Composite Culture

Bhatki Movement, Sufism & Influence of
Christianity on Indian Society.
1

 Establishment of Delhi Sultanate in 13th century
brought a new cultural development in India.
 Turks interacted with Indians and started Indo-
Islamic culture.
 This style was neither purely Persian nor Indian, it
was a fusion of the two.
 This developed into two phases:
a) Sultanate Phase (Turkish mixed with Indian
traditions)
b) Mughal Phase (developed consolidated phase)
2

1. Bijak (verses of Kabir)
2. Guru Granth Sahib
3. Ajmer Sharif Dargah (Ajmer, Rajasthan)
4. St. Francis Assisi Church (Kochi)
3

 Bijak is the compilation of the verses of
Kabir.
 Kabir was a child of Brahmin widow, who
had left her child near a tank in Benaras.
 He was saved and brought up by a Muslim
weaver named Neeru and his wife Neema.
 Neera & Neema raised the child and gave him
exposure to Hindu and Muslim religious and
philosophical ideas.
 Kabir wanted peace and harmony among different
communities.
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 He was a oral poet and his work was written by others.
 His work has survived for 500 years and it is valued &
respected even today.
 Bijak is one such great work of Kabir.
 The followers of Kabir are called as Kabirpanthis.
And they have preserved Bijak in Varanasi and other
parts of Uttar Pradesh.
 Bijak comprises of three main sections:
a) Sakhi- composed in doha or couplet form.
b) Ramaini- based on musical raga
c) Shabda- popular in the form of a song.
5

 1st Sikh Guru- Guru Nanak Dev
 2nd Sikh Guru- Guru Angad Dev
 3rd Sikh Guru- Guru Amardas
 4th Sikh Guru- Guru Ramdas
 5th Sikh Guru- Guru Arjan Dev
Guru Arjan Dev  Adi Granth Sahib
 6th Sikh Guru- Guru Har Gobind Dev
 7th Sikh Guru- Guru Har Rai Dev
 8th Sikh Guru- Guru Har Krishan Dev
 9th Sikh Guru- Guru Teg Bahadur Dev
 10th Sikh Guru- Guru Gobind Singh
 11th Living Sikh Guru- Guru Granth Sahib
6

 The 5th Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev compiled Guru
Nanak Dev’s hymns along with the hymns of his other
successors. He also complied the preachings of
Ravidas, Kabir and Baba Farid in the ‘Adi Granth
Sahib’ at Amritsar.
 The 10th Sikh Guru- Guru Gobind Singh ji, compiled
the work of the 9th Sikh Guru- Guru Teg Bahadur
along with his own work and this work/ scripture was
called as the ‘Guru Granth Sahib.’
 It is written in Gurmukhi script. (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ)
 It is divided into two sections:
a) Introductory section composed by Guru Nanak.
b) Composition of Sikh gurus and other saints (between
12th to 17th century)
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 Guru Granth Sahib is considered by Sikhs as spiritual
guru not only for them but for the entire humanity.
 They consider it as a Living Guru as it answers all the
questions regarding religion and morality.
 It expects and focuses on the extinction of ego.
 It regards God as Omnipotent (सर्वशक्तिमान) and
Omniscient (सर्वज्ञ)
 Guru Granth Sahib is a perfect set of values and a
practical code of conduct and acts as a Complete
Teacher.
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 Ajmer Sharif is the holy shrine of sufi saint,
Khwajah Moinuddin Chishti at Ajmer in
Rajasthan.
 He is not only worshipped by Muslims but also
worshipped by people of all religions.
 The dargah has various attractive buildings, tombs
and courtyards showing the rich Mughal Architecture
of that period.
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St. Francis Church (Kochi)
 It is oldest European church in India.
 Vasco de Gama died in Kochi, and his body was originally
buried in this church. His remains were later moved to
Lisbon. It is now a protected monument in India.
St. Francis Assisi Church (Kochi)
 Francis Assisi was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and
preacher.
 He got a vision, and gave up luxurious life and lived life of
poverty.
 He was declared as a saint by Pope.
 Many churches were built dedicated to St. Francis Assisi all
over India. 10

 Bhakti means Devotion to God.
 Some of the prominent followers of the Bhakti Culture
were:
a) Ramaujacharya
b) Madhavacharya
c) Ramananda
d) Kabir
e) Guru Nanak
f) Sant Dnyaneshwar
g) Namdev
h) Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
i) Mirabai
j) Hazrat Nizamuddin
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 Mirabai was a Rajasthani princess of Mewar.
 She renounced the world and became a
devotee of Lord Krishna.
 Her devotional songs (bhajans) made her
popular. Her bhajans are sung even today.
 Her poetry is known as Padavali.
12

 Sant Dnyaneshwar was a saint, poet and philosopher
from Maharashtra.
 He learnt and got all the wisdom from his elder
brother Nivruttinatha.
 He has written around 9000 verses which are compiled
together and popularly known as Dnyaneshwari. It
describes the lessons of Bhagvad Gita.
13

 Bhakti saints preached brotherhood and
equality.
 They preached in the language of people.
Hindi, Bhojpuri, Oriya languages became
popular.
 Teachings of Guru Nanak, Kabir helped
reform Indian society. It kicked out empty
rituals, fake priests and caste discrimination
from the society.
14

 Some scholars believe that the word Sufi is been derived
from the word ‘Suf’ meaning wool.
 Some believe that its derived from ‘Safa’ meaning purity.
 Sufis came to India with Turkish rulers.
 They started Sufism preaching brotherhood, equality and
oneness to God.
 They believed that different religions are different paths
reaching the same God.
 Sufi Saints were organised in 12 orders or Silsilas.
 Silsila means a link between master and disciple.
 Master of Silsila was called as Pir and his followers were
called as Murids.
 Each order had Khanqah or hermitage where Pir stayed
with his Murids.
15

 It increased Hindu-Muslim unity.
 Many principles of Sufism were similar to Bhakti
Movement. It increased the popularity of Bhakti
Movement.
 Feelings of tolerance was increased among the rulers.
 People respected and appreciated each other’s
religions.
 Sufism blessed us with some great poets like Amir
Khusro and Malik Muhammed Jayasi.
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 Hazrat Nizamuddin was a famous Sufi saint of the
Chishti Silsila/Order.
 At age of 20, he went to Ajodhan (now in Pakistan)and
became a disciple of Baba Farid.
 He used to visit Ajodhan every year during the month
of Ramzan.
 Baba Farid made him his successor.
 Hazrat Nizamuddin built a Khanqah at Delhi where
people from all walks of the life worship him.
 He preached helping the poor, needy, opposed all
forms of discrimination, equality etc.
17

St. Francis Xavier
 He was born on April 7, 1506 in the castle of Xavier in
Spain.
 After completing his studies, he started teaching.
 He attended sick people at Hospitals and started serving
them.
 He became a priest in 1537.
 He did a lot of work and preached Christianity all over
India from 1542.
 He died on December 2, 1552. His remains were brought to
Goa. His body was brought after one year from China and
its believed that it was still fresh as it was on the day of
burial.
 His body is still enshrined in the Basilica of Bom Jesus in
Goa.
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