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Communicable disease controle for nursing pptx
- 1. 12/05/2024 CDC 1 CHAPTERFIVE AIR-BORNE DISEASES By Birhanu D. (BSc, MSc)
- 2. 12/05/2024 CDC 2 Learningobjectives At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: List common air-borne diseases. Identify the common modes of air-borne diseases transmission. Participate in diagnosis and treatment of common airborne diseases. Apply preventive and control methods for air-borne diseases.
- 3. 12/05/2024 CDC 3 Introduction •The organisms causing the diseases in the air-borne group enter the body via the respiratory tract. • When a patient or carrier of pathogens talks, coughs, laughs, or sneezes, he/she discharges fluid droplets. • The smallest of these remain up in the air for some time and may be inhaled by a new host:- Dust • Droplets with a size of 1-5 microns are quite easily drawn in to the lungs and retained there.
- 4. 12/05/2024 CDC 4 •Droplets that are bigger in size will not remain air- borne for long but will fall to the ground. • Here, however, they dry and mix with dust. • Air-borne diseases, obviously, will spread more easily when there is overcrowding, as in overcrowded class rooms, public transport, restaurants, dance halls, and cinemas. • Good ventilation can do much to counteract the effects of overcrowding.
- 5. 12/05/2024 CDC 5 CommonCold (Acute Viral Rhinitis or Coryza) Definition • An acute catarrhal infection of the upper respiratory tract. Infectious agent • Rhino viruses (100 serotypes) major causes in adults. • Influenza, and Adeno viruses (infants and children) • Parainfluenza viruses, • Respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV),
- 6. 12/05/2024 CDC 6 Epidemiology •Worldwide both in endemic and epidemic forms. • Many people have one to six colds per year. • Greater incidence in the highlands. • High incidence in under 5 years and gradually declines with age. Reservoir- Humans Mode of transmission- Direct contact or inhalation of airborne droplets. Indirectly by hands and articles freshly soiled by discharges Incubation period- 12 hours and 5 days (usually 48 hrs) Period of communicability- 24 hours before onset and for 5 days after onset. Susceptibility and resistance- Susceptibility is universal.
- 7. 12/05/2024 CDC 7 ClinicalManifestation • Coryza, sneezing, lacrimation, pharyngeal or nasal irritation, chills and malaise • Dry or painful throat. Diagnosis • Based on clinical grounds Treatment • No effective treatment but supportive measures like Bed rest Steam inhalation High fluid intake Anti pain Balanced diet intake
- 8. 12/05/2024 CDC 8 Preventionand Control 1. Educate the public about the importance of: Handwashing Covering the mouth when coughing and sneezing Sanitary disposal of nasal and oral discharges 2. Avoid crowding in living and sleeping quarters especially in institutions 3. Provide adequate ventilation
- 9. 12/05/2024 CDC 9 Measles(Rubella) Definition • An acute highly communicable viral disease Infectious agent:- Measles virus Epidemiology • Common in childhood (in more than 90% prior to immunization) Reservoir- Humans Mode of transmission- Airborne by droplet spread, direct contact with nasal or throat secretions Incubation period- 7-18 days from exposure to onset of fever. Period of communicability- before the prodromal period to 4 days after the appearance of the rash Susceptibility and resistance- • Non-vaccinated or have not had the disease are susceptible. • Permanent immunity is acquired
- 10. 12/05/2024 CDC 10 ClinicalManifestation • Prodromal fever, conjunctivitis, coryza, cough and Koplik spots on the buccal mucosa • A characteristic red blotchy rash appears on the 3-7 day, beginning on the face, gradually becoming generalized, lasting 4-7 days. • Leucopoenia is common. • Complications like otitis media, pneumonia, diarrhea, encephalitis, croup (Laryngo tracheo bronchitis) may result from viral replication or bacterial super infection.
- 11. 12/05/2024 CDC 11 Diagnosis:clinical and epidemiological grounds Treatment No specific treatment Treatment of complications Vitamin A provision Nursing care Advise patient to have bed rest. Relief of fever. Provision of non-irritant small frequent diet. Shorten the fingernails. Prevention and control Education Immunization Avoid contact Case identification…
- 12. 12/05/2024 CDC 12 Influenza Definition:An acute viral disease of the respiratory tract Infectious agent: influenza virus (A,B and C) Epidemiology: In pandemics, epidemics and localized outbreaks Reservoir- Humans Mode of transmission- Airborne spread predominates in crowded populations Incubation period- short, usually 1-3 days Period of communicability- 3-5 days from clinical onset in adults; up to 7 days in young children.
- 13. 12/05/2024 CDC 13 Susceptibilityand resistance- • All children and adults are equally susceptible. • Infection produces immunity to the specific infecting agent. Clinical Manifestation • Fever, headache, mayalgia, prostration, sore throat and cough • Cough is often severe and protracted, but other manifestations are self-limited with recovery in 2-7days Diagnosis • Based on clinical ground
- 14. 12/05/2024 CDC 14 Treatment 1.Same as common cold, namely: Anti-pain and antipyretic High fluid intake Bed rest Balanced diet intake Prevention and control • Education • Avoid overcrouding • Immunization • Chemoprophylaxis (Amantadize hydrochloride)
- 15. 12/05/2024 CDC 15 Diphtheria Definition •An acute bacterial disease involving primarily tonsils, pharynx, nose, occasionally other mucus membranes or skin and sometimes the conjunctiva or genitalia. Infectious agent: Corynebacterium diphtheriae Epidemiology • Disease of colder months • Common where immunization was neglected Reservoir- Humans Mode of transmission- contact with a patient secretion Incubation period- usually 2-5 days Period of communicability- usually 2 weeks or less. Susceptibility and resistance- Susceptibility is universal. • Immunity after infection is common
- 16. 12/05/2024 CDC 16 ClinicalManifestation • Characteristic lesion marked by a patch or patches of an adherent grayish membrane with a surrounding inflammation (pseudo membrane). • Sore throat in pharyngo tonsillar diphtheria, with cervical lymph nodes somewhat enlarged and tender; • In severe cases, there is marked swelling and edema of neck. • Late effects of absorption of toxin appearing after 2-6 weeks, including cranial and peripheral, motor and sensory nerve palsies and myocarditis (which may occur early) and are often severe.
- 17. 12/05/2024 CDC 17 Diagnosis •Based on clinical and epidemiological grounds • Bacteriologic examination of discharges from lesions. Treatment 1. Diphtheria antitoxin 2. Erythromycin for 2 weeks but 1 week for cutaneous form 3. Procaine penicillin for 14 days or single dose of Benzathin penicillin Prevention and control Education. Immunization Disinfection Single dose of penicillin (IM) or 7-10 days course of Erythromycin (PO) is recommended for all persons exposed to diphtheria.
- 18. 12/05/2024 CDC 18 Pneumococcalpneumonia Definition •An acute bacterial infection of the lung tissue and bronchi. Infectious agent: S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) Epidemiology • Endemic in infancy, old age and underlying illness. • Epidemics in closed space. • Common in lower socio-economic groups Reservoir- Humans MOT- droplet spread, direct contact with discharge Incubation period- 1-3 days. Period of communicability- Until discharges of mouth and nose no longer contain virulent pneumococci in significant number.
- 19. 12/05/2024 CDC 19 Susceptibilityand resistance- • Malnutrition and low birth weight are important risk factors • Immunity following an attack may last for years Clinical Manifestation • Sudden onset of chill, fever, pleural pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, a cough productive of rusty sputum. • Chest indrawing, shallow and rapid respiration in infants and young children. • Vomiting and convulsion may occur in infants and young children.
- 20. 12/05/2024 CDC 20 Diagnosis •Based on clinical grounds • Chest X-ray- reveals consolidation of the affected lung tissue but not in children. • Sputum gram stain- reveals gram negative diplococci Treatment Antipyretic and antipain Ampicillin, Augmentin, or p. penicillin (adults) but c. penicillin (children), ceftriaxone Anticonvulsants for infants
- 21. 12/05/2024 CDC 21 Nursingcare Monitor vital signs especially of children. Maintain high body temperature to normal. Intermittent administration of humidified oxygen Timely administration of ordered medication. Prevention and control Treatment of cases Treatment of other underlying medical conditions Improved standard of living Avoid overcrowding.
- 22. 12/05/2024 CDC 22 MeningococcalMeningitis Definition: An acute bacterial disease that causes inflammation of the pia-matter and arachnoid space. Infectious agent: Neisseria meningitides (meningococcus meningitides) Epidemiology Greatest incidence occurs during winter and spring. Epidemics occur irregularly. Common in children and young adults. It is also common in crowded living conditions. Reservoir- Humans Mode of transmission- Direct contact with respiratory droplets Incubation period- 2-10 day, commonly 3-4 days. Period of communicability- as long as the bacteria is present in the discharge. Susceptibility and resistance- Susceptibility is low and decreases with age
- 23. 12/05/2024 CDC 23 ClinicalManifestation Sudden onset of fever, intense headache, nausea and often vomiting, and petechial rash with pink macules (meningococcal). Neck stiffness Kernig’s sign may be positive (i.e. patient feels back pain when one of the lower limbs is flexed at the knee joint and extended forward in an elevated position) Brudinski’s sign may be positive (i.e. when the patient’s neck is flexed, the two lower extremities get flexed or raised up). Delirium and coma often appear. Diagnosis Based on clinical and epidemiological grounds White blood cell count. (neutrophils) Cerebrospinal fluid analysis (Gram stain, white cell count)
- 24. 12/05/2024 CDC 24 Treatment Admitthe patient and administer high dose of crystalline penicillin, Ceftriaxone, ceftazidime Anti=inflammatory agent (dexamethasone) Antipyretic Nursing care Maintain fluid balance (input and output) Maintain body temperature to normal Timely administration of antibiotics Monitor vital signs Put on calm room and decrease light Prevention and control Education Reduce overcrowding in work places, schools, camps, Vaccines containing group A,C and Y strains. Chemotherapy of cases
- 25. 12/05/2024 CDC 25 Leprosy(Hansen’s disease) Definition • A chronic bacterial disease of the skin, peripheral nerves and, in lepromatous patients, the upper airway Infectious agent: Mycobacterium leprae Epidemiology • Although common in rural tropics and subtropics, socio- economic conditions may be more important than climate itself. Mode of transmission- • Household and prolonged close contact with ulcer and nasal discharge
- 26. 12/05/2024 CDC 26 ClinicalManifestation • Clinical manifestations vary between two polar forms: lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy. 1. Tuberculoid (Paucibacillary form) • Skin lesions are single or few, sharply demarcated, anesthetic or hyperesthetic and bilaterally symmetrical. • Peripheral nerve involvement tends to be severe. 2. Borderline • Has features of both polar forms and is more liable to shift toward the lepromatous form in untreated patients and toward the tuberculoid form in treated patients. 3. Lepromatous (Multibacillary form) • Nodules, papules, macules and diffused infiltration are bilaterally symmetrical and usually numerous and extensive. • Involvement of the nasal mucosa may lead to crusting, obstructed breathing and epistaxis. • Ocular involvement leads to iritis and keratitis.
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- 29. 12/05/2024 CDC 29 Diagnosis •Complete skin examination (hyperesthesia, anesthesia, paralysis, muscle wasting or trophic ulcer which are signs of peripheral nerve involvement) with bilateral palpation of peripheral nerves (ulnar nerve at the elbow, peroneal nerve at head of fibula and the great auricular nerve) for enlargement and tenderness. • Skin lesion are tested for sensation (light touch, pink prick, temperature discrimination). • Demonstration of AFB in skin smears made by scraped incision method. • Skin biopsy confined to the affected area should be sent to the experienced pathologists in leprosy diagnosis
- 30. 12/05/2024 CDC 30 •Treatment Dapsone Refampicin Clfazamin :three drugs for 12 months and then dapsone alone for the next 12 months. Aspirin for mild reactions and inflammation Severe reaction can be treated with corticosteroids
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