Downloaded 11 times
More Related Content
Similar to Components Of Environment - FOUR SPHERES OF EARTH
Components Of Environment - FOUR SPHERES OF EARTH
- 1. z Submitted to :Dr. Manisha Yadav Submitted by : Taruna Deshwal M.Sc. 1ST Sem (ES)
- 2. FOUR SPHERES OFEARTH Everything in Earth’s system is placed into one of the four subsystems: land, water, living things, or air. The subsystems are known as “spheres.” Specifically, they are known as the geosphere (land), hydrosphere (water), biosphere (living things) and atmosphere (air).
- 3. BIOSPHERE The biosphere, whichincludes the ground and the air, is characterized as the region of the planet where organisms live. The biosphere is defined as the region on, above, and below the Earth’s surface where life exists.
- 4. COMPONENTS OF BIOSPHERE Thebiosphere is the region of the Earth where life can be found, including the soil, water, and air. The lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are the names for these three components. The lithosphere is the landmass of the Earth, except for the mantle and core, which are inhospitable to life.
- 5. ATMOSPHERE An atmosphereis a blanket of gases that surrounds Earth. It is held near the surface of the planet by Earth’s gravitational attraction. Definition “Atmosphere is a protective layer of gases that shelters all life on Earth, keeping temperatures within a relatively small range and blocking out harmful rays of sunlight.”
- 6. Composition of Atmosphere– Gases in the Atmosphere Argon, oxygen and nitrogen from the three main constituents of the atmosphere. Dry air from earth’s atmosphere contains 0.038% of carbon dioxide, 20.95% of oxygen, 78.08% of nitrogen and 0.93% of argon. Traces of hydrogen, neon, helium, nitrous oxide, ozone and other “noble” gases, but generally a variable amount of water vapour is also present, on average about 1% at sea level.
- 7. LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE Theatmosphere has five distinct layers that are determined by the changes in temperature that happen with increasing altitude. Layers of Earth’s atmosphere are divided into five different layers as: •Exosphere •Thermosphere •Mesosphere •Stratosphere •Troposphere
- 8. TROPSPHERE Tropo meansturning or changing (there is more change in this layer than any other) Lowest layer of atmosphere (closest to earth) Shallowest layer (thinnest) It is the layer we live in. Most of earth’s weather, such as clouds, storms, rain or snow, happens here. Reaches approximately upto 11 kms above our heads. The temperature decreases (gets colder) as the altitude increases.
- 9. STRATOSPHERE Strato meanslayer or spread out . Second layer of atmosphere. Reaches from troposphere to about 5o kms above surface of earth Ozone layer is here (remember it protects living beings from UV radiation from sun) Jets often fly here beacause it is calm. The temperature in the stratosphere rises, or gets hotter as the altitude increases. This heat is caused by ultraviolet light that is absorbed by the ozone layer. At the top of the stratosphere, it gets cold again.
- 10. MESOSPHERE Meso meansmiddle Third layer of atmosphere Reaches from 50 km to 85 km above Earth’s surface. Protects Earth’s surface from being hit by meteoroids (chunk of stone and metal from space – but some still get through). Most meteorites burn up within the Mesosphere because of friction with air molecules. As the altitude increases, temperature decreases. At 85 km above Earth’s surface, it is the coldest place in the Atmosphere.
- 11. THERMOSPHERE Thermo meansheat, thermosphere got its name because of its extreme heat. This layer absorb high solar radiation. Uppermost layer of the atmosphere. Thickest layer about 319 miles (513 kms) Reaches from 85 km above earth’s surface into outer space. There is no definite upper limit. The thermosphere is home to the international space station as it orbits earth. This is also where you’ll find low earth orbit satellites. As the altitude increases, temperature increases . You would not feel warm here .Why ? If you were to hang out in the thermosphere, though, you would be very cold because there aren’t enough gas molecules to transfer the heat to you. This also means there aren’t enough molecules for sound waves to travel through. It has two other layers : IONOSPHERE AND EXOSPHERE
- 12. IONOSPHERE Lower layerof thermosphere Reaches from about 85 km to 400 km above Earth’s surface Energy from the sun causes gas moleceules here to become electrically charged particles. Auroras happen near the poles because of the ionosphere (these are the brilliant streaks of light in night skies) EXOSPHERE EXO means outer Outer portion of the thermosphere Reaches from about 400 km outward for thousands of kilometers Space shuttles and satellites orbit Earth here
- 14. Summary of Layersof Atmosphere Region Altitude Range (km) Temperature Range(0oC) Important Characteristics Troposphere 0-11 15 to -56 Weather occurs here Stratosphere 11-50 -56 to -2 The ozone layer is present here Mesosphere 50-85 -2 to -92 Meteors burn in this layer Thermosphere 85-800 -92 to 1200 Auroras occur here
- 15. LITHOSPHERE The termlithosphere refers to the Earth’s rigid, rocky outer layer. It is made up of the crust and the uppermost solid layer of the mantle. Furthermore, it extends to a depth of about 60 miles. It disintegrates into a dozen separate, rigid blocks or plates.
- 16. THE EARTH’S LAYER Theinterior of the earth can be divided into 3 different layers – crust, mantle, and core. Crust – The Earth’s outermost surface is called the crust. The crust is relatively light and brittle. Most earthquakes occur within the crust. Mantle - The mantle is relatively flexible so it flows instead of fracturing. Core - Outer core –Fluid layer that contains iron. When it flows it generates the Earth’s magnetic field. Inner core – Solid innermost layer of the Earth.
- 17. IMPORTANT TERMS LITHOSPHEREIS MADE UP OF THE CRUST AND THE MOHO Crust The crust is typically about 25 miles thick beneath continents, and abut 6.5 miles thick beneath oceans. Composition of Earth’s Crust The earth’s crust is layered, with sedimentary rocks on top, granitic and metamorphic rocks in the centre, and basaltic rocks at the bottom. A number of huge active tectonic plates make up the earth’s crust. Moho Mohorovic discontinuity is the dividing line between the crust and the mantle. Asthenosphere The asthenosphere is the upper portion of Mantle.
- 18. THE CRUST Thecrust is the outermost solid part of the earth. The Earth’s crust is like the skin of an apple. It is very thin compared to the other three layers. The crust makes up 1% of the Earth. • It is fragile. • The crust is made up of heavier rocks having a density of 3 g/cm3. • The mean density of material in the oceanic crust is 2.7 g/cm3. The crust of the earth is broken into many pieces called plates. • Silica (Si) and Aluminium (Al) are major constituent minerals. Hence it is often termed as SIAL. Also, sometimes SIAL is used to refer to the Lithosphere.
- 19. THE MANTLE Theportion of the interior beyond the crust is called the mantle The mantle is the largest layer of the earth. It is in a solid-state. It has a density higher than the crust portion. The thickness ranges from 10-200 km. It is the chief source of magma that finds its way to the surface during volcanic eruptions. The major constituent elements of the mantle are Silicon and Magnesium and hence it is also termed as SIMA
- 20. THE CORE Beneaththe mantle is the Earth’s core. • The core-mantle boundary is positioned at the depth of 2,900 km. • The inner core is in the solid-state whereas the outer core is in the liquid state. • The core is made up of very heavy material mostly constituted by nickel and iron. Hence it is also called the “nife” layer. Because the outer core contains iron. When it flows it generates a magnetic field. This is the source of the Earth’s magnetic field. 1/3 of the Earth’s mass Very hot
- 21. Outer core Thecore of the earth is like a ball of very hot metals. The outer core is liquid The outer core is made up of iron and is very dense The inner core of the Earth has temperature and pressure so great that the metals are squeezed together and are not able to move. The inner core is a solid. Inner core
- 22. HYDROSPHERE Liquid portionof the earth. The Earth is over 70% water! The hydrosphere is all the water on, under, or around Earth Water on Earth is found in all the states of matter : Solid in the form of glaciers and ice caps. Gas in the form of clouds and water vapor. Liquid in oceans, rivers and seas.
- 23. WATER One ofthe most important substances known to a man without which life would not be possible. Comprises ¾ of the Earth’s surface. Approximately 2/3 of the human body weight. Freshwater – 3% (The majority of the world’s freshwater is locked in the Antartica ice cap) Saline water – 97%
- 25. SOURCES AND REFERENCES https://byjus.com/biology/our-environment/ https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/earths-layers-lesson-1 https://www.slideshare.net/zeal_eagle/hydrosphere-30396943