity and purchased thermal needed. 3. Determine OEP Points – OEP points are calculated based on the percentage reduction in energy cost of the Design Building compared to the Baseline Building. 8
CHP’s Demonstrated Point Impact Building # of Apts. CHP Type/Size Pts. w/out CHP Pts. w/CHP 1 620 130 kW MT 2 8 2 340 65 kW MT 2 10 3 500 200 kW MT 2 7 4 100 65 kW MT 1 7 5 185 65 kW MT 3 9 6 250 65 kW MT 1 7 7 230 200 kW MT 0* 9 8 40 75 kW Recip 0* 4 11 * Would not meet Prerequisite w/out CHP
• 225,000 square feet apartment building • Aegen ThermoPower 75kW • Provides domestic hot water heating (100%) and (80%) building heat • Provides 28% of building’s electrical load • LEED® Gold • System earned 8 OEP points; CHP responsible for 4 of them CHP Plant “315 on A” – Boston, MA 12
Financial Options Courtesy of www.Enovationpartners.com
Business Model Framework • Dispatch management • Minor maintenance Development Engineering, Procurement, Construction Operations Maintenance Asset Management Financing • Major maintenance • OEM interaction • Gas purchase • Insurance, emissions compliance • Customer contracting • Permitting • Equity • Debt (bank, vendor) • CHP design • Construction management, commissioning Build Operational Responsibilities in build and operational phases can be divided between in-house and external parties… …but contractual structures must be chosen carefully to ensure alignment of capabilities and interests, and to protect the customer’s operations and investment
• Equity financed through customer’s own balance sheet, with potential for commercial debt or bond issuance • Common to have project designed by external parties • Major maintenance likely to be performed by manufacturer or licensed dealer Self-Financed Development Engineering, Procurement, Construction Operations Maintenance Asset Management Financing Overview Strengths & Weaknesses Strengths • Allows customer to capture all operational savings available through CHP • Leverages full capabilities of internal facilities personnel • Potential for nonprofits (municipalities, universities, schools, hospitals) to access low-cost financing sources Weaknesses • Fully relies on engineering firm’s design, with no guarantee of interest alignment • Turns customer into a power plant operator, which is unlikely to be a core competency • Ties up customer capital in non-core asset Internal Fully Outsourced Internal/ External Mix Legend
• Can be built with customer or external party’s capital, but once operating, CHP asset is owned by third party • Customer can take on development/operating responsibilities if desired • Flexible contract structures to align risk tolerances of each party Lease or sale/leaseback Development Engineering, Procurement, Construction Operations Maintenance Asset Management Financing Overview Strengths & Weaknesses Strengths • Frees up customer capital for core activities by turning CHP into an operating expense • Taking on portions of operational responsibilities can remove risk from external party, enabling access to lower costs of capital, allowing customer to keep greater percentage of savings • Can be structured to keep CHP off of customer’s balance sheet Weaknesses • CHP design firm has no risk • Depending on contract structure, external party may have little incentive for efficient operation • Potential for heavy reliance on customer’s facilities staff, which may not have the capability to run the CHP asset with best practices Internal Fully Outsourced Internal/ External Mix Legend
• CHP designed, built, owned, financed, and operated by external party • Customer buys power and thermal energy from external party per contract structure • Potential flexibility in contract structures to align customer and external party’s interests and rewards (savings splits vs PPA) Power Purchase Agreement/Energy Sale Agreement Development Engineering, Procurement, Construction Operations Maintenance Asset Management Financing Overview Strengths & Weaknesses Strengths • Enables customer to reduce energy costs with little risk and does not devote customer’s capital or staff to non-core activities • Incentivizes external party to optimize design and operating protocols to maximize asset profitability • Gives nonprofits an avenue to monetize tax credits and accelerated depreciation Weaknesses • External party takes a portion of the energy cost savings for capital recovery • May not be an accessible source of financing for some businesses, depending on creditworthiness • Contract structures and commitments must be carefully thought through to ensure customer has reasonable worst case scenario Internal Fully Outsourced Internal/ External Mix Legend
Overview of CHP & Benefits
Combined Heat and Power: A Key Part of Our Energy Future o Form of Distributed Generation (DG) o An integrated system o Located at or near a building / facility o Provides at least a portion of the electrical load and o Uses thermal energy for: – Space Heating / Cooling – Process Heating / Cooling – Dehumidification CHP provides efficient, clean, reliable, affordable energy – today and for the future. Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/pdfs/c hp_clean_energy_solution.pdf 15
Over Two Thirds of the Fuel Used to Generate Power in the United States Is Lost as Heat Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/pdfs/chp_report_12-08.pdf
o CHP is more efficient than separate generation of electricity and heat o Higher efficiency translates to lower operating cost, (but requires capital investment) o Higher efficiency reduces emissions of all pollutants o CHP can also increase energy reliability and enhance power quality o On-site electric generation reduces grid congestion and avoids distribution costs Benefits of Combined Heat and Power
National Goal Additional 40 GW of CHP Achieving this goal would: o Increase total CHP capacity in the U.S. by 50 percent o Save energy users $10 billion a year compared to current energy use o Save one quadrillion Btus (Quad) of energy — the equivalent of 1 percent of all energy use in the U.S. o Reduce emissions by 150 million metric tons of CO2 annually — equivalent to the emissions from over 25 million cars o Result in $40-$80 billion in new capital investment in manufacturing and other U.S. facilities over the next decade Source: DOE/EPA, CHP: A Clean Energy Solution, August, 2012, www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/pdfs/chp_clean_energy_solution.pdf 18
Emerging Drivers for CHP o Benefits of CHP recognized by policymakers o President Obama signed an Executive Order to accelerate investments in industrial EE and CHP on 8/30/12 that sets national goal of 40 GW of new CHP installation over the next decade o State Portfolio Standards (RPS, EEPS, Tax Incentives, Grants, standby rates, etc.) o Favorable outlook for natural gas supply and price in North America o Opportunities created by environmental drivers o Utilities finding economic value o Energy resiliency and critical infrastructure Executive Order: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press- office/2012/08/30/executive-order-accelerating-investment-industrial-energy- efficiency Report: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_clean_energy_solution.pdf 19
CHP Is Used Nationwide 82,700 MW – installed capacity (2014) >4,400 CHP Sites (2014) Saves 1.8 quads of fuel each year Avoids 241 M metric tons of CO2 each year 86% of capacity – industrial 69% of capacity – natural gas fired Source: DOE CHP Installation Database (U.S. installations as of Dec. 31, 2014) 20
Attractive CHP Markets Industrial o Chemical manufacturing o Ethanol o Food processing o Natural gas pipelines o Petrochemicals o Pharmaceuticals o Pulp and paper o Refining o Rubber and plastics Commercial o Data centers o Hotels and casinos o Multi-family housing o Laundries o Apartments o Office buildings o Refrigerated warehouses o Restaurants o Supermarkets o Green buildings Institutional o Hospitals o Schools (K – 12) o Universities & colleges o Wastewater treatment o Residential confinement Agricultural o Concentrated animal feeding operations o Dairies o Wood waste (biomass)
Oregon and Washington CHP Technical Potential (MW) Source: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/04/f30/CHP%20Technical%20Potential%20Study%203-31-2016%20Final.pdf
Oregon All Commercial CHP Technical Potential – Topping Cycle, Waste Heat to Power, and District Energy Source: U.S. DOE Analysis Combined Heat and Power Technical Potential March 2016 http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/04/f30/CHP%20Technical%20Potential%20Study%203-31-2016%20Final.pdf 50-500 kW 0.5 - 1 MW 1 - 5 MW 5 - 20 MW > 20 MW Total SIC Commercial Business Type Sites 50-500 kW (MW) Sites 0.5-1 MW (MW) Sites 1-5 MW (MW) Sites 5-20 MW (MW) Sites >20 MW (MW) Total Sites Total MW 43 Post Offices 3 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.3 52 Retail 190 30 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 196 34 4222 Refrigerated Warehouses 9 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 11 3 4581 Airports 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 4 7 4952 Water Treatment 16 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 3 5411 Food Stores 169 24 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 171 29 5812 Restaurants 158 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 158 15 6512 Commercial Office Buildings 726 36 223 89 56 34 0 0 0 0 1,005 159 6513 Multifamily Buildings 149 11 54 27 8 8 0 0 0 0 211 47 7011 Hotels 182 21 10 6 7 11 1 6 0 0 200 44 7211 Laundries 23 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 4 7374 Data Centers 31 6 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 34 8 7542 Car Washes 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 7832 Movie Theaters 1 0.1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 7991 Health Clubs 53 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 7 7997 Golf/Country Clubs 45 6 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 47 9 8051 Nursing Homes 121 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 12 8062 Hospitals 37 9 12 8 16 38 0 0 0 0 65 55 8211 Schools 7 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0.5 8221 College/Univ. 34 6 5 3 21 60 7 55 1 23 68 148 8412 Museums 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 1 9100 Government Buildings 132 17 27 20 9 15 0 0 0 0 168 52 9223 Prisons 7 2 2 2 6 14 0 0 0 0 15 18 9711 Military 3 0.4 1 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 5 6 Total 2,122 211 347 164 130 197 9 67 1 23 2,609 662
50-500 kW 0.5 - 1 MW 1 - 5 MW 5 - 20 MW > 20 MW Total SIC Commercial Business Type Sites 50-500 kW (MW) Sites 0.5-1 MW (MW) Sites 1-5 MW (MW) Sites 5-20 MW (MW) Sites >20 MW (MW) Total Sites Total MW 43 Post Offices 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 52 Retail 351 50 16 10 4 9 0 0 0 0 371 69 4222 Refrigerated Warehouses 30 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 6 4581 Airports 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 10 0 0 4 12 4952 Water Treatment 35 4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 37 6 5411 Food Stores 378 54 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 379 55 5812 Restaurants 302 28 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 303 30 6512 Commercial Office Buildings 1,265 63 389 156 97 58 0 0 0 0 1,751 277 6513 Multifamily Buildings 293 22 106 53 16 16 0 0 0 0 415 91 7011 Hotels 283 35 17 10 17 25 0 0 0 0 317 70 7211 Laundries 21 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 22 5 7374 Data Centers 62 10 3 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 68 15 7542 Car Washes 24 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 2 7832 Movie Theaters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7991 Health Clubs 85 9 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 86 11 7997 Golf/Country Clubs 76 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 9 8051 Nursing Homes 197 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 197 23 8062 Hospitals 57 13 15 10 32 70 1 6 0 0 105 99 8211 Schools 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8221 College/Univ. 40 7 3 2 45 117 6 74 1 26 95 227 8412 Museums 21 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 3 9100 Government Buildings 200 31 25 17 23 43 2 15 0 0 250 107 9223 Prisons 11 2 2 2 7 15 0 0 0 0 20 19 9711 Military 17 3 1 1 8 20 3 20 1 40 30 84 Total 3,759 379 581 265 257 384 13 126 2 66 4,612 1,220 Washington State All Commercial CHP Technical Potential – Topping Cycle, Waste Heat to Power, and District Energy Source: U.S. DOE Analysis Combined Heat and Power Technical Potential March 2016 http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/04/f30/CHP%20Technical%20Potential%20Study%203-31-2016%20Final.pdf
CHP Systems and Technology
Types of Prime Movers o CHP technology & equipment o Reciprocating Engines o Gas Turbines o Steam Turbines o Micro Turbines o Fuel Cell o ORC
o Size range: 10 kW to 18 MW o Characteristics: o Thermal can produce hot water, low- pressure steam, and chilled water (through absorption chiller) o High part-load operation efficiency o Fast start-up o Minimal auxiliary power requirements for black start Example applications: Food Processing, Office Buildings, Multifamily Housing, Nursing Homes, Hospitals, Schools, Universities, Wastewater Treatment, Correctional Facilities Prime Mover: Reciprocating Engines Source: DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies 27
Reciprocating Engine Characteristics Compiled by ICF by vendor-supplied data
o Size range: 500 kW to 300 MW o Characteristics: o Produces high-quality, high- temperature thermal that can include high-pressure steam for industrial processes; and chilled water (with absorption chiller) o Efficiency at part load can be substantially less than at full load Example applications: Hospitals, universities, chemical plants, refineries, food processing, paper manufacturing, military bases Prime Mover: Combustion Gas Turbine Source: DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies 29
Gas Turbine Characteristics
o Size range: 30 kW to 1,000 kW o Characteristics: o Thermal can produce hot water, steam, and chilled water o Compact size and light weight, brought on line quickly o Inverter-based generation can improve power quality o Usually below 200 kW unless multiple units utilized o Recuperator typical Example applications: Multifamily housing, hotels, nursing homes, wastewater treatment, gas and oil production Prime Mover: Microturbines 31 Source: DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies
Micro-Turbine Characteristics Compiled by ICF by vendor-supplied data
o Reduces cost of electricity o Up to 50% output without additional fuel consumption o Reduces environmental footprint o Emissions reduced by at least 30% per MWh produced o Increases flexibility and reliability o Hospitals, universities, chemical plants, refineries, food processing, paper manufacturing, military bases Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) Source: DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies 33
o Size Range: 100 kW to over 250 MW o Characteristics o Requires a boiler or other steam source o Can be mated to boilers firing a variety of gaseous, liquid or solid fuels (such as coal, wood, and waste products). o Steam extracted or exhausted from steam turbine for thermal applications. o Operates over a wide range of steam pressures. Example Applications: Industrial applications, district heating and cooling systems; forest products, paper mills, chemicals, food processing, backpressure turbines in lieu of steam system pressure reducing valves 34 Source: DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies Steam Turbines: One of the oldest prime mover technologies still in use
o Condensing Turbines: • Industrial waste heat streams can be used to produce steam • Excess steam can be used to produce electrical energy o Backpressure Turbine: • Produces electrical energy at locations where steam pressure is reduced with a PRV Lower pressure applications Steam Turbines - Continued Sub-atmospheric pressure
o Size range: 3 kW to 2 MW o Characteristics: o Relatively high electrical efficiencies due to electrochemical process o Uses hydrogen as the input fuel o Relatively low emissions without controls due to absence of combustion process o Inverter-based generation can improve power quality o Relatively high installed cost, ~$5k/kW Example applications: Data centers, hotels, office buildings, wastewater treatment (WWT needs gas scrubbing) Prime Mover: Fuel Cells 36 Source: DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies
Fuel Cell Characteristics
Fuel Cell Characteristics - Continued
Approximating System Costs Installed Costs O & M Costs Reciprocating Engines $1,000 to $1,800 per kW $0.010 to .015 per kWH Gas Turbines $800 to $1,500 per kW $0.005 to $.008 per kWh Micro-turbines $1,000 to $2,000 per kW $0.010 to $0.15 per kWh Installed and O&M Cost Estimates - CHP Prime Movers with Heat Recovery for Standard Installations Absorption Chillers -- $500 to $1,000/RT (dependent on size)
Chillers Absorption or adsorption chillers can be incorporated into the existing central mechanical plant operations in many ways: o Waste heat application o Part of a combined cooling, heat, and power (CCHP or tri-generation) application o As a stand-alone gas-fired absorption chiller application o Using renewable solar as the heat source for the refrigeration cycle
Chillers – Example o As much as $100,000/mo in demand charges o Summer months due to DX chillers o Demand charge reduction possible with absorption chillers
Benefits of Chillers o Reduce energy costs o Stabilize risks associated with fluctuating energy costs o Improve equipment reliability o Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 50% for the power generated o Reduce grid congestion o Reduce electrical demand charges o Provide reliable power supply o Chillers use low-global warming and ozone-safe natural Refrigerants (existing in nature) like R717 (NH3) and R744 (CO2), water and air, which are promoted through the LEED certification program, ASHRAE, EPA, DOE and GSA. (CHP can be shown to offer 5-9 LEED points http://www.epa.gov/chp/treatment-chp-leedr-building-design-and-construction-new-construction-and-major-renovations
Considerations of Example Problem o What is this solution telling me? o What other factors need to be considered? • Credit for backup generation • Carbon Credits • Government grants • Tax credits (federal / state) • Utility Incentives o Energy Price Sensitivity Analysis • 10% electric increase = 4.6 year payback • 20% electric increase = 3.6 year payback • 10% natural gas increase = 7.8 year payback • 20% natural gas increase = 10.4 year payback • 10% electric AND 10% natural gas increase = 5.4 year payback
Considerations of Example Problem -120% -100% -80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% - 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 VariationinParameter Before-Tax Simple Payback Installed Capital Costs Natural Gas: CHP Fuel Price Electricity Purchase Price Private Grant Federal ITC as Grant (years) Electricity at $0.06 / kWh, Propane at $21.834 / MMBtu, Wood Chips-Gasified at $0 / MMBtu, Plant Cost= $6700 / kW, Variable O&M = $0.001 / kWh Average operation is 50% of derated capacity for 8760 hours at 100% availability (100% in Year 1)
Questions: When Looking at your Facility o Will the selected configuration provide adequate waste heat levels for heating and/or cooling? o Are there potential installation issues – estimate installation costs? o What do basic economics look like? o Is there a use for the CHP waste/recycled heat? o Is there a major rehab or thermal equipment change planned? o Is there sufficient “spark spread”? o Identify size and type prime mover to meet thermal requirements (high efficiency). Is the application worth pursuing with a formal analysis?
Combined Heat and Power Candidates Finding the Best o High and constant thermal load o Favorable spark spread o Need for high reliability o Concern over future electricity prices o Interest in reducing environmental impact o Existing central plant o Planned facility expansion or new construction; or equipment replacement within the next 3-5 years o Need for a generator on site
Spark Spread Steps to Determining Spark Spread: o Utilize prior 12 months electric and gas utility bills o Determine average annual electric cost ($/MMBtu) o Determine average gas cost ($/MMBtu) o Calculating the gas/electric price difference = Spark Spread CHP has more potential for favorable payback when the spark spread is greater than $12/MMBtu
o Do you pay more than $.06/kWh on average for electricity (including generation, transmission and distribution)? o Are you concerned about the impact of current or future energy costs on your operations? o Are you concerned about power reliability? What if the power goes out for 5 minutes… for 1 hour? o Does your facility operate for more than 3,000 hours per year? o Do you have thermal loads throughout the year? (including steam, hot water, chilled water, hot air, etc.) Screening Questions Screening and Preliminary Analysis Feasibility Analysis Investment Grade Analysis Procurement, Operations, Maintenance, Feasibility Analysis Procurement, Operations, Maintenance,
o Does your facility have an existing central plant? o Do you expect to replace, upgrade, or retrofit central plant equipment within the next 3-5 years? o Do you anticipate a facility expansion or new construction project within the next 3-5 years? o Have you already implemented energy efficiency measures and still have high energy costs? o Are you interested in reducing your facility's impact on the environment? o Do you have access to on-site or nearby biomass resources? (i.e., landfill gas, farm manure, food processing waste, etc.) Screening Questions (cont.)
o CHP Electric Equipment Requirements o Electric Power Delivery Methods and Configurations o Technical Issues and Safety Considerations o Project Killers and Challenges from the Electrical Perspective o Qualification Screening Questions – Electrical Electrical Considerations
For CHP systems to generate and deliver power, the developer will need to install a combination of the following: CHP Electric Equipment Requirements o Transfer switches o Relays o Circuit breakers o Fuses o Transformers o Capacitor Banks o Metering o Load Tap Changers o Conductors o Conduit o Electrical Rooms o Com and Controls • Utility • In-Plant (SCADA) • PLC • Load Shedding o Reclosers o Sectionalizers o Fault Detection Systems o Anti-Islanding Equipment o Voltage Regulators
CHP systems can generate and deliver power in three different ways: o Consuming all power within the facility or plant • “Stand-Alone” (Isolated-Feed) configuration • “Stand-Alone” (Isolated-Feed) configuration with Utility Backup o Exporting all power to the utility through an interconnection • “Buy All, Sell All” configuration o Parallel operations consisting of in-plant use and export • Parallel configuration without Utility Standby • Parallel configuration with Utility Standby CHP Electric Power Delivery Methods
This configuration allows electricity generated to be consumed on-site - excess energy generated flows to the utility grid. Utility supplies additional energy needed but not met by the generator(s). Parallel – With Utility Standby During a grid outage, service disconnects, but the generator continues to operate. During a generator outage, it will trip offline, but power will still be supplied by the grid.
When a CHP connects to a utility grid there are many concerns: Technical Issues and Safety Considerations o Safety • Islanding o Power Quality • Harmonics • Voltage • Frequency • Nuisance Tripping • Utility Interconnection • Grounding • Protective Relaying and Devices • System Isolation o Equipment Protection o Utility System Protection • IEEE 1547 • Fault Control • Short-circuited phase faults • Open-circuit phase faults • Winding faults The primary factors/solutions that address the concerns include:
Two Types of Generators Induction o Requires External Power Source to Operate (Grid) o Contributes to Poor PF o When Grid Goes Down, CHP System Goes Down o Less Complicated & Less Costly to Interconnect o Preferred by Utilities Synchronous o Self Excited (Does Not Need Grid to Operate) o Can Assist in PF Correction o CHP System can Continue to Operate thru Grid Outages o More Complicated & Costly to Interconnect (Safety) o Preferred by CHP Customers
Operation Requirements and Highlighted CHP Examples Maintaining Facility Operations Uninterrupted Operation Requirements o Black start capability • Allows system start up independently from the grid o Generators capable of grid-independent operation • The system must be able to operate without the grid power signal o Ample carrying capacity • System size must match critical loads o Parallel utility interconnection and switchgear controls • System must be able to disconnect from the grid, support critical loads, and reconnect after an event CHP System Highlights Super- storm Sandy Princeton University Princeton, NJ 5 MW gas turbine Hurricane Katrina Mississippi Baptist Medical Center Jackson, MS 4.2 MW gas turbine Midwest Snow Storm Presbyterian Homes Evanston, IL 2.4 MW recip engines Operating CHP Since 1969 Brandonview Building St. Louis, MO 4.3 MW recip engines
Building Codes
Codes to Using Natural Gas as a Fuel Source What they Actually Say o International Building Code (IBC) Chapter 27 o National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 99 & 110 o National Electrical Code (NEC) Articles 700 & 701 o Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Define “Lowprobability of Failure” 60
International Building Code Ch. 27 Related Definitions o Emergency o Voice communication o Exit signs o Egress illumination o Doors on I-3 o Elevator car lighting o Fire detection and alarm o Fire pumps o Standby o Smoke control o Egress -elevators/platforms o Sliding doors o Inflation for membrane structures o Power & lighting for fire command
NFPA 99 6.4.1.1.7 Uses for Essential Electrical System 6.4.1.1.7.1 - The generating equipment used shall be either reserved exclusively for such service or normally used for other purposes of peak demand control, internal voltage control, load relief for the external utility, or cogeneration. 62
NFPA 110.5.1 Energy Sources 5.1.1* The following sources shall be permitted to be used for the emergency power supply (EPS): • * Liquid petroleum products at atmospheric pressure as specified in the appropriate ASTM standards and as recommended by the engine manufacturer • * Liquefied petroleum gas (liquid or vapor withdrawal) as specified in the appropriate ASTM standards and as recommended by the engine manufacturer • *Natural or synthetic gas * Explanatory material can be found in Annex A of the NFPA codes 63
NEC Article 700 & 701 Emergency and Standby Fuel 64 Article 700-12 (b)(3) Dual Supplies. Prime movers shall not be solely dependent on a public utility gas system for their fuel supply or municipal water supply for their cooling systems. Means shall be provided for automatically transferring from one fuel supply to another where dual fuel supplies are used. Exception: Where acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, the use of other than on-site fuels shall be permitted where there is a low probability of a simultaneous failure of both the off-site fuel delivery system and power from the outside electrical utility company.
Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) - Define Low Probability of Failure Natural Gas Generator Reliability Letter Requirements: o A statement of reasonable reliability of the natural gas delivery. o A brief description that supports the statement regarding the reliability. o A statement that there is a low probability of interruption of the natural gas. o A brief description that supports the statement regarding the low probability of interruption. o The signature of technical personnel from the natural gas vendor. Additional motivator for CMS involves pollution reduction (emissions) Source: CMS 2009 http://chfs.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/4C745EDB-C9D8-4AA9-B111-38092C60EFB4/0/NaturalGasGenerators.pdf 65
Fuel Emissions
Project Snapshot: Reliability Lake Forest Hospital Lake Forest, IL Application/Industry: Hospital Capacity (MW): 3.2 MW Prime Mover: Reciprocating Engine Fuel Type: Natural Gas Thermal Use: Space Heating, Cooling and Hot Water Installation Year: 1997 Energy Savings: $640,000/year Testimonial: Before Lake Forest Hospital installed their CHP system, they suffered high energy costs and typically experienced 50-60 power interruptions each year. Their CHP system now provides 90% of the hospital’s electricity needs and 30% of its steam needs, and has reduced annual power interruptions from 50 to two. Source: http://www.midwestchptap.org/profiles/ProjectProfiles/LakeForestHospital.pdf
Cooley Dickinson Health Care Northampton, MA Application/Industry: Hospitals Capacity (kW): 500 KW Prime Mover: Steam Turbine(s) Fuel Type: Wood Chips Thermal Use: Heat / Hot Water Installation Year: 2006 Testimonial: This SECOND biomass boiler eliminated the need to burn oil during annual maintenance downtime, reduces peak load by 17.5%, and produces approx. 2 million KWH electricity per year. The plant also has full utility company interconnectivity and operates in parallel with the electrical grid. Source: http://www.northeastchptap.org/Data/Sites/5/documents/profiles/CooleyDickinsonCaseStudy.pdf Project Snapshot:
Project Snapshot: Increased ENERGY STAR Building Score ProMedica Health System Wildwood Toledo, OH Application/Industry: Hospital Capacity (kW): 130 kW Prime Mover: Microturbine Fuel Type: Natural Gas Thermal Use: Heating Installation Year: 2013 Energy Savings: Unknown Testimonial: The microturbine CHP system at ProMedica Wildwood is equipped with a FlexSet control system. The control system is web-based, allowing the facility mangers to monitor the system on computers or cell phones. Source: http://www.gemenergy.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/03/optimize- chp-flexset-ProMedicaWildwood-030414.pdf
Project Snapshot: Addressing Coal Emissions Kent State University Kent, OH Application/Industry: University Capacity (MW): 12 MW Prime Mover: Gas Turbine Fuel Type: Natural Gas Thermal Use: Heating and cooling Installation Year: 2003, 2005 Emissions Savings: Reduces CO2 emissions by 37,000 tons/year Testimonial: The CHP system at Kent State won an EPA Energy Star Award in 2007. The system, which can run on natural gas or diesel if necessary, has been able to achieve nearly 75% efficiency, and it uses 19% less fuel than a traditional separate heat and power system. Source: https://mysolar.cat.com/cda/files/2111485/7/dschp-ksu.pdf
Project Snapshot: Multiple Waste Heat Recovery Streams Vestil Manufacturing Angola, IN Application/Industry: Materials Handling Equipment Manufacturing Capacity (kW): 140 kW Prime Mover: Microturbine Fuel Type: Natural Gas Thermal Use: Process heating and drying Installation Year: 2005 Testimonial: Vestil Manufacturing received a $30,000 grant from the Indiana Dept. of Commerce to offset equipment costs of their CHP system. The project also received an additional $100,000 from a DOE program focused on distributed generation demonstration projects. The project received the 2005 EPA CHP Certificate of Recognition. Source: http://www.midwestchptap.org/profiles/ProjectProfiles/VestilManufacturing.pdf
Project Snapshot: Dairy Farm Cogeneration Sievers Family Farm Stockton, IA Application/Industry: Dairy Farm Capacity (MW): 1 MW Prime Mover: Reciprocating Engine Fuel Type: Biomass Thermal Use: Heating the Digesters Installation Year: 2013 Energy Savings: Unknown Testimonial: The 1 MW engine at Sievers Family Farm was awarded a $500,000 USDA REAP grant, a $250,000 NRCS EQIP grant, and a $200,000 Alliant Energy grant. After the farm’s electric needs are met, the remainder of the power is sold to Interstate Light and Power (Alliant Energy). Source: http://www.americanbiogascouncil.org/projectProfiles/stocktonIA.pdf (L to R) Bryan Sievers, Paul Owen (CAT Financial), Jon Sievers, David Harris (Altorfer)
Resources and Tools
U.S. DOE CHP Technical Assistance Partnership Mission o Provide stakeholders with the resources necessary to identify and pursue CHP market opportunities. o Support implementation of CHP systems in both stand-alone and district energy and/or microgrid with CHP settings.
President’s Executive Order 13624: 40GW of new CHP by 2020 CHP TAPs, as regional CHP experts, are critical components of achieving the goal: o Provide fact-based, un-biased information on CHP o Technologies o Project development o Project financing o Local electric and natural gas interfaces o State best practice policies o Vendor, fuel, and technology neutral
CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships  Education and Outreach Providing information on the energy and non- energy benefits and applications of CHP to state and local policy makers, regulators, end users, trade associations, and others.  Technical Assistance Providing technical assistance to end-users and stakeholders to help them consider CHP, waste heat to power, and/or district energy with CHP in their facility and to help them through the development process from initial CHP screening to installation.  Market Opportunity Analysis Supporting analyses of CHP market opportunities in diverse markets including industrial, federal, institutional, and commercial sectors
Uses available site information. Estimate: savings, Installation costs, simple paybacks, equipment sizing and type. Quick screening questions with spreadsheet payback calculator. 3rd Party review of Engineering Analysis. Review equipment sizing and selection. Review specifications and bids. Limited operational analysis CHP TAP Technical Assistance Screening and Preliminary Analysis Feasibility Analysis Investment Grade Analysis Procurement, Operations, Maintenance, Commissioning
A Feasibility Analysis Typically Involves: o Electrical load profiling o Thermal load profiling o Unit sizing o Thermal use determination (what to do with the heat) o Installation cost estimations o Financial calculations (simple payback, ROI, etc.) o Cost/savings information compared to what your facility would pay if the CHP system were not installed Screening and Preliminary Analysis Feasibility Analysis Investment Grade Analysis Procurement, Operations, Maintenance
Resources and Tools 2. Good Primer Report http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/ chp_clean_energy_solution.pdf DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies (updated 2015) https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015- 07/documents/catalog_of_chp_technologies.pdf
Resources and Tools Project Profile Database (150+ case studies) http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/chp_datab ase/ DOE Database of Incentives & Policies (DSIRE) www.dsireusa.org
Resources and Tools DOE CHP Installation Database (List of all known CHP systems in U.S.) No-Cost CHP Screening and Other Technical Assistance from the CHP TAP http://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/11/f27/C HP%20TAP_informative%20handout_10.30.15.pdf https://doe.icfwebservices.com/chpdb/
Summary o CHP gets the most out of a fuel source enabling: • Reduced operating costs • Reduced environmental footprint • More efficient power and thermal generation o Proven technologies commercially available cover full range of sizes and applications 83
Thank You ! Contact information: Marcia Karr, PE; (360) 956-2144 karrm@energy.wsu.edu David Sjoding, Director; (360) 956-2004 sjodingd@energy.wsu.edu

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Combined Heat and Power Engineering and Installation in the Pacific NW

  • 1.
    Combined Heat andPower Engineering and Installation In the Pacific NW Marcia Karr, PE U.S. DOE Northwest CHP Technical Assistance Partnership Energy Trust of Oregon - ETO June 15, 2016
  • 2.
    Considerations of Presentation 1.Consider sponsoring training 2. Consider deemed calculation method for incentive
  • 3.
    Outline of Presentation oScoring LEED Points o Financial Options o Overview of CHP & benefits, technical potential o CHP technology & equipment o Key analytical Questions o Resiliency o Electrical Consideration o Building codes – NG CHP is explicitly allowed! o Resources & Tools
  • 4.
    Scoring LEED Points withCHP Courtesy of http://www.usgbc.org
  • 5.
    USGBC Methodology forModeling CHP (BD+C) Methodology for Modeling Combined Heat & Power for EAp2/c1 in LEED - 2009 http://www.usgbc.org/resources/methodology-modeling-combined-heat-amp-power- eap2c1-leed-2009 o Guidance on how to account for CHP in the whole building energy simulation o Applies to on-site CHP systems which can either have the same ownership as the project or different ownership 7
  • 6.
    USGBC Methodology forModeling CHP (BD+C) 1. Model Baseline Building – Estimate energy loads using an energy model (Baseline Building must meet requirements of ASHRAE 90.1). – Determine energy cost for building by summing purchased electricity and purchased thermal. 2. Model Design Building (includes CHP) – Estimate energy loads using an energy model. – Determine energy cost for building by summing cost of CHP input fuel and any additional purchased electricity and purchased thermal needed. 3. Determine OEP Points – OEP points are calculated based on the percentage reduction in energy cost of the Design Building compared to the Baseline Building. 8
  • 7.
    CHP’s Demonstrated PointImpact Building # of Apts. CHP Type/Size Pts. w/out CHP Pts. w/CHP 1 620 130 kW MT 2 8 2 340 65 kW MT 2 10 3 500 200 kW MT 2 7 4 100 65 kW MT 1 7 5 185 65 kW MT 3 9 6 250 65 kW MT 1 7 7 230 200 kW MT 0* 9 8 40 75 kW Recip 0* 4 11 * Would not meet Prerequisite w/out CHP
  • 8.
    • 225,000 squarefeet apartment building • Aegen ThermoPower 75kW • Provides domestic hot water heating (100%) and (80%) building heat • Provides 28% of building’s electrical load • LEED® Gold • System earned 8 OEP points; CHP responsible for 4 of them CHP Plant “315 on A” – Boston, MA 12
  • 9.
    Financial Options Courtesy ofwww.Enovationpartners.com
  • 10.
    Business Model Framework •Dispatch management • Minor maintenance Development Engineering, Procurement, Construction Operations Maintenance Asset Management Financing • Major maintenance • OEM interaction • Gas purchase • Insurance, emissions compliance • Customer contracting • Permitting • Equity • Debt (bank, vendor) • CHP design • Construction management, commissioning Build Operational Responsibilities in build and operational phases can be divided between in-house and external parties… …but contractual structures must be chosen carefully to ensure alignment of capabilities and interests, and to protect the customer’s operations and investment
  • 11.
    • Equity financedthrough customer’s own balance sheet, with potential for commercial debt or bond issuance • Common to have project designed by external parties • Major maintenance likely to be performed by manufacturer or licensed dealer Self-Financed Development Engineering, Procurement, Construction Operations Maintenance Asset Management Financing Overview Strengths & Weaknesses Strengths • Allows customer to capture all operational savings available through CHP • Leverages full capabilities of internal facilities personnel • Potential for nonprofits (municipalities, universities, schools, hospitals) to access low-cost financing sources Weaknesses • Fully relies on engineering firm’s design, with no guarantee of interest alignment • Turns customer into a power plant operator, which is unlikely to be a core competency • Ties up customer capital in non-core asset Internal Fully Outsourced Internal/ External Mix Legend
  • 12.
    • Can bebuilt with customer or external party’s capital, but once operating, CHP asset is owned by third party • Customer can take on development/operating responsibilities if desired • Flexible contract structures to align risk tolerances of each party Lease or sale/leaseback Development Engineering, Procurement, Construction Operations Maintenance Asset Management Financing Overview Strengths & Weaknesses Strengths • Frees up customer capital for core activities by turning CHP into an operating expense • Taking on portions of operational responsibilities can remove risk from external party, enabling access to lower costs of capital, allowing customer to keep greater percentage of savings • Can be structured to keep CHP off of customer’s balance sheet Weaknesses • CHP design firm has no risk • Depending on contract structure, external party may have little incentive for efficient operation • Potential for heavy reliance on customer’s facilities staff, which may not have the capability to run the CHP asset with best practices Internal Fully Outsourced Internal/ External Mix Legend
  • 13.
    • CHP designed,built, owned, financed, and operated by external party • Customer buys power and thermal energy from external party per contract structure • Potential flexibility in contract structures to align customer and external party’s interests and rewards (savings splits vs PPA) Power Purchase Agreement/Energy Sale Agreement Development Engineering, Procurement, Construction Operations Maintenance Asset Management Financing Overview Strengths & Weaknesses Strengths • Enables customer to reduce energy costs with little risk and does not devote customer’s capital or staff to non-core activities • Incentivizes external party to optimize design and operating protocols to maximize asset profitability • Gives nonprofits an avenue to monetize tax credits and accelerated depreciation Weaknesses • External party takes a portion of the energy cost savings for capital recovery • May not be an accessible source of financing for some businesses, depending on creditworthiness • Contract structures and commitments must be carefully thought through to ensure customer has reasonable worst case scenario Internal Fully Outsourced Internal/ External Mix Legend
  • 14.
    Overview of CHP& Benefits
  • 15.
    Combined Heat andPower: A Key Part of Our Energy Future o Form of Distributed Generation (DG) o An integrated system o Located at or near a building / facility o Provides at least a portion of the electrical load and o Uses thermal energy for: – Space Heating / Cooling – Process Heating / Cooling – Dehumidification CHP provides efficient, clean, reliable, affordable energy – today and for the future. Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/pdfs/c hp_clean_energy_solution.pdf 15
  • 16.
    Over Two Thirdsof the Fuel Used to Generate Power in the United States Is Lost as Heat Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/pdfs/chp_report_12-08.pdf
  • 17.
    o CHP ismore efficient than separate generation of electricity and heat o Higher efficiency translates to lower operating cost, (but requires capital investment) o Higher efficiency reduces emissions of all pollutants o CHP can also increase energy reliability and enhance power quality o On-site electric generation reduces grid congestion and avoids distribution costs Benefits of Combined Heat and Power
  • 18.
    National Goal Additional 40GW of CHP Achieving this goal would: o Increase total CHP capacity in the U.S. by 50 percent o Save energy users $10 billion a year compared to current energy use o Save one quadrillion Btus (Quad) of energy — the equivalent of 1 percent of all energy use in the U.S. o Reduce emissions by 150 million metric tons of CO2 annually — equivalent to the emissions from over 25 million cars o Result in $40-$80 billion in new capital investment in manufacturing and other U.S. facilities over the next decade Source: DOE/EPA, CHP: A Clean Energy Solution, August, 2012, www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/pdfs/chp_clean_energy_solution.pdf 18
  • 19.
    Emerging Drivers forCHP o Benefits of CHP recognized by policymakers o President Obama signed an Executive Order to accelerate investments in industrial EE and CHP on 8/30/12 that sets national goal of 40 GW of new CHP installation over the next decade o State Portfolio Standards (RPS, EEPS, Tax Incentives, Grants, standby rates, etc.) o Favorable outlook for natural gas supply and price in North America o Opportunities created by environmental drivers o Utilities finding economic value o Energy resiliency and critical infrastructure Executive Order: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press- office/2012/08/30/executive-order-accelerating-investment-industrial-energy- efficiency Report: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_clean_energy_solution.pdf 19
  • 20.
    CHP Is UsedNationwide 82,700 MW – installed capacity (2014) >4,400 CHP Sites (2014) Saves 1.8 quads of fuel each year Avoids 241 M metric tons of CO2 each year 86% of capacity – industrial 69% of capacity – natural gas fired Source: DOE CHP Installation Database (U.S. installations as of Dec. 31, 2014) 20
  • 21.
    Attractive CHP Markets Industrial oChemical manufacturing o Ethanol o Food processing o Natural gas pipelines o Petrochemicals o Pharmaceuticals o Pulp and paper o Refining o Rubber and plastics Commercial o Data centers o Hotels and casinos o Multi-family housing o Laundries o Apartments o Office buildings o Refrigerated warehouses o Restaurants o Supermarkets o Green buildings Institutional o Hospitals o Schools (K – 12) o Universities & colleges o Wastewater treatment o Residential confinement Agricultural o Concentrated animal feeding operations o Dairies o Wood waste (biomass)
  • 22.
    Oregon and WashingtonCHP Technical Potential (MW) Source: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/04/f30/CHP%20Technical%20Potential%20Study%203-31-2016%20Final.pdf
  • 23.
    Oregon All CommercialCHP Technical Potential – Topping Cycle, Waste Heat to Power, and District Energy Source: U.S. DOE Analysis Combined Heat and Power Technical Potential March 2016 http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/04/f30/CHP%20Technical%20Potential%20Study%203-31-2016%20Final.pdf 50-500 kW 0.5 - 1 MW 1 - 5 MW 5 - 20 MW > 20 MW Total SIC Commercial Business Type Sites 50-500 kW (MW) Sites 0.5-1 MW (MW) Sites 1-5 MW (MW) Sites 5-20 MW (MW) Sites >20 MW (MW) Total Sites Total MW 43 Post Offices 3 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.3 52 Retail 190 30 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 196 34 4222 Refrigerated Warehouses 9 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 11 3 4581 Airports 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 4 7 4952 Water Treatment 16 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 3 5411 Food Stores 169 24 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 171 29 5812 Restaurants 158 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 158 15 6512 Commercial Office Buildings 726 36 223 89 56 34 0 0 0 0 1,005 159 6513 Multifamily Buildings 149 11 54 27 8 8 0 0 0 0 211 47 7011 Hotels 182 21 10 6 7 11 1 6 0 0 200 44 7211 Laundries 23 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 4 7374 Data Centers 31 6 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 34 8 7542 Car Washes 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 7832 Movie Theaters 1 0.1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 7991 Health Clubs 53 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 7 7997 Golf/Country Clubs 45 6 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 47 9 8051 Nursing Homes 121 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 12 8062 Hospitals 37 9 12 8 16 38 0 0 0 0 65 55 8211 Schools 7 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0.5 8221 College/Univ. 34 6 5 3 21 60 7 55 1 23 68 148 8412 Museums 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 1 9100 Government Buildings 132 17 27 20 9 15 0 0 0 0 168 52 9223 Prisons 7 2 2 2 6 14 0 0 0 0 15 18 9711 Military 3 0.4 1 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 5 6 Total 2,122 211 347 164 130 197 9 67 1 23 2,609 662
  • 24.
    50-500 kW 0.5- 1 MW 1 - 5 MW 5 - 20 MW > 20 MW Total SIC Commercial Business Type Sites 50-500 kW (MW) Sites 0.5-1 MW (MW) Sites 1-5 MW (MW) Sites 5-20 MW (MW) Sites >20 MW (MW) Total Sites Total MW 43 Post Offices 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 52 Retail 351 50 16 10 4 9 0 0 0 0 371 69 4222 Refrigerated Warehouses 30 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 6 4581 Airports 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 10 0 0 4 12 4952 Water Treatment 35 4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 37 6 5411 Food Stores 378 54 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 379 55 5812 Restaurants 302 28 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 303 30 6512 Commercial Office Buildings 1,265 63 389 156 97 58 0 0 0 0 1,751 277 6513 Multifamily Buildings 293 22 106 53 16 16 0 0 0 0 415 91 7011 Hotels 283 35 17 10 17 25 0 0 0 0 317 70 7211 Laundries 21 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 22 5 7374 Data Centers 62 10 3 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 68 15 7542 Car Washes 24 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 2 7832 Movie Theaters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7991 Health Clubs 85 9 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 86 11 7997 Golf/Country Clubs 76 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 9 8051 Nursing Homes 197 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 197 23 8062 Hospitals 57 13 15 10 32 70 1 6 0 0 105 99 8211 Schools 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8221 College/Univ. 40 7 3 2 45 117 6 74 1 26 95 227 8412 Museums 21 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 3 9100 Government Buildings 200 31 25 17 23 43 2 15 0 0 250 107 9223 Prisons 11 2 2 2 7 15 0 0 0 0 20 19 9711 Military 17 3 1 1 8 20 3 20 1 40 30 84 Total 3,759 379 581 265 257 384 13 126 2 66 4,612 1,220 Washington State All Commercial CHP Technical Potential – Topping Cycle, Waste Heat to Power, and District Energy Source: U.S. DOE Analysis Combined Heat and Power Technical Potential March 2016 http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/04/f30/CHP%20Technical%20Potential%20Study%203-31-2016%20Final.pdf
  • 25.
  • 26.
    Types of PrimeMovers o CHP technology & equipment o Reciprocating Engines o Gas Turbines o Steam Turbines o Micro Turbines o Fuel Cell o ORC
  • 27.
    o Size range:10 kW to 18 MW o Characteristics: o Thermal can produce hot water, low- pressure steam, and chilled water (through absorption chiller) o High part-load operation efficiency o Fast start-up o Minimal auxiliary power requirements for black start Example applications: Food Processing, Office Buildings, Multifamily Housing, Nursing Homes, Hospitals, Schools, Universities, Wastewater Treatment, Correctional Facilities Prime Mover: Reciprocating Engines Source: DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies 27
  • 28.
    Reciprocating Engine Characteristics Compiledby ICF by vendor-supplied data
  • 29.
    o Size range:500 kW to 300 MW o Characteristics: o Produces high-quality, high- temperature thermal that can include high-pressure steam for industrial processes; and chilled water (with absorption chiller) o Efficiency at part load can be substantially less than at full load Example applications: Hospitals, universities, chemical plants, refineries, food processing, paper manufacturing, military bases Prime Mover: Combustion Gas Turbine Source: DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies 29
  • 30.
  • 31.
    o Size range:30 kW to 1,000 kW o Characteristics: o Thermal can produce hot water, steam, and chilled water o Compact size and light weight, brought on line quickly o Inverter-based generation can improve power quality o Usually below 200 kW unless multiple units utilized o Recuperator typical Example applications: Multifamily housing, hotels, nursing homes, wastewater treatment, gas and oil production Prime Mover: Microturbines 31 Source: DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies
  • 32.
    Micro-Turbine Characteristics Compiled byICF by vendor-supplied data
  • 33.
    o Reduces costof electricity o Up to 50% output without additional fuel consumption o Reduces environmental footprint o Emissions reduced by at least 30% per MWh produced o Increases flexibility and reliability o Hospitals, universities, chemical plants, refineries, food processing, paper manufacturing, military bases Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) Source: DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies 33
  • 34.
    o Size Range:100 kW to over 250 MW o Characteristics o Requires a boiler or other steam source o Can be mated to boilers firing a variety of gaseous, liquid or solid fuels (such as coal, wood, and waste products). o Steam extracted or exhausted from steam turbine for thermal applications. o Operates over a wide range of steam pressures. Example Applications: Industrial applications, district heating and cooling systems; forest products, paper mills, chemicals, food processing, backpressure turbines in lieu of steam system pressure reducing valves 34 Source: DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies Steam Turbines: One of the oldest prime mover technologies still in use
  • 35.
    o Condensing Turbines: •Industrial waste heat streams can be used to produce steam • Excess steam can be used to produce electrical energy o Backpressure Turbine: • Produces electrical energy at locations where steam pressure is reduced with a PRV Lower pressure applications Steam Turbines - Continued Sub-atmospheric pressure
  • 36.
    o Size range:3 kW to 2 MW o Characteristics: o Relatively high electrical efficiencies due to electrochemical process o Uses hydrogen as the input fuel o Relatively low emissions without controls due to absence of combustion process o Inverter-based generation can improve power quality o Relatively high installed cost, ~$5k/kW Example applications: Data centers, hotels, office buildings, wastewater treatment (WWT needs gas scrubbing) Prime Mover: Fuel Cells 36 Source: DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
    Approximating System Costs InstalledCosts O & M Costs Reciprocating Engines $1,000 to $1,800 per kW $0.010 to .015 per kWH Gas Turbines $800 to $1,500 per kW $0.005 to $.008 per kWh Micro-turbines $1,000 to $2,000 per kW $0.010 to $0.15 per kWh Installed and O&M Cost Estimates - CHP Prime Movers with Heat Recovery for Standard Installations Absorption Chillers -- $500 to $1,000/RT (dependent on size)
  • 40.
    Chillers Absorption or adsorptionchillers can be incorporated into the existing central mechanical plant operations in many ways: o Waste heat application o Part of a combined cooling, heat, and power (CCHP or tri-generation) application o As a stand-alone gas-fired absorption chiller application o Using renewable solar as the heat source for the refrigeration cycle
  • 41.
    Chillers – Example oAs much as $100,000/mo in demand charges o Summer months due to DX chillers o Demand charge reduction possible with absorption chillers
  • 42.
    Benefits of Chillers oReduce energy costs o Stabilize risks associated with fluctuating energy costs o Improve equipment reliability o Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 50% for the power generated o Reduce grid congestion o Reduce electrical demand charges o Provide reliable power supply o Chillers use low-global warming and ozone-safe natural Refrigerants (existing in nature) like R717 (NH3) and R744 (CO2), water and air, which are promoted through the LEED certification program, ASHRAE, EPA, DOE and GSA. (CHP can be shown to offer 5-9 LEED points http://www.epa.gov/chp/treatment-chp-leedr-building-design-and-construction-new-construction-and-major-renovations
  • 44.
    Considerations of ExampleProblem o What is this solution telling me? o What other factors need to be considered? • Credit for backup generation • Carbon Credits • Government grants • Tax credits (federal / state) • Utility Incentives o Energy Price Sensitivity Analysis • 10% electric increase = 4.6 year payback • 20% electric increase = 3.6 year payback • 10% natural gas increase = 7.8 year payback • 20% natural gas increase = 10.4 year payback • 10% electric AND 10% natural gas increase = 5.4 year payback
  • 45.
    Considerations of ExampleProblem -120% -100% -80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% - 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 VariationinParameter Before-Tax Simple Payback Installed Capital Costs Natural Gas: CHP Fuel Price Electricity Purchase Price Private Grant Federal ITC as Grant (years) Electricity at $0.06 / kWh, Propane at $21.834 / MMBtu, Wood Chips-Gasified at $0 / MMBtu, Plant Cost= $6700 / kW, Variable O&M = $0.001 / kWh Average operation is 50% of derated capacity for 8760 hours at 100% availability (100% in Year 1)
  • 46.
    Questions: When Lookingat your Facility o Will the selected configuration provide adequate waste heat levels for heating and/or cooling? o Are there potential installation issues – estimate installation costs? o What do basic economics look like? o Is there a use for the CHP waste/recycled heat? o Is there a major rehab or thermal equipment change planned? o Is there sufficient “spark spread”? o Identify size and type prime mover to meet thermal requirements (high efficiency). Is the application worth pursuing with a formal analysis?
  • 47.
    Combined Heat andPower Candidates Finding the Best o High and constant thermal load o Favorable spark spread o Need for high reliability o Concern over future electricity prices o Interest in reducing environmental impact o Existing central plant o Planned facility expansion or new construction; or equipment replacement within the next 3-5 years o Need for a generator on site
  • 48.
    Spark Spread Steps toDetermining Spark Spread: o Utilize prior 12 months electric and gas utility bills o Determine average annual electric cost ($/MMBtu) o Determine average gas cost ($/MMBtu) o Calculating the gas/electric price difference = Spark Spread CHP has more potential for favorable payback when the spark spread is greater than $12/MMBtu
  • 49.
    o Do youpay more than $.06/kWh on average for electricity (including generation, transmission and distribution)? o Are you concerned about the impact of current or future energy costs on your operations? o Are you concerned about power reliability? What if the power goes out for 5 minutes… for 1 hour? o Does your facility operate for more than 3,000 hours per year? o Do you have thermal loads throughout the year? (including steam, hot water, chilled water, hot air, etc.) Screening Questions Screening and Preliminary Analysis Feasibility Analysis Investment Grade Analysis Procurement, Operations, Maintenance, Feasibility Analysis Procurement, Operations, Maintenance,
  • 50.
    o Does yourfacility have an existing central plant? o Do you expect to replace, upgrade, or retrofit central plant equipment within the next 3-5 years? o Do you anticipate a facility expansion or new construction project within the next 3-5 years? o Have you already implemented energy efficiency measures and still have high energy costs? o Are you interested in reducing your facility's impact on the environment? o Do you have access to on-site or nearby biomass resources? (i.e., landfill gas, farm manure, food processing waste, etc.) Screening Questions (cont.)
  • 52.
    o CHP ElectricEquipment Requirements o Electric Power Delivery Methods and Configurations o Technical Issues and Safety Considerations o Project Killers and Challenges from the Electrical Perspective o Qualification Screening Questions – Electrical Electrical Considerations
  • 53.
    For CHP systemsto generate and deliver power, the developer will need to install a combination of the following: CHP Electric Equipment Requirements o Transfer switches o Relays o Circuit breakers o Fuses o Transformers o Capacitor Banks o Metering o Load Tap Changers o Conductors o Conduit o Electrical Rooms o Com and Controls • Utility • In-Plant (SCADA) • PLC • Load Shedding o Reclosers o Sectionalizers o Fault Detection Systems o Anti-Islanding Equipment o Voltage Regulators
  • 54.
    CHP systems cangenerate and deliver power in three different ways: o Consuming all power within the facility or plant • “Stand-Alone” (Isolated-Feed) configuration • “Stand-Alone” (Isolated-Feed) configuration with Utility Backup o Exporting all power to the utility through an interconnection • “Buy All, Sell All” configuration o Parallel operations consisting of in-plant use and export • Parallel configuration without Utility Standby • Parallel configuration with Utility Standby CHP Electric Power Delivery Methods
  • 55.
    This configuration allows electricitygenerated to be consumed on-site - excess energy generated flows to the utility grid. Utility supplies additional energy needed but not met by the generator(s). Parallel – With Utility Standby During a grid outage, service disconnects, but the generator continues to operate. During a generator outage, it will trip offline, but power will still be supplied by the grid.
  • 56.
    When a CHPconnects to a utility grid there are many concerns: Technical Issues and Safety Considerations o Safety • Islanding o Power Quality • Harmonics • Voltage • Frequency • Nuisance Tripping • Utility Interconnection • Grounding • Protective Relaying and Devices • System Isolation o Equipment Protection o Utility System Protection • IEEE 1547 • Fault Control • Short-circuited phase faults • Open-circuit phase faults • Winding faults The primary factors/solutions that address the concerns include:
  • 57.
    Two Types ofGenerators Induction o Requires External Power Source to Operate (Grid) o Contributes to Poor PF o When Grid Goes Down, CHP System Goes Down o Less Complicated & Less Costly to Interconnect o Preferred by Utilities Synchronous o Self Excited (Does Not Need Grid to Operate) o Can Assist in PF Correction o CHP System can Continue to Operate thru Grid Outages o More Complicated & Costly to Interconnect (Safety) o Preferred by CHP Customers
  • 58.
    Operation Requirements andHighlighted CHP Examples Maintaining Facility Operations Uninterrupted Operation Requirements o Black start capability • Allows system start up independently from the grid o Generators capable of grid-independent operation • The system must be able to operate without the grid power signal o Ample carrying capacity • System size must match critical loads o Parallel utility interconnection and switchgear controls • System must be able to disconnect from the grid, support critical loads, and reconnect after an event CHP System Highlights Super- storm Sandy Princeton University Princeton, NJ 5 MW gas turbine Hurricane Katrina Mississippi Baptist Medical Center Jackson, MS 4.2 MW gas turbine Midwest Snow Storm Presbyterian Homes Evanston, IL 2.4 MW recip engines Operating CHP Since 1969 Brandonview Building St. Louis, MO 4.3 MW recip engines
  • 59.
  • 60.
    Codes to UsingNatural Gas as a Fuel Source What they Actually Say o International Building Code (IBC) Chapter 27 o National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 99 & 110 o National Electrical Code (NEC) Articles 700 & 701 o Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Define “Lowprobability of Failure” 60
  • 61.
    International Building CodeCh. 27 Related Definitions o Emergency o Voice communication o Exit signs o Egress illumination o Doors on I-3 o Elevator car lighting o Fire detection and alarm o Fire pumps o Standby o Smoke control o Egress -elevators/platforms o Sliding doors o Inflation for membrane structures o Power & lighting for fire command
  • 62.
    NFPA 99 6.4.1.1.7 Usesfor Essential Electrical System 6.4.1.1.7.1 - The generating equipment used shall be either reserved exclusively for such service or normally used for other purposes of peak demand control, internal voltage control, load relief for the external utility, or cogeneration. 62
  • 63.
    NFPA 110.5.1 EnergySources 5.1.1* The following sources shall be permitted to be used for the emergency power supply (EPS): • * Liquid petroleum products at atmospheric pressure as specified in the appropriate ASTM standards and as recommended by the engine manufacturer • * Liquefied petroleum gas (liquid or vapor withdrawal) as specified in the appropriate ASTM standards and as recommended by the engine manufacturer • *Natural or synthetic gas * Explanatory material can be found in Annex A of the NFPA codes 63
  • 64.
    NEC Article 700& 701 Emergency and Standby Fuel 64 Article 700-12 (b)(3) Dual Supplies. Prime movers shall not be solely dependent on a public utility gas system for their fuel supply or municipal water supply for their cooling systems. Means shall be provided for automatically transferring from one fuel supply to another where dual fuel supplies are used. Exception: Where acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, the use of other than on-site fuels shall be permitted where there is a low probability of a simultaneous failure of both the off-site fuel delivery system and power from the outside electrical utility company.
  • 65.
    Center for Medicare& Medicaid Services (CMS) - Define Low Probability of Failure Natural Gas Generator Reliability Letter Requirements: o A statement of reasonable reliability of the natural gas delivery. o A brief description that supports the statement regarding the reliability. o A statement that there is a low probability of interruption of the natural gas. o A brief description that supports the statement regarding the low probability of interruption. o The signature of technical personnel from the natural gas vendor. Additional motivator for CMS involves pollution reduction (emissions) Source: CMS 2009 http://chfs.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/4C745EDB-C9D8-4AA9-B111-38092C60EFB4/0/NaturalGasGenerators.pdf 65
  • 66.
  • 67.
    Project Snapshot: Reliability Lake ForestHospital Lake Forest, IL Application/Industry: Hospital Capacity (MW): 3.2 MW Prime Mover: Reciprocating Engine Fuel Type: Natural Gas Thermal Use: Space Heating, Cooling and Hot Water Installation Year: 1997 Energy Savings: $640,000/year Testimonial: Before Lake Forest Hospital installed their CHP system, they suffered high energy costs and typically experienced 50-60 power interruptions each year. Their CHP system now provides 90% of the hospital’s electricity needs and 30% of its steam needs, and has reduced annual power interruptions from 50 to two. Source: http://www.midwestchptap.org/profiles/ProjectProfiles/LakeForestHospital.pdf
  • 68.
    Cooley Dickinson Health Care Northampton,MA Application/Industry: Hospitals Capacity (kW): 500 KW Prime Mover: Steam Turbine(s) Fuel Type: Wood Chips Thermal Use: Heat / Hot Water Installation Year: 2006 Testimonial: This SECOND biomass boiler eliminated the need to burn oil during annual maintenance downtime, reduces peak load by 17.5%, and produces approx. 2 million KWH electricity per year. The plant also has full utility company interconnectivity and operates in parallel with the electrical grid. Source: http://www.northeastchptap.org/Data/Sites/5/documents/profiles/CooleyDickinsonCaseStudy.pdf Project Snapshot:
  • 69.
    Project Snapshot: Increased ENERGYSTAR Building Score ProMedica Health System Wildwood Toledo, OH Application/Industry: Hospital Capacity (kW): 130 kW Prime Mover: Microturbine Fuel Type: Natural Gas Thermal Use: Heating Installation Year: 2013 Energy Savings: Unknown Testimonial: The microturbine CHP system at ProMedica Wildwood is equipped with a FlexSet control system. The control system is web-based, allowing the facility mangers to monitor the system on computers or cell phones. Source: http://www.gemenergy.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/03/optimize- chp-flexset-ProMedicaWildwood-030414.pdf
  • 70.
    Project Snapshot: Addressing CoalEmissions Kent State University Kent, OH Application/Industry: University Capacity (MW): 12 MW Prime Mover: Gas Turbine Fuel Type: Natural Gas Thermal Use: Heating and cooling Installation Year: 2003, 2005 Emissions Savings: Reduces CO2 emissions by 37,000 tons/year Testimonial: The CHP system at Kent State won an EPA Energy Star Award in 2007. The system, which can run on natural gas or diesel if necessary, has been able to achieve nearly 75% efficiency, and it uses 19% less fuel than a traditional separate heat and power system. Source: https://mysolar.cat.com/cda/files/2111485/7/dschp-ksu.pdf
  • 71.
    Project Snapshot: Multiple WasteHeat Recovery Streams Vestil Manufacturing Angola, IN Application/Industry: Materials Handling Equipment Manufacturing Capacity (kW): 140 kW Prime Mover: Microturbine Fuel Type: Natural Gas Thermal Use: Process heating and drying Installation Year: 2005 Testimonial: Vestil Manufacturing received a $30,000 grant from the Indiana Dept. of Commerce to offset equipment costs of their CHP system. The project also received an additional $100,000 from a DOE program focused on distributed generation demonstration projects. The project received the 2005 EPA CHP Certificate of Recognition. Source: http://www.midwestchptap.org/profiles/ProjectProfiles/VestilManufacturing.pdf
  • 72.
    Project Snapshot: Dairy FarmCogeneration Sievers Family Farm Stockton, IA Application/Industry: Dairy Farm Capacity (MW): 1 MW Prime Mover: Reciprocating Engine Fuel Type: Biomass Thermal Use: Heating the Digesters Installation Year: 2013 Energy Savings: Unknown Testimonial: The 1 MW engine at Sievers Family Farm was awarded a $500,000 USDA REAP grant, a $250,000 NRCS EQIP grant, and a $200,000 Alliant Energy grant. After the farm’s electric needs are met, the remainder of the power is sold to Interstate Light and Power (Alliant Energy). Source: http://www.americanbiogascouncil.org/projectProfiles/stocktonIA.pdf (L to R) Bryan Sievers, Paul Owen (CAT Financial), Jon Sievers, David Harris (Altorfer)
  • 73.
  • 74.
    U.S. DOE CHPTechnical Assistance Partnership Mission o Provide stakeholders with the resources necessary to identify and pursue CHP market opportunities. o Support implementation of CHP systems in both stand-alone and district energy and/or microgrid with CHP settings.
  • 75.
    President’s Executive Order13624: 40GW of new CHP by 2020 CHP TAPs, as regional CHP experts, are critical components of achieving the goal: o Provide fact-based, un-biased information on CHP o Technologies o Project development o Project financing o Local electric and natural gas interfaces o State best practice policies o Vendor, fuel, and technology neutral
  • 76.
    CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships Education and Outreach Providing information on the energy and non- energy benefits and applications of CHP to state and local policy makers, regulators, end users, trade associations, and others.  Technical Assistance Providing technical assistance to end-users and stakeholders to help them consider CHP, waste heat to power, and/or district energy with CHP in their facility and to help them through the development process from initial CHP screening to installation.  Market Opportunity Analysis Supporting analyses of CHP market opportunities in diverse markets including industrial, federal, institutional, and commercial sectors
  • 77.
    Uses available site information. Estimate:savings, Installation costs, simple paybacks, equipment sizing and type. Quick screening questions with spreadsheet payback calculator. 3rd Party review of Engineering Analysis. Review equipment sizing and selection. Review specifications and bids. Limited operational analysis CHP TAP Technical Assistance Screening and Preliminary Analysis Feasibility Analysis Investment Grade Analysis Procurement, Operations, Maintenance, Commissioning
  • 78.
    A Feasibility AnalysisTypically Involves: o Electrical load profiling o Thermal load profiling o Unit sizing o Thermal use determination (what to do with the heat) o Installation cost estimations o Financial calculations (simple payback, ROI, etc.) o Cost/savings information compared to what your facility would pay if the CHP system were not installed Screening and Preliminary Analysis Feasibility Analysis Investment Grade Analysis Procurement, Operations, Maintenance
  • 79.
    Resources and Tools 2.Good Primer Report http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/ chp_clean_energy_solution.pdf DOE/EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies (updated 2015) https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015- 07/documents/catalog_of_chp_technologies.pdf
  • 80.
    Resources and Tools ProjectProfile Database (150+ case studies) http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/chp_datab ase/ DOE Database of Incentives & Policies (DSIRE) www.dsireusa.org
  • 81.
    Resources and Tools DOECHP Installation Database (List of all known CHP systems in U.S.) No-Cost CHP Screening and Other Technical Assistance from the CHP TAP http://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/11/f27/C HP%20TAP_informative%20handout_10.30.15.pdf https://doe.icfwebservices.com/chpdb/
  • 83.
    Summary o CHP getsthe most out of a fuel source enabling: • Reduced operating costs • Reduced environmental footprint • More efficient power and thermal generation o Proven technologies commercially available cover full range of sizes and applications 83
  • 84.
    Thank You ! Contactinformation: Marcia Karr, PE; (360) 956-2144 [email protected] David Sjoding, Director; (360) 956-2004 [email protected]