Comminity nutritional assessment
- 1. Assessment of the Nutritional Status of the Community Edna Dahir
- 2. Nutrition is the process by which the body metabolizes and utilizes nutrients. Nutrients are classified as energy nutrients, organic nutrients and inorganic nutrients. Energy nutrients release energy for maintenance of homeostasis. These are carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Organic nutrients build and maintain body tissues and regulate body processes. Introduction
- 3. Understanding the role of basic nutrients provides the foundation for selecting foods that promote good health. There are six categories of nutrients: water vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids(fats).
- 4. Nutritional status is determined by complex interaction between internal and external factors. • Internal/constitutional factors like: age, sex, nutrition behavior, physical activity and disease. • External environmental factors like: food safety, culture, social and economic circumstances • An ideal nutrition status occurs when the supply of nutrients conforms to the nutritional requirement or needs Nutritional status
- 6. • An optimal nutritional status is a powerful factors for health and wellbeing. Its major, modifiable and powerful element in promoting health, preventing and treating diseases and improving the quality of life. • Malnutrition may increase risk of susceptibility to infection and chronic diseases • Undernutrition: may lead to increased infection and decreases in physical and mental development and • Over nutrition: may lead to obesity as well as to metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes Nutritional status of an individual has consequences
- 7. Purpose of nutritional assessment • Identify individuals or population groups at risk of becoming malnourished • Identify individuals or population groups who are malnourished • To develop health care programs that meet the community needs which are defined by the assessment • To measure the effectiveness of the nutritional programs and interventions once initiated
- 8. Methods of nutritional assessment Nutrition is assessed by two methods; direct and indirect The direct method deal with the individual and measure objective criteria, while indirect methods use community indices that reflect the community nutritional status/needs
- 9. These are summarized as ABCD • Anthropometric methods • Clinical methods • Dietary evaluation methods • Biochemical, laparotory methods Indirect methods of nutritional assessment • economic factors e.g. household, income, food availability and prices • Cultural and social habits Direct methods of nutritional assessment
- 10. Direct method of nutrition assessment 1.Anthropometric methods Anthropometric is the measurement of body height, weight and proportions. Its essential component of clinical examination of infants, children and pregnant women. • These measurement are compared to reference data of the same age and sex group in order to evaluate the nutritional status
- 13. Interpretation of BMI for adults For adults 20 years old and older, BMI is interpreted using standard weight status categories that are the same for all ages both men and women BMI WEIGHT STATUS Below 18.5 Underweight 18.5—24.9 Normal 25.0—29.9 Over weight 30.0 and above Obese
- 14. Identifying nutritional problems of a population in a clear and measurable way will help to: Define needs, opportunities and constraints, and prioritize solutions. Evaluate programme impact and improve efficiency. Influence decision making in strategic planning, policy formulation and resource allocation. Raise community awareness and participation to maximize long- term impact.
- 15. To define the nutritional problem of the targeted population, it is necessary to measure its nutritional status. Introduction Nutritional status assessments enable to determine whether the individual is well-nourished or undernourished. ASSESSMENT of the nutritional situation in target population ACTION based on the analysis & available resources Source: UNICEF, Triple-A Cycle ANALYSIS of the causes of theproblem
- 19. Examples of illnesses caused by improper nutrient consumptions Too little Too much PEM (protein energy malnutrition ) Stroke Anemia (iron deficiency) Heart/ arterial disease Osteoporosis (calcium deficiency) Some cancers Goiter (iodine deficiency) Obesity Xeropthalmia (vit A deficiency) Diabetes Beri-Beri (vitB deficiency) Gall stone Rickets (vit D deficiency) Gout
- 20. GROWTH MONITORING Anthropometry Growth monitoring is the continuous monitoring of growth in children. It can be performed at the individual level, or at a group level. It can also be: clinic-based growth monitoring (conducted by health professionals at Maternal and Child Health clinics), or community-based growth monitoring (conducted by trained members of the community in villages )
- 21. SCHOOL CENSUS DATA Anthropometry School census data relates to nutritional assessment occasionally undertaken in schools. The objective is to identify high-risk children with poor health, malnutrition and low socio-economic status.
- 22. Clinical examination and biochemical testing Biochemical testing and clinical examination can contribute to diagnosing micronutrient deficiencies. The most common deficiencies are: • Iodine, • vitamin A, and • Iron • Vitamin D • Vitamin C
- 23. Clinical assessment • Its an essential feature of all nutritional surveys of ascertaining the nutritional status of group and individual • It utilizes a number of physical signs (specific and non specific) that are known to be associated with malnutrition and deficiency of vitamins and micronutrients • Good clinical history should be obtained • General clinical examination with special attention to organs like hair, nails, angles of the mouth, gums, skin, eyes, tongue, muscles, bones and thyroid gland • Detection of relevant signs helps to establishing the nutritional diagnosis