Communicative competence

Communicative competence

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  Communicative Competence
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  What is CommunicativeCompetence?HymesThe ability to interpret messages and negotiate meaning within specific contexts. SavignonAn interpersonal construct examined by means of overt performance of two or more people in the process of communication.
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  James Cummins (1980)CALPCognitive/AcademicLanguage ProficiencyContext ReducedSurface features of language
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  Focus on form
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  Used for classroomexercises
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  Communicative capacity oflanguage
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  Focus on meaning
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  Used for dailyinterpersonal exchangesBICSContext EmbeddedBasic Interpersonal Communicative Skills
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  Canale & SwainGrammaticalCompetenceLexical items
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  Morphology
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  Syntax
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  Semantics
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  PhonologySociolinguistic CompetenceStrategic CompetenceSocioculturalrules
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  Understanding social context4Verbal/nonverbalstrategies to compensate for breakdowns due to performance variables or insufficient competenceAbility of connecting sentences
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  Intersentential RelationshipsDiscourse Competence
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  Bachman (1990)REMEMBERLocutionaryact: Performanceof an utterance“It’s cold in here.”Illocutionary act: Intended meaning[The windows is open. So I should close it.]Perlocutionary act: Consequences of the utterance (whether intended or not)[Someone closes the window.]Dialect
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  Register
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  Naturalness
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  Cultural References
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  Vocabulary
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  Morphology
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  Syntax
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  Phonology
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  GraphologySociolinguistic CompetenceLanguage CompetenceGrammaticalCompetenceOrganizational CompetencePragmatic CompetenceTextual (Discourse) CompetenceIllocutionary CompetenceManipulative Functions
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  Heuristic Functions
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  Imaginative Functions
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  Cohesion
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  Rehtorical OrganizationStrategic CompetenceLanguageCompetenceKnowledge Structures (of the world)Strategic CompetencePsychophysiological MechanismsContext of Situation
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  Language FunctionsPurposes weaccomplish with language:statingREQUESTINGrespondinggreeting
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  Halliday’s 7 FunctionsCertainevents happenParticular conditions changeGo out!1- InstrumentalControl of eventsSetting rulesIf it’s not cold, stay outside. 2- RegulatoryConveying facts and knowledgeRepresenting reality as it isYoghurt is white!3- RepresentationalTo establish & maintain contactKnowledge of slang, jargon, jokes…What’s up dude?!!4- InteractionalTo express feelings and emtionsOh dear! I feel so blue today! 5- PersonalSeeking answers (usually in the form of questions)6- HeuristicWhere do babies come from?!!!To create ideas and imaginationsGoing beyond the real world“Love is metaphysical gravity.” 7- Imaginative
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  Functional ApproachNotional-Functional syllabusesNotionFunctionNotionis referred both to abstract concepts such as existence, space, time, quantity and qualityFunctions correspond to what we already talked about Language Functions i.e. instrumental, representational, etc.
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  Discourse AnalysisThe examinationof the relationship between forms and functions of language. It’s language beyond the sentence. Without the pragmatic contexts of discourse our communications would be ambiguous.
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  Conversation AnalysisAttention GettingIt’sthe first rule that children learn.Topic NominationSpeakers do it after securing hearer’s attention.Topic DevelopmentSpeakers do it after securing hearer’s attention.Turn TakingSet of culturally oriented rules to communicate properly.ClarificationIs usually manifested in forms of Heuristic functions.RepairFrom indirect signals to outright corrections (strategic competence)Shifting and AvoidanceThey are effected through verbal and nonverbal signals.InterruptionsThey are a form of attention getting.Topic TerminationIt’s an art of finishing the conversation which is hard even for native speakers!
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  Grice MaximsSay onlyas much as necessary.Say only what is true.QuantityQualityRelevanceMannerSay only what is relevant.Be clear!
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  Contrastive RhetoricNaturally occuringdiscourses, usually written, across different language and cultures.
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  PragmaticsSociopragmaticsPragmalinguisticsThe interface betweenpragmatics and social organization.e.g.American: What an unusual necklace. It’s beautiful.Samoan: Please take it!The intersection of pragmatics and linguistic forms.e.g.Tuand vous in French. In English there’s only “you” for both formal and informal. But in French they use plural “you” to address an individual politely.
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  PragmaticsLanguage and GenderGirlsproduce more “standard” language than boys.
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  Men Interrupt morethan women.
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  Men and womenuse different syntactic and phonological variants.Discourse StylesSets of conventions for selecting words, phrases discourse, and nonverbal language in specified contexts.
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  Discourse StylesORATORICAL StyleThelanguage of speaking for a large audience. There may be some interactions sometimes.DELIBERATIVE StyleThe language of speaking for a larger audience in which the magnitude of the crowed doesn’t let interaction.CONSULTATIVE StyleA formal dialog with careful choice of words, such as a doctor-patient conversation.CASUAL StyleLanguage of friends, colleagues, and family members.INTIMATE StyleComplete absence of social inhibitions usually between very close friends.
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  Nonverbal CommunicationClothesKinesicsArtifactsBody LanguageTouchingEyeContactKinestheticsProxemicsSmellingPhysical DistanceOlfactory
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