COMPUTER BASICS
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The document is a project report submitted to fulfill training requirements for the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. It includes sections on the introduction, objectives, research methodology, executive summary, and contents of the report. The report will cover topics on computer basics, including how search engines work through processes of web crawling, indexing, and searching.
COMPUTER BASICS
- 1. A Project report on COMPUTER BASIC Submitted to The Institute of Chartered Accountant of India XXXXXXX Branch In Partial Fulfillment of the ITT 100 hours Training Guided By: Submitted By: XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXX Center in Charge EROXXXXX XXXXX Faculty ITT, Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, XXXXXXX Branch Year 2012 ITT 100 Hours Training Under Institute Of Chartered Accountants Of India
- 2. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that XXXXX XXXX a student of ITT 100 hours of Institute of Chartered Accountants of India has prepared a project on “COMPUTER BASICS” under my guidance. She has fulfilled all the requirements needed for preparing the project report. I wish her all success in life. Date:- _________________________ Authorised Signature ITT Branch, XXXXXX
- 3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT There is no project that can be completed through an individual effort. It always takes the contribution of a lot of people. The contribution of some is direct and of others is indirect. I express my sincere gratitude towards all those who help me directly and indirectly throughout the project. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to XXXXXXXX and XXXXXXX who in the role of institutional guide offered me their precise guidance, motivation, suggestion in completing this project work. My sincere thanks also goes to my parents who have continuously supported me in this effort. Finally, I offer my thanks to my fellow group members as without their co-operation it would not have been possible for the project report to materialize. Registration No.:ERO-XXXXXXX
- 4. INTRODUCTION The Internet is a global network of networks.People and organizations connect into the Internet so they can access its massive store of shared information.It is an inherently participative medium. Anybody can publish information or create new services.The Internet is a cooperative endeavor -- no organization is inchargeof the net. By the turn of the century, information, including access to the Internet, will be the basis for personal, economic, and political advancement. The popular name for the Internet is the information superhighway. Whether we want to find the latest financial news, browse through library catalogs, exchange information with colleagues, or join in a lively political debate, the Internet is the tool that will take us beyond telephones, faxes, and isolated computers to a burgeoning networked information frontier. The Internet supplements the traditional tools we use to gather information, Data Graphics, News and correspond with other people. Used skillfully, the Internet shrinks the world and brings information, expertise, and knowledge on nearly every subject imaginable straight to your computer.
- 5. CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction Executive Summary Objective of the Study Resarch Methodology Chapter 2: Search Engine How search engine works Web Crawling Indexing Searching Bibliography
- 6. EXECUTIVESUMMARY Topic: Internet Sources of Data: Internet Books Location of study: Guwahati Institutional Guide: Himanshu Haloi(Centre-in-Charge) Sagar Nath(Faculty) Objective: The project was basically prepared to view the working and importance of Internet. Data Source: Secondary
- 7. OBJECTIVEOFTHE STUDY To gain in-depth knowledge about Internet, both of which are important tools in the areas of software development and computer programming. To understand the structure of flowcharting, the symbols and steps required to prepare it and the different types of flowcharts. To analyse the advantages and limitations of Internet and its extensive use in different feilds. To comprehend the meaning and types of decision tables and the steps in the process of making it. To understand the applications of decision tables in various fields.
- 8. RESEARCHMETHODOLGY Data is one of the most important and vital aspect of any research studies. Researches conducted in different fields of study can be different in methodology but every research is based on data which is analyzed and interpreted to get information. Data is the basic unit in statistical studies. Statistical information like census, population variables, health statistics, and road accidents records are all developed from data. Data is important in computer science. Numbers, images and figures in computer are all data. Primary Data: Data that has been collected from first-hand-experience is known as primary data. Primary data has not been published yet and is more reliable, authentic and objective. Primary data has not been changed or altered by human beings, therefore its validity is greater than secondary data. Following are some of the sources of primary data. Experiments: Experiments require an artificial or natural setting in which to perform logical study to collect data. Experiments are more suitable for medicine, psychological studies, nutrition and for other scientific studies. In experiments the experimenter has to keep control over the influence of any extraneous variable on the results. Survey: Survey is most commonly used method in social sciences, management, marketing and psychology to some extent. Surveys can be conducted in different methods. Questionnaire: is the most commonly used method in survey. Questionnaires are a list of questions either open-ended or close -ended for which the respondent give answers. Questionnaire
- 9. can be conducted via telephone, mail, live in a public area, or in an institute, through electronic mail or through fax and other methods. Interview: Interview is a face-to-face conversation with the respondent. In interview the main problem arises when the respondent deliberately hides information otherwise it is an in depth source of information. The interviewer can not only record the statements the interviewee speaks but he can observe the body language, expressions and other reactions to the questions too. This enables the interviewer to draw conclusions easily. Observations: Observation can be done while letting the observing person know that he is being observed or without letting him know. Observations can also be made in natural settings as well as in artificially created environment. Secondary Data: Data collected from a source that has already been published in any form is called as secondary data. The review of literature in nay research is based on secondary data. Mostly from books, journals, periodicals,internet and electronic media. The methodology used in preparation of this project is mostly secondary with the help of books and internet .
- 10. Search Engine The World Wide Web is "indexed" through the use of search engines, which are also referred to as "spiders," "robots," "crawlers," or "worms". These search engines comb through the Web documents, identifying text that is the basis for keyword searching. The list below lists several search engines and how each one gathers information, plus resources that evaluate the search engines:- Alta Vista Alta Vista, maintained by The Digital Equipment Corp., indexes the full text of over 16 million pages including newsgroups. Check out the Alta Vista Tips page. Excite Netsearch Excite includes approximately 1.5 million indexed pages, including newsgroups. Check out the Excite NetSearch handbook. InfoSeek Net Search Indexes full text of web pages, including selected newsgroups and electronic journals. Just under one-half million pages indexed. Check out the InfoSeek Search Tips.
- 11. Inktomi As of December 1995, the Inktomi search engine offers a database of approximately 2.8 million indexed Web documents and promises very fast search retrievals. Results are ranked in order of how many of your searched terms are used on the retrieved pages. Lycos Lycos indexes web pages (1.5 million +), web page titles, headings, subheadings, URLs, and significant text. Search results are returned in a ranked order. Magellan Magellan indexes over 80,000 web sites. Search results are ranked and annotated. Open Text Index Indexes full text of approximately 1.3 million pages. Check out the Open Text Help pages for tips on using this search engine. WebCrawler Maintained by America Online, WebCrawler indexes over 200,000 pages on approximately 75,000 web servers. URLs, titles, and document content are indexed. WWWW -- World Wide Web Worm Approximately 250,000 indexed pages; indexed content includes hypertext, URLs, and document titles. Yahoo A favorite directory and search engine, Yahoo has organized over 80,000 Web sites (including newsgroups) into 14 broad categories.
- 12. How Search Engine Works? Each search engine works in a different way. Some engines scan for information in the title or header of the document; others look at the bold "headings" on the page for their information. However, a search engine operates, in the following three steps: • Web Crawling:A special Software robots called spiders built list of word found on millions of web sites. When a spider is building its list , the process is called web crawling. • Indexing: After crawlin the contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it should be indexed. • Searching: It means Building a query and submitting it through the search engine.
- 13. Web Crawling A Web crawler is a computer program that browses the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner or in an orderly fashion. This process is called Web crawling or spidering. Many sites, in particular search engines, use spidering as a means of providing up-to-date data. Web crawlers are mainly used to create a copy of all the visited pages for later processing by a search engine that will index the downloaded pages to provide fast searches. Crawlers can also be used for automating maintenance tasks on a Web site, such as checking links or validating HTML code. Also, crawlers can be used to gather specific types of information from Web pages, such as harvesting e-mail addresses (usually for sending spam). A Web crawler is one type of bot, or software agent. In general, it starts with a list of URLs to visit, called the seeds. As the crawler visits these URLs, it identifies all the hyperlinks in the page and adds them to the list of URLs to visit, called the crawl frontier. URLs from the frontier are recursively visited according to a set of policies.
- 14. Indexing Search engine indexing collects, parses, and stores data to facilitate fast and accurate information retrieval. An alternate name for the process in the context of search engines designed to find web pages on the Internet is web indexing. The purpose of storing an index is to optimize speed and performance in finding relevant documents for a search query. Without an index, the search engine would scan every document in the corpus, which would require considerable time and computing power. For example, while an index of 10,000 documents can be queried within milliseconds, a sequential scan of every word in 10,000 large documents could take hours. The additional computer storage required to store the index, as well as the considerable increase in the time required for an update to take place, are traded off for the time saved during information retrieval.
- 15. Searching When a user enters a query into a search engine, the engine examines its index and provides a listing of best-matching web pages according to criteria, usually with a short summary containing the documents title and sometimes part of the text. Most search engines support the use of the Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT to further specify the search query. Some search engines provide an advanced feature called proximity search which allows users to define the distance between keywords. The usefulness of a search depends on the relevance of the result set it gives back. While there may be millions of web pages that include a particular word or phrase, some pages may be more relevant, popular, or authoritative than others. Most search engines employ methods to rank the results to provide the “best” results first.