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political and economic form of organization (Alemika and
Chukwuma, 2005). Community policing is a philosophy that
promotes organizational strategies that support the
systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving
techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions
that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social
disorder, and fear of crime (President’s Task Force on 21st
Century Policing, 2015). Tillman (2000) defined community
policing “as bringing police and citizens together to prevent
crime and solve problems, emphasizing the prevention of
crime rather than the traditional policing method of
responding to crime after it happens” (p.1).
Community policing involves collaboration between police
and community members characterized by problem-solving
partnerships to enhance public safety. Community policing
was adopted widely among law enforcement agencies inthe
1990s, with a view toward improving trust between
community members andpolice, and leveraging police
resources through voluntary assistance by community
members in public safety measures (COP Office, 2008).
Police and Community Policing
The origin of the word ‘police’ is derived from the Greek
word ‘Polis’, which means “that part of non-ecclesiastical
administration having to do withthesafety,healthandorder
of the state” (Ehindero, 1998, p.1). Historical facts showed
that the origin the “police force” is a recentdevelopment, but
“policing” is not, because the latter was a necessary societal
collective measure to protect themselves (individually or
collectively) or to control the wrongdoing tendency of some
members; thus has been in existence for ages (Oluwaniyi,
2011; Alemika and Chukwuma, 2005; Reiner, 2000). In
Nigeria, volunteers for traditional policing formed
themselves into what was referred to as ‘yan banga’ or ‘ode
adugbo’ (street vigilante group), which still exists in most
parts of the country today. But the emergence of the state
vis-à-vis the need to protect the state (political elites)during
colonial rule necessitated the establishment of the police
force (Oluwaniyi, 2011).
Police force is the most powerful constitutional organamong
law enforcement agencies in Nigeria.Theoverall operational
control of the Nigeria Police Force is vested in the President
in accordance with the 1999 Constitution and the Police Act
(Rauch & Spuy, 2006). As stated in the Section 214 (1) of the
1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, “there
shall be a police force for Nigeria, which shall be known as
the Nigeria Police Force, and subject to the provisionsofthis
section no other police force shall be established for the
Federation or any part thereof”. The Police Act (2009) also
states that, the Nigeria Police Force is vested with such
responsibilities as: the protection of life and property;
detection and prevention ofcrime; apprehension of
offenders; preservation of law and order; the due
enforcement of law regulations with which they are directly
charged; and performance of such other military duties
within and without Nigeria as may be required ofthemby or
under the authority of any other Act.
The Nigeria Police Force is usually the most visible and
accessible agency to the citizens, but there are other
agencies in Nigeria that police the affairsofcitizensandeven
foreigners within the country’s territorial boundary. These
agencies include National Security and Civil Defense Corps
(NSCDC), Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC), Nigerian
Immigration Service (NIS), Nigeria Custom Service (NCS),
States Security Services (SSS), National Intelligence Agency
(NIA), Peace Corps of Nigeria (PCN), Defense Intelligence
Agency (DIA), and National Drug Law Enforcement Agency
(NDLEA), etc. Over the years, there are many processes of
police reform which, according to Rauch and Spuy (2009),
still are currently under way, or abouttocommence.Current
police policies are based on assumptions that proactive
policing strategies will not only deter crime but will also
improve police-community relations (Wiley and Esbensen,
2013). It is along this line that community policing was
introduced to achieve the above objective.
National Security
The concept of national security remains ambiguous,having
evolved from simplerdefinitionswhichemphasizedfreedom
from military threat and from political coercion. Among the
many definitions proposed to date are the following, which
show how the concept has evolved to encompass non-
military concerns:" A nation has security when it does not
have to sacrifice its legitimate interests to avoid war, and is
able, if challenged, to maintain them by war. "The distinctive
meaning of national security means freedom from foreign
dictation." (Aristotle, 2019, p. 34).National security
objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values
and subjectively, the absence of fear that such values will be
attacked." (p.35). "National security then is the ability to
preserve the nation's physical integrity and territory; to
maintain its economic relations with the rest of the world on
reasonable terms; to preserve its nature, institution, and
governance from disruption from outside; and to control its
borders." (Harold Brown, U.S. Secretary of Defense, 1977-
1981).
"National security is best described as a capacity to control
those domestic and foreign conditions that the public
opinion of a given community believes necessaryto enjoyits
own self-determination or autonomy, prosperity and
wellbeing." (Umoh-ette, 2010). "National security is an
appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and
maturity,human resources, economicstructureandcapacity,
technological competence, industrial base andavailabilityof
natural resources and finally the military might." (Adamu,
Bakri and Shansuddin, 2018; Dambazzau, 2007).
National security is the measurable state of the capability of
a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the
apparent well-being of its people and itssurvival asa nation-
state at any given time, by balancing all instruments of state
policy through governance and is extendable to global
security by variables external to it." (Aristotle, 2019;
Picarelli, 2008).
National and international security may be understood as a
shared freedom from fear and want, and the freedom to live
in dignity. It implies social and ecological health rather than
the absence of risk... [and is] a common right".(Ozo-Eson,
2010; Dambazzau, 2007).
Dimensions of national security
Potential causes of national insecurity include actions by
other states (e.g. military or cyber-attack), violent non-state
actors (e.g. terrorist attack), organized criminal groupssuch
as narcotic cartels, and also the effects of natural disasters](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/281communitypolicingandnationalsecurityastudyofselectedlocalgovernmentareasinbayelsastatenigeria-210121053408/75/Community-Policing-and-National-Security-A-Study-of-Selected-Local-Government-Areas-in-Bayelsa-State-Nigeria-5-2048.jpg)
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38204 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1585
the result of this study agrees withthesummationof(Okafor
and Anichie, 2018; Adamu Bakri and Shamsuddin, 2018;
Maikano and Mustapha, 2013; Zumve, 2012). Hence, since
the chi square computed value for the hypothesis is
obviously higher than the table value of 5.99, it is therefore,
easy to make the submission here that there is a significant
relationship between the neglect of community policing
philosophy and the failure of national security in the study
area.
7. Findings and Discussion
Based on the analysis, the findings of the study are
summarized as follows: That the relationship between the
community policing and national security has not been very
effective. In fact, respondents believe that it has been less
effective with regard to how community policing has
addressed the issue of national security in the study area.
Also, the study found that poor community police
relationship is at the heart of the increasing rate of national
security problems in the study area. This goes to show that
the current interface between the police and the
communities is weak and need to be scaled up. In addition,
the study found that this low community police relationship
is hinged on poor communication between the communities
and the Nigerian Police Force. This goes a long way to reveal
that communication is a major tool that can enable the fight
against crime under the community policing framework.
Again, the study also found that community policing
stakeholders especiallythosefromcommunitiesare worried
about the ability of the police to keep the identity of
informants’ secret. Hence, when community membersknow
that their identity is not safe, they tend to stay away from
providing any meaningful information that may aid the
police in terms of crime fighting. Lastly, it was found that
while the police believe that effective communication
between the force and community members is important to
the community policing framework, the residents believe
that paying for their services is the best way to achieve this.
8. Conclusion
There is every need to believe that community policing as a
framework to address multidimensional security and crime
problems in Nigeria would be an ideal framework.However,
this study has proven that although the model is a welcome
development in all ramifications, some specific and peculiar
indicators have largely undermined its progress in terms of
crime prevention and fighting in a place like Bayelsa State.
Much as this is the case, it is necessary to point out that
despite these shortcomings, improvements can be made to
raise the capacity of the framework to address insecurity
and crime in the study area and in Nigeria at large.
Therefore, based on the findings, it is the conclusion of this
study that the current relationship between the community
members and the police is particularly poor and this is
hinged on the distrusts for the police in so many ways.
Similarly, community policing structure is strained mostly
because of the absenceofa healthycommunicationstructure
between the police and community members. This is in
addition to the widespread fear amongst members of the
communities that the police will not be able to keep the
identities of informants’ secret and this may adverselyaffect
people who provide information to the police.
9. Recommendations
Following the findings and the conclusion reached in this
study, the following recommendations have been proffered
to improve the community policing framework in the study
area:
A. Ensure Secrecy of Informants: It is important that the
Nigerian police force ensures that informant from
communities are protected. This can be done by making
all information anonymous to the public.
B. Scale up communication outlets: In addition to
community police relationship discussed above, it is
necessary to increase the nature of communication
between the police and the public. For instance, in
communities where reading and writing is low, the
police can employ traditional modes of communication
to educate people on the importance of community
policing to their security.
C. Strengthen Community-PoliceRelations:Thereisthe
urgent need to improve on the community police
relations in the study area. This can be done through
periodic interface with not just communityleaders buta
large section of the community as a way of building
confidence. This is necessary because the community
members seem to have lost confidence in the police
especially because of their mode of operation.
D. Reward System: The police should put in place a
healthy reward system for those members that are bold
enough to provide information that would lead to
addressing the security and criminal issues in the
society or their various communities. This maynotbein
the form of cash but rewards that show recognition for
their complementary works. However, this should be
done discretely to avoid exposing informants.
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Similar to Community Policing and National Security A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Community Policing and National Security A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
- 1. International Journal ofTrend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume 5 Issue 1, November-December 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38204 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1575 Community Policing and National Security: A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria Aristotle Isaac Jacobs Criminology Criminal Justice and Security Studies, Department of Sociology, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria ABSTRACT The rising crime rate, especially violent crime involving terrorism, armed robbery, Fulani-herdsmen attack, banditry, ritual murders, political assassinations, ethnic and religious violence,kidnapping, pipe-linevandalism, election violence are becoming very seriousproblemtotheNigeriansociety.It is therefore imperatives to know that crime is an obvious risk and possess major threat to orderly coexistence of the citizenry, hence the need for community policing. The purpose of this work therefore was to establish if there is any relationship between community policingandnational securityin selected local government areas of Bayelsa state, Nigeria. There are two competing theories for our theoretical framework- Democratic, and Community implant theory of community policing, but we adopted the later. The study adopted the descriptive research design to survey 2,277,961 populations of Bayelsa, using the Taro- Yamane formula to drawa samplesize of 400; judgmental sampling technique was used in the study. The major instruments used in generating data for this study were questionnaire, observation and interview. The structured questionnaire titled: “Community policing and national security: A study of selected local government areas in Bayelsa state, Nigeria” (COPNSSLGABSNQ). The collected data were analysed using the simple percentage and Chi-square (x2) statistical tool to test the various hypotheses. The study findings are as follows: (i)That there is a link between community policing and national security (ii) the national security problems which exist is as a result of poor community policingrelationsinthe area of the study (iii) poor communication channel between the police and community hinder the effective fight against crime under communitypolicing framework, and (iv) the study revealed that police inability to keep secret the identity of informants has an effect on crime fighting. Based on the above, the following recommendations were made: (i) that to achieve national security objective through community policerelationresidentsshouldbepaidfortheir services rendered in providing useful informationtothe police(ii)theidentity of informants should be kept secret (iii) scale up communication outlets and (iv) that this research be extended to other geo-political zones and the scope broaden, deepened and widened. A number of references were finally made for further review. KEYWORDS: Police, Community Policing, National security, Crime Control and Prevention How to cite this paper: Aristotle Isaac Jacobs "Community Policing and National Security: A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1, December 2020, pp.1575-1587, URL: www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38204.pdf Copyright © 2020 by author (s) and International Journal ofTrendinScientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) 1. INTRODUCTION Every society applies certain rules and regulations made by the legislature that contains sanctions for violation, which orders the behavior of persons, bodies, organization and society in general. Society rewards certain behaviors and inflicts sanctions upon negative behaviors people are discouraged in one way or the other from engaging in acts that the society frowns at. In other to foster compliance, commitment, conformity and consensus which are fundamental prerequisite of social order, most government including that of Nigeria usually employ specially trained people called ‘police’ to checkmate disorder in the society (Aristotle, 2019, p.1). Community policing is the bedrock of community partnership in creating a safe and secure environmentfor all and sundry. It is policing where by the people take active part in their own affairs. Withcommunitypolicing,thepolice are not seen as a problem or strangerwhosepresencestands for danger but as partner in development. The unfriendly nature of the relationships between the police andmembers of the public has enjoyed a wide coverage among scholars.It was in reaction to this development that the concept of community policing was introduced (Aristotle, 2019; Umar, and Usman, 2014). Jamilu (2016) opined that: “Community policing isaphilosophythatstartedmany years back in the United Kingdom and United States, but did not come to Nigeria until 2004. This policing strategy has been incorporated into modern policing IJTSRD38204
- 2. International Journal ofTrend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38204 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1576 so that the police will respond to democratic system of governance. Community policing should be welcomed not only because of traditional policing had been failing, because it is reactive ratherthanproactive, but also the police three strategies makes community policing quite distinct from traditional policing: community partnership, organizational transformation, and problem solving. Looking at the prevailing insecurity in Nigeria, adherence to the principles of community policing will help the Nigeria Police Force to overcome the Security challenges” (p.26). It is based on this background, that it can be said that the police force helps to observe, fortify and stabilize the prevailing social order in the areas of law and order (Hess and Wrobleski, 2003). In other words, organizationslikethe police are established in the society for appropriate maintenance of rules and regulations, so as to eradicate or reduce crime. The police are most visible institution of the criminal justice system. Greater parts of citizen come in regular contact with the police than any other criminal justice institution. This makes the police to be the visible presence of the state in civil society (Ozo- Eson, 2010; Jewkes and Letherby, 2002). In a strict legal definition, however, a crime is a violation of the criminal law, which is subsequently followed by legal punishment. It is an act of omission, whichattractssanctions such as fine, imprisonment, or even death (Dambazau, 2007). In modern societies, behaviors that are considered inimical to the interest of members of the society are embodied in the criminal code. Act or behaviors that violate the criminal laws of a country are referred to as crime. Tappan (1996) defines crime as ‘an intentional act in the violation of the criminal law (statutory and case law) committed without defense orexcuseandispenalizedby the state as felony or misdemeanor’. Clinard (1986)alsodefined crime as ‘anyact that is socially injurious and is punished by the state, regardless of the type of punishment’ (Ozo- Eson, 2010).Crime has always been perennial and universal problem of all societies in all ages. It impedes or afflicts the society, eating away at the fabric of a nation. Life is impoverished for many by anxiety and fear as a result of crime. The by- product of crime, beyond actual physical or material loss is fear. For many crime victims, it is the most burdensome and lasting consequencesoftheirvictimization. The fear of crime has many detrimental consequences, it makes people vulnerable and isolated, it reduces a person general sense of well-being, and it also contributes to neighborhood decline. The people most fearful to crime are the most vulnerable to crime. Scholars are asking whether most crimes could not be preventedinthefirstplace,and are developing techniques and programmesdesignedtodothat. Society needs to be able to punish criminals, but it is equally important that the would be criminals find it difficult to offend at all. For the disease of crime is better prevented than to be cured (Ozo- Eson, 2010; Kerrigan, 2003). Community Policing (CP) is a new theory of police administration and is said to have three core elements: Citizens involvement, problem solving,anddecentralization. All are related, but citizen involvement is especially crucial because it is the basis of the theoretical foundation of community policing (Halder, 2008).The concept of community policing as a philosophy of full service personalized policing, where the same officer patrol and work in the same area on permanent basis, from a decentralized place, working in a proactivepartnershipwith citizens to identify and solve the problem. (Aristotle, 2019; Pupura, 2001; Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux, 1990). Community policing is a policy and strategy aimed at achieving more effective and efficient crime control, reduce fear of crime, improved quality of life, improve police services and legitimacy, through a proactive reliance on community resources that seek to change crime- causing conditions. This assumes need for greater accountability, greater public share in decision-makingandgreaterconcern for civil rights. This concept appears to impose a new responsibility on the police to create appropriate ways of associating the public with law enforcement and maintenance of order. It is said to define how the police should be sensible and appropriatelyrespondtocitizensand communities. The fact that the core function of the police is to control crime, this function can be greatly improved by diagnosing and managing problems in the community that produce serious crimes fostering closer relations with the community to facilitate crime solving; and building self- defense capabilities within the community itself. Accordingly, community strategies of policing direct attention to and prepare the police to exploit local knowledge and capability to control crime (Dambazau, 2007). The implementation of community policing goes a long way in changing the characteristics outlooks of the police. It is a renewed emphasis on the crime prevention and control rather than law enforcement and can go hand in hand with the integration of policing with the community (Ozo- Eson, 2010). The essence of policing concept is to return to the days when safety and security are participatory in nature, and everyone assumed the responsibility of well-being of their community; not just selected few, notjustsafetyforces, but absolutely everyone living in the community. It is a philosophy, a belief that working together, the police, the community and government can accomplish what neither can accomplish alone (Aristotle, 2019; Hess and Wroblesky, 2003). 2. Statement of Problem Scholars like Oguntunde, Oluwadare, Okagbue and Oguntunde, (2018); Jamilu, (2016); Umar and Usman, (2014); Alemika andChukwuma,(2003);andPapura,(2001) have emphasized on the need for community policing in Nigeria for crime detection, prevention andcontrol.Tofulfill this, Nigerian government has at various administration established institutions like, the Civil Defense Corps, Police Community Relations Committee (PCRC), Vigilante groups, Coup of Commissionaire among others,thepoliceinstitution also in an attempt to reduce crime rates issues out numbers known as 'distress call lines' for the citizens to call when there are crises inthecommunity,neighbourhood,orlocality in all the thirty six (36) states of the federation including the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), the police alsocameupwith the slogan like' police is your friend'. The police also organized a sensitization campaign informing thecitizensto report any criminal activities within their community to the nearest police station and as well promisingtheinformantof their security, they also organize community town hall
- 3. International Journal ofTrend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38204 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1577 meetings to address the citizens on criminal activities. Nevertheless, in the midst of all this effort crime rates still increase and the current security challenges in the country continue to deepen, broaden and widen. According to the crime statisticsinNigeria asinvestigated by the Nigerian police, Criminal homicideormurderratestands at (9.85%) per 100,000 populations in 2015. (Aristotle, 2019). But this figure has redoubled from 2016 to 2018 reaching (68.18%). This violent crime includes: Murder, armed robbery, assault, felonious wounding, manslaughter, bribery, corruption, burglary, kidnapping, terrorism, herdsmen attack, vandalism and electoral violence. Physical attack due to ethnic origin and religion stand at (46.09%); drug related offences at (63.89%); crime against property such as vandalism and theft stood at (69.04%) and crimes such as assault and armed robbery at (72.26%). (Aristotle, 2019, p. 6). Similarly, according to report by crime ranking index of countries with highest crime rates, Nigeria is ranked 14th with (64.64%) on the scale of countries withhighcrime rate, closely followed by Puerto Rico with (64.75%) ranking 13th and leading the chart is Venezuela with the 1st position in ranking at (84.86%) of countries with highest crime rate in the world as at September, 2019. (Aristotle, 2019, p.7). Furthermore, according to Oguntunde, et al, (2018) in their article titled: Analysis of selected crime data in Nigeria; presented crime data in the tables below: Table 1: Summary statistics of the data set on crime activities Crime types Mean Mode Sum Skewness Kurtosis Murder 1814.48 1453a 38,104 1.056 0.565 Armed Robbery 2126.19 1064a 44,650 0.058 -1.317 Assault 43890.19 28,925a 921,694 -0.120 -1.271 Felonious Wounding 16667.05 9659a 350,008 1.257 4.317 Manslaughter 33.52 14a 704 0.935 0.074 Bribery and Corruption 208.00 10a 4368 0.878 -0.220 Burglary 22179.10 10,265a 465,761 3.520 14.231 (Aristotle, 2019; Oguntunde, et al, 2018). Nevertheless, in spite of all the efforts by government and police institution examined earlier in this study crime in the country continue to rise as showed in the above tables, was what captured the attention of the researcher to probe the reason why community policing fail. The rising crime rate, especially violent crime involving terrorism, armed robbery, Fulani herdsmen attack, ritual murders, political assassinations, ethnic and religious violence, kidnapping, pipe-line vandalism, election violence are becoming very serious problems to the Nigerian society. It is therefore imperative to know that crime is an obvious risk and major threat to orderly coexistence of the citizenry. In Nigeria, crime constitutes immediate threat tomajority of the people both rich and poor,menandwomen,children and the old. It is also well documented that criminality is part and parcel of the human nature and society, but constitute problem when every sector is affected and majority of the society complains (Aristotle, 2013; Ozo-Eson, 2010).Poor police public relation is becoming chronicproblemswith the police. It is argued that Nigeria Police is a product of the colonial rule and postcolonial dictatorship in Nigeria. Thus, the societies distrust and have less regards for the police resulting to non-cooperation from the public (Ozo- Eson, 2010). The Nigeria Police have a very serious image problem in the eyes of the public it is established to serve. The police are described more in negative terms by major segments of the population; viewed with suspicion, and perceived to be unfriendly (Alemika, 1993). Police public relationship depends to a large extent, on the quality of personnel that make up the police force. It is difficult to expect the public to co-operate fully with the police in a situation where the police conduct themselves harshly and repressively even when the public haverighttoa claim.Also, it is difficult for the police to achieve any appreciable measure of success in discharging their duties as preservers of success in discharging their duties as preservers of law and order in any society in which the public treat them with scorn, indifference and contempt. Treating the police with disdain and non-challant attitude can only result in eroding police effectiveness in ensuring the safety of the society (Ozo- Eson, 2010; Nweke, 2002). Corruption is a problem that is ravagingthepoliceinNigeria. Police corruption impacts directly on the police ability to prevent and control crime, including criminal investigation. Corrupt police officer devotes time and energy in pursuing graft, rather than fulfillment of their responsibilities to the society. Police corruption which include ill acts like favoritism, bribery, diversion of police resources, deceptive practices among others, leads to increase in criminality and people taking laws into their hands (Dambazau, 2007). Police officers sometimes give up their professional principles, destroy their dignity and exhibit such low sense of duty for illegal material gains. Exampleisextorting money from motorists in lieu of search or in disguise of inspecting vehicle documents, collecting of money for exchange of charges or reframing charges for offenders, turning a complainer into an accused for a fee (Ilegbune, 1998). Also, the ugly stain of corruption and embezzlement has manifested even in the police top hierarchy, example was when the former inspector general of police Mr. Tafa Balogun stole billions of naira belonging to the police (Ozo- Eson, 2010). Police violation of human rights, which include brutality, is also a major obstacle to the prospects of democratic and effective policing in Nigeria. The police violence in terms of brutality, torture and homicide is widespread inNigeria.For instance, the then Nigeria Police Task Force, which was codenamed “Operation Fire for Fire” the created by Tafa Balogun the then Inspector General of Police, portrayed the police to be frequent involved in human rights abuse which at times results in death of persons.Thepoliceoperated with impunity in apprehension, illegal detention and execution of criminal suspects (Dambazau, 2007).
- 4. International Journal ofTrend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38204 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1578 Extra-judicial killing by the policeinNigeria isalsobecoming a frequent occurrence. As reported by Tell Independent Weekly of August 1st 2005 page 25 ofthefamousApokillings in Abuja, of six traders (Ekene Isaac, Ifeanyi Ozor, Chinedu Meniru, Paulinus Ogbonna, Anthony Ifeanyi and Augustina Arebu) who were brutally murdered by the police, on the ground that they were suspected armed robbers. Like the “Apo six”, there are other numerous Nigerians who have been dispatched to unmarked graves by this invidious vocation of the police. The site of the police is considered to be synonymous with trouble by many instead of being friends, the police existed to be feared and avoided (Ozo- Eson, 2010 cited in Aristotle, 2019). Similarly, some law enforcement agents are believed to be engaged in extra- judicial killings creating a scenario that Nigeria Policedo not follow the rule of law (The Punch Newspaper November 23, 2018). Furthermore, the constraints of poor police facilities, inadequate remuneration andinadequatepolicepersonnel's makes the police institution to be ill-equipped to performits role. Poor and ill-equipped police patrol attribute to the fact ill-equipped for massive surveillance and prompt action required to keep crime in check. The general absence of these facilities has resulted in a grossly ineffective police action against crime. Police which are meant to be the antidote to criminalityseemedtobegettingoverwhelmedby the phenomenon. The criminals seem to be ahead of the police such that the latter now only react to the commission of crimes and usually after the offenders might have left the scene of the crime. This disability enables criminals to operate freely and with impunity. And also armed police patrols are few and irregular and the likelihood of an encounter with criminals is negligible (Ilegbune, 1998). For instance, Dickson (2007) has noted some impediments to the successful implementation of community policing in Nigeria and they include: internal resistance by policemen who benefited from the traditional policing and who prefer to maintain the status quo; lack ofcommitmenttotheproject by implementing officers; lack of support from welfare packaged the public; inadequate support from the government; and poor welfare packaged/incentive for policemen. However, one of the biggest impediments to the success of community policing in Nigeria is the hostile relationship between the police and the informal policing machinery usually made up of some factionsofethnicmilitia groups in the country. In addition, the situation of which the police stations experience numerous reports of little matters of misunderstanding that ordinarily could have prevented by patrol officers is escalating the number of reported cases to be dealt with in the police station, thereby straining the police stations, courts and prisons. The implementation of community policing will go a long way to reduce this problem, because this policing strategy promotes outside court/police stations settlement as community members would be encouraged to resolve any misunderstanding amicably without resorting to the court or policestationsfor settlements. Hence, the research on community policing and national security: A study of selected local government areas in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Since the works of the previous researchers, like that of Oguntunde, et al, (2018).Analysis of selected crime data in Nigeria. Mustapha, Zakariyya and Usman, (2016). A review on the achievements and challenges of community policing in Nigeria. Jamilu, (2016). Community policing in Nigeria. Umar and Usman, (2014). Need for community policing. Abiri, (2011). Models of community policing: What worked and did not. Umoh- Ette, (2010). An investigation into the impact of community policing as a strategy for crime prevention and control. Alemika and Chukwuma, (2005). Analysis of police and policing in Nigeria. And, Tilman, (2000).The effectiveness of community policing; were inexhaustible. Therefore, the researcher intends to bridge theknowledgegapwhich exists in the works of the listed scholars as none of them looked at Bayelsa State of which it is the economic hub of Nigeria. Research Question In order to achieve the mission of this study, the following research questions were raised: 1. Do police inability to keep secrets and the identity of those who partner with them to provide information a factor which hinders effective community policing? 2. Do poor communication channels between the police and community hinder the success of community policing in fighting crime? 3. What ways can Nigeria achieve national security objectives through community police relations? Specific Objectives The Specific objectives of the study are: 1. To establish the role of police inability to keep secret and the identity of those who partner with them to provide useful information in fighting crime. 2. To establish the influence of poor communication channel between the police and the community in fighting crime. 3. To proffer solutions that enableNigeria achieve national security objectives through community police relations. The research hypotheses formulated are as follows: 1. The more police fail in keeping secret the identity of crime informants from the community, the more community policing fail to achieve its objectives. 2. The more police fail to communicate effectivelywiththe host community which they serve; the morecommunity policing fails to achieve its objectives. 3. The more community policing philosophy is neglected the more national security of Nigeria fails. 3. Review of Related Literature The concepts of police and policingareusedinterchangeably in everyday language, but they do not always meanthesame thing. Of course, the primary role of police is policing, but policing is not a sole responsibility of the police. Conversely, not all those shouldered with policing responsibility are belonging to police organization. Policing is securing compliance with existing laws and conformitywithprecepts of social order (Aristotle, 2019). But the police are not the only agency involved in policing, in the broad sense of the term. Policing has always been necessary in all societies for the preservation of order, safety and social relations. The necessity of policing becomes even more evident in modern societies characterized by diversities and contradictions arising from population heterogeneity, urbanization, industrialization,conflicting ideologiesonappropriatesocio-
- 5. International Journal ofTrend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38204 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1579 political and economic form of organization (Alemika and Chukwuma, 2005). Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies that support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime (President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing, 2015). Tillman (2000) defined community policing “as bringing police and citizens together to prevent crime and solve problems, emphasizing the prevention of crime rather than the traditional policing method of responding to crime after it happens” (p.1). Community policing involves collaboration between police and community members characterized by problem-solving partnerships to enhance public safety. Community policing was adopted widely among law enforcement agencies inthe 1990s, with a view toward improving trust between community members andpolice, and leveraging police resources through voluntary assistance by community members in public safety measures (COP Office, 2008). Police and Community Policing The origin of the word ‘police’ is derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’, which means “that part of non-ecclesiastical administration having to do withthesafety,healthandorder of the state” (Ehindero, 1998, p.1). Historical facts showed that the origin the “police force” is a recentdevelopment, but “policing” is not, because the latter was a necessary societal collective measure to protect themselves (individually or collectively) or to control the wrongdoing tendency of some members; thus has been in existence for ages (Oluwaniyi, 2011; Alemika and Chukwuma, 2005; Reiner, 2000). In Nigeria, volunteers for traditional policing formed themselves into what was referred to as ‘yan banga’ or ‘ode adugbo’ (street vigilante group), which still exists in most parts of the country today. But the emergence of the state vis-à-vis the need to protect the state (political elites)during colonial rule necessitated the establishment of the police force (Oluwaniyi, 2011). Police force is the most powerful constitutional organamong law enforcement agencies in Nigeria.Theoverall operational control of the Nigeria Police Force is vested in the President in accordance with the 1999 Constitution and the Police Act (Rauch & Spuy, 2006). As stated in the Section 214 (1) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, “there shall be a police force for Nigeria, which shall be known as the Nigeria Police Force, and subject to the provisionsofthis section no other police force shall be established for the Federation or any part thereof”. The Police Act (2009) also states that, the Nigeria Police Force is vested with such responsibilities as: the protection of life and property; detection and prevention ofcrime; apprehension of offenders; preservation of law and order; the due enforcement of law regulations with which they are directly charged; and performance of such other military duties within and without Nigeria as may be required ofthemby or under the authority of any other Act. The Nigeria Police Force is usually the most visible and accessible agency to the citizens, but there are other agencies in Nigeria that police the affairsofcitizensandeven foreigners within the country’s territorial boundary. These agencies include National Security and Civil Defense Corps (NSCDC), Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC), Nigerian Immigration Service (NIS), Nigeria Custom Service (NCS), States Security Services (SSS), National Intelligence Agency (NIA), Peace Corps of Nigeria (PCN), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), and National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), etc. Over the years, there are many processes of police reform which, according to Rauch and Spuy (2009), still are currently under way, or abouttocommence.Current police policies are based on assumptions that proactive policing strategies will not only deter crime but will also improve police-community relations (Wiley and Esbensen, 2013). It is along this line that community policing was introduced to achieve the above objective. National Security The concept of national security remains ambiguous,having evolved from simplerdefinitionswhichemphasizedfreedom from military threat and from political coercion. Among the many definitions proposed to date are the following, which show how the concept has evolved to encompass non- military concerns:" A nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate interests to avoid war, and is able, if challenged, to maintain them by war. "The distinctive meaning of national security means freedom from foreign dictation." (Aristotle, 2019, p. 34).National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, the absence of fear that such values will be attacked." (p.35). "National security then is the ability to preserve the nation's physical integrity and territory; to maintain its economic relations with the rest of the world on reasonable terms; to preserve its nature, institution, and governance from disruption from outside; and to control its borders." (Harold Brown, U.S. Secretary of Defense, 1977- 1981). "National security is best described as a capacity to control those domestic and foreign conditions that the public opinion of a given community believes necessaryto enjoyits own self-determination or autonomy, prosperity and wellbeing." (Umoh-ette, 2010). "National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and maturity,human resources, economicstructureandcapacity, technological competence, industrial base andavailabilityof natural resources and finally the military might." (Adamu, Bakri and Shansuddin, 2018; Dambazzau, 2007). National security is the measurable state of the capability of a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the apparent well-being of its people and itssurvival asa nation- state at any given time, by balancing all instruments of state policy through governance and is extendable to global security by variables external to it." (Aristotle, 2019; Picarelli, 2008). National and international security may be understood as a shared freedom from fear and want, and the freedom to live in dignity. It implies social and ecological health rather than the absence of risk... [and is] a common right".(Ozo-Eson, 2010; Dambazzau, 2007). Dimensions of national security Potential causes of national insecurity include actions by other states (e.g. military or cyber-attack), violent non-state actors (e.g. terrorist attack), organized criminal groupssuch as narcotic cartels, and also the effects of natural disasters
- 6. International Journal ofTrend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38204 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1580 (e.g. flooding, earthquakes). Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be transnational, include climate change, economic inequality and marginalization,political exclusion, and militarization. In view of the wide range of risks, the security of a nation state has several dimensions, including economic security, energy security, physical security, environmental security, food security, border security, and cyber security. These dimensions correlate closely with elements of national power. (Picarelli, 2008).Increasingly, governments organize their security policies into a national security strategy (NSS); as of 2017, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States are among the states to have done so. Some states also appointa National Security Council to oversee the strategy and/or a National Security Advisor.Although States differ in their approach, with some beginning to prioritize non-militaryactiontotacklesystemic drivers of insecurity, various forms of coercive power predominate, particularly military capabilities. The scope of these capabilities has developed (Picarelli, 2008). Traditionally, military capabilities were mainly land or sea- based, and in smaller countries they still are. Elsewhere, the domains of potential warfare now include the air, space, cyberspace, and psychological operations. Military capabilities designed for these domains may be used for national security, or equally for offensive purposes, for example to conquer and annex territory and resources. The Philosophy and ComponentsofCommunityPolicing A community policing perspective is very different from a traditional policing perspective. In community policing, the police must share power with the residents of a community, and critical decisions need to be made at the neighborhood level, not at a downtown police headquarters. Such decentralization of authority means that the credit for bringing about a safer community must be shared with the people of the community. According to (Bohm and Haley (1997), achieving the goals of community policing require successful implementationofthreeessential complementary components or operation strategies. These include community partnership, problem solving and change management. Another Useful tool in working towards a solution is known as the crime star (Aristotle, 2019). Crime Star Source: - (Aristotle, 2019) The above crime star is propounded by Aristotle Jacobs; it is a review and disorder as an interaction among five (5) variables: offender, intent, location, opportunity and victim. This crime star postulates that criminal offences begin with offender’s desire or intent to commit a crime; every crime committed requires a suitable location in whichthecriminal considers safe to operate; and once safety is guaranteed, the criminal seize the opportunity to commit his or her criminal act on the innocent victims. The duty of the police, law enforcement agencies, victimologists or criminologists is to break up the crimestar by not giving the criminal an opportunity to commit crime. Thus, community policing aid in breaking up the crime star circle, by not giving intended criminals the opportunity to commit crime in their locality, but rather as co-custodian of the peace and safety of their hostcommunity,bysodoing the problem of crime is solved. Achievement of Community Policing in Nigeria Mustapha, Zakariyya and Usman, (2016, p.275) maintained that community policing is a philosophy with operating principles based on the assumption that changes today will make community safer and more attractive tomorrow (Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux, 1990). Community policing brings the police and community closer and offers a better outcome (Carol Buracker and Associates, 2007). Moreover, the policing approach shares the idea that police and community must work together to define and develop solutions to problems (Mustapha,etal,2016).Thereason for public involvement is predicated on the beliefthatthepolice alone can neither create nor maintain a safe community. They must keep putting in motion voluntary local efforts aimed at preventing disorder and crime.Inthisrole,theyare adjuncts to community crime prevention efforts, such as the neighborhood watch, target hardening and youth economic development programme (Mustapha, et al, 2016); Trojanowicz, 1982; Wycoff,1988).Oncetheseconditions are associated with CP, achievement can be said to have been made. Similarly, Community policing has been found to be beneficial as a policing approach in addressing issues of crime, disorder and anti-social behavior in Nigeria. For example, it has impacted on general crime prevention and control in states. Like: Lagos, Katsina, Kaduna,Kano, Ogun, Anambra, Enugu, Benue, Borno, Oyo, Kogi and Edo (Security Justice and Growth Programme, 2009). Also, the approach has recorded numerous achievements in Bauchi as it is used in addressing property crime, arson, gangviolenceandpetty theft (Mustapha, et al, 2016; Hussein, 2015). Community policing approach has made significant impact in Rivers State by reducing incident on kidnapping along the East- West road of Emuoha local government area of the state. Further, the achievements of community policing in Nigeria can be seen in-terms of high frequency of meetings between the police and the public and regular security reports by informants, as well as financial assistance from the community to the police (Hussein, 2015). In this direction, the programme can be adjudged to have achieved it goals, and the achievements have justified the arguments of Mustapha, et al, (2016); Hussein (2015);SecurityJusticeand Growth Programme(2009); Mastrofski (2006); Cordner (1999); Kelling (1998); Bayley (1994); Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux (1990) and Trojanowicz (1982). Challenges of Community Policing in Nigeria Despite its numerous achievements in national security, community policing has faced and is still facing some
- 7. International Journal ofTrend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38204 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1581 challenges. According to Dickson (2007), for example, some impediments to the successful implementation of community policing inNigeria include:internal resistance by policemen who benefited from the traditional policing and who prefer to maintain the status quo; lack of commitment to the project by implementing officers; lack ofsupportfrom members of the public; inadequate support from the government; and poor welfare packages/ incentives for officers. Notwithstanding, one of the biggestimpediments to the success of community policing in Nigeria is the hostile relationship between the police and the informal policing machinery usually comprised of some factions of ethnic militia groups in the country. Similarly, Hussein (2015) has identified some obstaclesthat have hindered the effective implementation of community policing in Nigeria. According to him, most of the police respondents studied were not trained on community policing strategies; with limited training, it is unlikely that the police will effectively work in realizing the full potential of community policing. Furthermore, Slogan and Harnett (1998) argued that the insecurity of the informants can affect general public participation inthecommunitypolicing programme. Consequently, Hussein (2015) has observedthatinformants are not rewarded for giving security reports. The lack of rewards for the informants, who use their energy, time, money to participate in communitypolicing,canbea setback to the programme. In other words, the insecurity of the informants and non- payments of rewards are clearly not beneficial to the participants and will thus affect their participation in the community orientedcrimeprevention in the country (Mustapha, Zakariyya and Us man, 2016). Also, corruption has consistently been identified as one of the major obstacle to community policing (Okeshola, 2013; Aristotle, 2012; Human Rights Watch, 2010;Alemika,1993). In addition, other challenges and problems confronting community policing in Nigeria are: The bad state of Nigerian economy with high unemployment, poverty and poor standard of living which usually drive people to crime. Also, the value system or general erosion in moral values of and standard that encourage crime (Okeke, 2013,p.11). According to Mammus, (2010),however,themajorobstacles to community policing in Nigeria are manpower shortage, inadequate funding,logistics supportandinfrastructure,lack of serviceable information and technological equipment. Young and Tirisley (1998) suggest that traditional police structure have done little in fostering the acceptance of responsibility for analyzing problems and seeking resolutions. Mastrofski (2006) criticizedthegeneral “whole- of -police" approach with community policing. Absolutely, organizational problems within the police system, which include: lack of involvement by police management in the design, implementation and monitoring, personnel deployment and structures, clashes between command and control as well as management styles, are among the most serious obstacles to the community policing approach. Likewise, working in specializedunits can cause difficulties in establishing creditability (Polzin, 2007). The above is what is obtainable within the Nigeria police (Mustapha, Zakariyya and Usman, 2016; Alemika, 1993). Therefore, Oguntunde, et al (2018); Polzin (2007) believes that for community policing to be successful, all the challenges need to be identified during phase of the community policing initiatives. 4. Theoretical Framework The following theoretical framework was considered in this study (a) Democratic theory of Community Policingand,(b) Community Implant theory. 4.1. Democratic Theory of Community Policing Proponents like: David Bayley, Berkeley George, Amir Menachem and Einstein Smith posits that community policing is based on the democratic principle that “anyone who exercises authority on behalf ofthecommunity(like the police) is accountable to the community for the exercise of that authority”. Democratic theory of community policing rests on the regimen that community policing, which is the newest development in the area of policing, involves the empowerment of a new level of social organization to generate work for the police, namely, groups, neighborhoods, communities, businesses, civic groups, and so forth (Haldar, 2008). The theory also maintains that the success of a democratic government depends, in large measure, on the voluntary compliance of citizens with society’s laws and norms of conduct. Police in a democracy are always in a dilemma, for in a free society there exists a delicate balance between enforcing laws and maintaining order effectively on one hand and being repressive on the other. According to David Bayley,(2005,pp.298-300),theessential features of democratic policing are responsiveness and accountability. A democraticpoliceforce,accordingtohim,is the one that responds to the needs of individualsandprivate groups as well as the needs of the government. Strengthening of these mechanisms will strengthen the quality of democratic policing (p.299). The police, in truly democratic countries, according to Bayley, serve the disaggregate members of the pubic and their needs are uppermost in the mind of a democratic police force. He, however, maintains that the problem that most of the countries face is that democratic policing, especially in its concern with human rights and accountability, is under attack all the time because of reported increases, firstly, in serious crime and, secondly, in terrorism, assassination,and collective disorder. When thereareincreasesinindividual as well as collective threats to law and order, democratic policing becomes vulnerable to being labeled a “soft strategy” (p.300). However, theorists of participatory democracy, like Nicos Poulantaz (1972), Collins Pateman (1970) and Crawford Brough Macpherson (1962) try to assimilate and realize the ideals of direct democracy responsive and active citizenry, participation and equality in the modern complex world. They point out that if individuals have an opportunity to directly participate in decision-making at the local level they can achieve real control over the course of their everyday life. Macpherson argues that a truly democratic society promotes powers of social cooperationandcreativity(which is a prerequisite for the success of Community Policing) rather than maximize aggregate satisfactions (Ramaswamy 2004, p.404).The democratic theory of CP also derives its ideas from the model ofdeliberativedemocracy.Deliberative democracy signifies a democratic system that deliberates to the extent ‘that the decisions it reaches reflect open
- 8. International Journal ofTrend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38204 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1582 discussion among the participants, with the people ready to listen to the views and consider the interest of others, and modify their own opinions accordingly’. In deliberative democracy decisions are taken wholly by consensus. It values the manner of open discussion that hears all pointsof view and reaches a decision. For deliberative democracy to work well, people must exercise democratic self-restraint: they must think it more important that the decision reached should be a genuinely democratic one and a decision that they themselves favor (Ramaswamy2004,p.407).Similarly, developmental model of democracy is concerned with the development of human individual and the community. It holds that citizens are 'free’ only when they participate directly and continuously in shaping the life of their community (Heywood 2004, p. 74). Community policing is also based on a similar belief that members of a community can lead a peaceful and orderly life only if they directly participate in the community policing activities (p.74). 4.2. Community Implant Theory As a concept and practice that is gaining acceptance among scholars, the idea of community policing have been studied and various theories that try to explainithaveemerged.This study considered Community Implant Theory, among the others, as a suitable theoretical framework. Community Implant Theory is based on the assumption that the main reason for high levels of crime is the lack of informal social control in community areas. Sociologistsarguethatinformal social control can be implanted in a community by collective citizen action in neighborhoods where social control is naturally weak or non-existent (Rosenbaum, 1987). Mastrofski, Worden and Snipes (1995) have described this theory as ‘Community building’. Community building, according to these scholars, is a process by which police strengthen the capacity and resolve of citizens to resist crime by building positive relationships with communityresidents.Accordingly,Lyons(1999)argues that innovative police strategies such as educational, recreational and occupational opportunities for youth, can mobilize the informal mechanisms of social control embedded within the community life (Lombardo and Lough 2007). Social control generally refers to the capacity of a particular group / community to regulate its members. It involves the use of rewards and punishments. Thus, while formal social control is always derived from certain written rules and laws and is enforced by the courts and the police, the informal social control is based on customs and norms and is enforced by thecitizensthemselvesthrough behaviors such as surveillance, verbal reprimand, warning, rejection, and other emotional pressures to ensure conformity. Generally, the arguments drive from community implant hypothesis is that crime and social disorder can be better controlled if both formal system, for example the police, and informal arrangement, for instance community's participation, are put together toward achieving that; this integration is what community policing broadly entails (Hussein, 2015). Community policing has the capacity to solve the problems of deviant behavior in a society by handling the problem at the beginningstageitselfwithappropriatecommunity-based programmes, fully involving the community groups at various stages of decision making, planning and implementation of the programmes for the protection ofthe community (Hussein, 2015). Such community based programmes can subsequently become the base for all neighborhood community police projects which will in turn result in the promotion of mutual understanding and appreciation among the community members (Silver and Miller, 2004; Lombardo and Lough 2007). In spite of the popularity of programmes that utilized the community- building approach, there is little empirical evidence to support the effectiveness of the community implant hypothesis. Skogan (1990), for example, concluded that informal social control mechanisms do not increase solidarity or social interaction. Nor can any of such programmes improve neighborhood conditions (Hussein, 2015). 5. Methodology This study adopted survey descriptive research design. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire tagged: (COPNSSLGABSNQ) to extract information from the respondents. The Sample size for this study is four hundred (400) key informants. These was selected through Taro Yamane formula. This formula is given. n = N 1 + N (e)2 Where: n signifies the sample size N signifies the population of the study e signifies the level of significance which in this case is 0.05 1 signifies the unity (a constant). The Population is 2,277,961 And e = 0.05 n = n = n = n = n = 399.93 approximately 400 n = 400 The eight (8) LGAs that makes up Bayelsa State was stratified into three (3) based on the senatorial districts. From these senatorial districts two (2) communities each was purposefully selected out of the LGAs, based on their recorded communal crisis.ThesecommunitiesareEkekiand Azikoro communities in Yenagoa LGA, Sagbama Town and Toru-Orua communities in Sagbama LGA, Ogbia Town and Kolo communities in Ogbia LGA. Judgmental sampling was used to select 400 key informants (respondents) for the study. By this, each community had 60 respondents, making it 360 respondents consistingofcommunitychiefs,members of community development committee (CDC), youthleaders
- 9. International Journal ofTrend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38204 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1583 and members of women association. Forty(40)respondents was also selected from among the police officersinthestudy area bringing the total number to 400. For the police respondents Ekeki and Azikoro divisions had 8 respondents each, while Kolo, Ogbia town, Sagbama and Toru-orua divisions had 6 respondents each. Two types of data were generated. The first is the primary data, which was sourced through the use of structured questionnaire to elicit information from the respondent. On the other hand, secondary data was obtained from textbooks, magazines, bulletins, books, journals as well as published and unpublished dissertation. The data generated from the field were subjected to both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The descriptive statistical analytical tools employed include: Simple percentage, frequency tables, tally etc. While, Chi- square (X2) was employed to test the validity of the research hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. 6. Data Presentation and Analysis A. Test of Hypotheses Hypothesis 1: The more police fail in keeping secret the identity of crime informants from the community, the more community policing fail to achieve its objectives. Table 6.1.1: When the Police keeps the identity of informants’ secret, community policing will achieve its objectives Respondents Yes No No Response TOTAL Police 28 8 4 40 Residents 203 115 2 320 TOTAL 231 123 6 360 Source: Field Survey, 2019 Table 6.1.1 above provides data that shows if keeping the identity of informants’ secret will enable the achievement of the objectives of community policing. From the data in the table, it is easy to see that 231 of the respondents said yes to this, 123 of them said no, while 6 of the respondents were undecided. This information is further subjected to a chi square test in Table 6.1.2 below. Table 6.2: Chi Square Test for Hypotheses 1 Category of Respondents O E O-E (O-E)2 (o-e/e)2 Police 28 25.67 2.33 5.44 0.21 8 13.67 -5.67 32.11 2.35 4 0.67 3.33 11.11 16.67 Residents 203 205.33 -2.33 5.44 0.03 115 109.33 5.67 32.11 0.29 2 5.33 -3.33 11.11 2.08 Chi-Square 2= 21.63 Source: Data derived from Table 6.2 above and computed using Microsoft excel 2013 From the table above, the chi-square 2 calculated value for hypothesis 1 is as follows: Chi-Square= Where o= observed frequency e= expected frequency Note that expected value iscalculatedbymultiplyingthe row total by column total for each response and dividing by total number of respondents. After this, chi-square calculated value is compared with chi-square table value based on the calculated degree of freedom (df). Hence, to ascertain the degree of freedom the following formula applies. DF = (R-1) (C-1) = (2-1) (3-1) = 1x2 Therefore, DF =2 At 2 DF, the table value of at 0.05 level of significance is =5.99 Decision rule: The general accepted decision rule for the application of chi-square test states that: Accept null hypothesis if calculated value is less than the table valueand reject hypothesis if the calculated value is greater than table value. In this study, since calculatedvaluefor is18.47and table value is 5.99, the hypothesis which states that “The more police fail in keeping secret the identity of crime informants from the community, the more community policing fail to achieve its objectives.” isherebyacceptedand the result of this study agree with thesummationofAristotle (2019), that when police fails to keep secret the identity of informants it affects the effectivenessofcommunitypolicing. Based on the obvious fact that the chi square calculated value of 18.47 is significantly higher than the table value of 5.99, it is safe to make the submission here that there is a significant link between keeping the identity of informants’ secret and achieving the objectives of communitypolicing in the study area. Hypothesis 2: The more police fail to communicateeffectivelywiththehost community which they serve, the more community policing fails to achieve its objectives. Table 6.2.1: Inadequate communication with communities by the Police will undermine community policing objectives Respondents Yes No No Response TOTAL Police 30 5 5 40 Residents 240 77 3 320 TOTAL 270 82 8 360 Source: Field Survey, 2019 Table 6.2.1 above provides data that the factthatinadequate communication between the police and community members will go a long way to undermine the achievement of the objectives of community policing. From thedata inthe table, it is easy to see that 270 of the respondents said yes to this, 82 of them said no, while 8 of the respondents were undecided. This goes a long way to show that communication betweenthe keystakeholdersinthepractice of community policing must maintain a healthy communication for the system to function appropriately. This information is further subjected to a chi square test in Table 6.2.2 below.
- 10. International Journal ofTrend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38204 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1584 Table 6.2.2: Chi Square Computation for Hypothesis 2 Category of Respondents O E O-E (O-E)2 (o-e/e)2 Police 30 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 9.11 -4.11 16.90 1.86 5 0.89 4.11 16.90 19.01 Residents 240 240.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 77 72.89 4.11 16.90 0.23 3 7.11 -4.11 16.90 2.38 Chi-Square = 23.48 Source: Data derived from Table 6.2.2 above and computed using Microsoft excel 2013 From the table above, the chi-square 2 calculated value for hypothesis 2 is as follows: Chi-Square= Where o= observed frequency e= expected frequency Note that expected value iscalculatedbymultiplyingthe row total by column total for each response and dividing by total number of respondents. After this, chi-square calculated value is compared with chi-square table value based on the calculated degree of freedom (df). Hence, to ascertain the degree of freedom the following formula applies. DF = (R-1) (C-1) = (2-1) (3-1) = 1x2 Therefore, DF =2 At 2 DF, the table value of at 0.05 level of significance is =5.99 Decision rule: The general accepted decision rule for the application of chi-square test states that: Accept null hypothesis if calculated value is less than the table valueand reject hypothesis if the calculated value is greater than table value. In this study, since calculatedvaluefor is23.48and table value is 5.99, the hypothesis which states that “The more police fail to communicate effectively with the host community which they serve, the more community policing fails to achieve its objectives” is hereby accepted, and the result of this study agrees with the summation of Aristotle (2019); Okafor and Anichie (2018); Olawale (2017);Samuel (2012), and Kasali and Odetola (2004) that “if the officialsof the Nigerian police do not communicateeffectivelywithhost community, communitypolicingobjectivecan’t beachieved”. Based on the obvious fact that the chi square calculated value of 23.48 is significantly higher than the table value of 5.99, it is therefore, easy to submit that there is a significant relationship between effective communication by the stakeholders and the achievement of the objectives of community policing in the study area. Hypothesis3: The more community policing philosophy is neglected the more national security of Nigeria will fail. Table 6.3.1: Neglecting community policing philosophy will lead to failure of national security Respondents Yes No No Response TOTAL Police 32 2 6 40 Residents 230 88 2 320 TOTAL 262 90 8 360 Source: Field Survey, 2019 Table 6.3.1 above provides data that the link between community policing philosophy and national security.Based on the data in the table, it be seen that 270 of the respondents said yes to the fact that neglecting community policing philosophy will lead to a failure of national security, 90 of them said no, while 8 of the respondents were undecided. This information is further subjected to a chi square test in Table 6.3.2 below. Table 6.3.2: Chi Square Computation for Hypothesis 3 Category of Respondents O E O-E (O-E)2 (o-e/e)2 Police 32 29.11 2.89 8.35 0.29 2 10.00 -8.00 64.00 6.40 6 0.89 5.11 26.12 29.39 Residents 230 232.89 -2.89 8.35 0.04 88 80.00 8.00 64.00 0.80 2 7.11 -5.11 26.12 3.67 Chi-Square 2= 40.59 Source: Data derived from Table 4.8 above and computed using Microsoft excel 2013 From the table above, the chi-square 2 calculated value for hypothesis 3 is as follows: Chi-Square= Where o= observed frequency e= expected frequency Note that expected value iscalculatedbymultiplyingthe row total by column total for each response and dividing by total number of respondents. After this, chi-square calculated value is compared with chi-square table value based on the calculated degree of freedom (df). Hence, to ascertain the degree of freedom the following formula applies. DF = (R-1) (C-1) = (2-1) (3-1) = 1x2 Therefore, DF =2 At 2 DF, the table value of at 0.05 level of significance is =5.99 Decision rule: The general accepted decision rule for the application of chi-square test states that: Accept null hypothesis if calculated value is less than the table valueand reject hypothesis if the calculated value is greater than table value. In this study, since calculatedvaluefor is40.59and table value is 5.99, the hypothesis which states that “The more community policing philosophy is neglected the more national security of Nigeria will fail” is hereby accepted and
- 11. International Journal ofTrend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38204 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1585 the result of this study agrees withthesummationof(Okafor and Anichie, 2018; Adamu Bakri and Shamsuddin, 2018; Maikano and Mustapha, 2013; Zumve, 2012). Hence, since the chi square computed value for the hypothesis is obviously higher than the table value of 5.99, it is therefore, easy to make the submission here that there is a significant relationship between the neglect of community policing philosophy and the failure of national security in the study area. 7. Findings and Discussion Based on the analysis, the findings of the study are summarized as follows: That the relationship between the community policing and national security has not been very effective. In fact, respondents believe that it has been less effective with regard to how community policing has addressed the issue of national security in the study area. Also, the study found that poor community police relationship is at the heart of the increasing rate of national security problems in the study area. This goes to show that the current interface between the police and the communities is weak and need to be scaled up. In addition, the study found that this low community police relationship is hinged on poor communication between the communities and the Nigerian Police Force. This goes a long way to reveal that communication is a major tool that can enable the fight against crime under the community policing framework. Again, the study also found that community policing stakeholders especiallythosefromcommunitiesare worried about the ability of the police to keep the identity of informants’ secret. Hence, when community membersknow that their identity is not safe, they tend to stay away from providing any meaningful information that may aid the police in terms of crime fighting. Lastly, it was found that while the police believe that effective communication between the force and community members is important to the community policing framework, the residents believe that paying for their services is the best way to achieve this. 8. Conclusion There is every need to believe that community policing as a framework to address multidimensional security and crime problems in Nigeria would be an ideal framework.However, this study has proven that although the model is a welcome development in all ramifications, some specific and peculiar indicators have largely undermined its progress in terms of crime prevention and fighting in a place like Bayelsa State. Much as this is the case, it is necessary to point out that despite these shortcomings, improvements can be made to raise the capacity of the framework to address insecurity and crime in the study area and in Nigeria at large. Therefore, based on the findings, it is the conclusion of this study that the current relationship between the community members and the police is particularly poor and this is hinged on the distrusts for the police in so many ways. Similarly, community policing structure is strained mostly because of the absenceofa healthycommunicationstructure between the police and community members. This is in addition to the widespread fear amongst members of the communities that the police will not be able to keep the identities of informants’ secret and this may adverselyaffect people who provide information to the police. 9. Recommendations Following the findings and the conclusion reached in this study, the following recommendations have been proffered to improve the community policing framework in the study area: A. Ensure Secrecy of Informants: It is important that the Nigerian police force ensures that informant from communities are protected. This can be done by making all information anonymous to the public. B. Scale up communication outlets: In addition to community police relationship discussed above, it is necessary to increase the nature of communication between the police and the public. For instance, in communities where reading and writing is low, the police can employ traditional modes of communication to educate people on the importance of community policing to their security. C. Strengthen Community-PoliceRelations:Thereisthe urgent need to improve on the community police relations in the study area. This can be done through periodic interface with not just communityleaders buta large section of the community as a way of building confidence. This is necessary because the community members seem to have lost confidence in the police especially because of their mode of operation. D. Reward System: The police should put in place a healthy reward system for those members that are bold enough to provide information that would lead to addressing the security and criminal issues in the society or their various communities. This maynotbein the form of cash but rewards that show recognition for their complementary works. However, this should be done discretely to avoid exposing informants. References [1] Abiri, B. (2011). Models of community policing: What worked and what did not, CLEEN Foundation experience. 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