Computer Organization and Design
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This chapter discusses computer abstractions and technology. It covers the hardware/software interface and how high-level programs are translated to machine code. The chapter also examines different types of computers like PCs, servers, and embedded systems. It describes how computers use layers of abstraction in both hardware and software. The chapter concludes by discussing performance measures like response time and throughput, and how techniques like parallelism can improve performance within power constraints.
Computer Organization and Design
- 1. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN The Hardware/Software Interface Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology Mutah University Faculty of IT, Department of Software Engineering Dr. Ra’Fat A. AL-msie’deen https://sites.google.com/site/ralmsideen/
- 2. Text Book This material is based on chapter 1 of
- 3. The Computer Revolution • Progress in computer technology • Makes novel applications feasible – Cell phones – World Wide Web – Search Engines • Computers are pervasive
- 4. Classes of Computers • Personal computers (PC) – Delivery of good performance to single users at low cost, a general purpose computer • Servers – Network based and much larger computers for high capacity, performance, and reliability – Widest range in cost and capability • Embedded computers – Hidden as components of a system
- 5. The PostPC Era • Personal Mobile Device (PMD) – Battery operated – Connects to the Internet – Hundreds of US dollars – Smart phones, tablets, electronic glasses • Cloud computing – Warehouse Scale Computers (WSC) • Amazon, google, …. – Software as a Service (SaaS) • Portion of software run on a PMD and a portion run in the Cloud
- 6. What You Will Learn • You can answer the following questions: – How high-level C/Java programs are translated into the machine language • And how the hardware executes them – The hardware/software interface – What determines the performance of program • And how it can be improved – How hardware designers improve performance – What is parallel processing
- 7. Understanding Performance • Algorithm • Determine number of operations executed • Programming language, compiler, architecture • Determine number of machine instructions executed per algorithm/operation • Processor and memory system • Determine how fast instructions are executed • I/O system (including OS) • Determine how fast I/O operations are executed
- 8. Eight Great Ideas in CA • Design for Moore’s Law (1965) • Use abstraction to simplify design • Make the common case fast • Performance via parallelism • Performance via pipelining • Performance via prediction • Hierarchy of memories • Dependability via redundancy
- 9. Eight Great Ideas in Computer Architecture
- 10. Hierarchy Layers in Programs • Application software – Written in high-level language • System software – Compiler: • Translate HLL code to machine code – Operating System: service code • Handling basic input/output • Managing memory and storage • Scheduling tasks & sharing resources • Hardware – Processor, memory, I/O controllers
- 11. Levels of Program Code • High-level language – Level of abstraction closer to problem domain – Provide for productivity and portability • Assembly language – Textual representation of instructions • Machine language – Encoded instructions and data in binary digits (bits)
- 12. From a High-Level Language to the Language of Hardware FIGURE x. C program compiled into assembly language and then assembled into binary machine language.
- 13. Components of a Computer • Same components for all kinds of computer – Inputting/outputting data, processing data, and storing data. • Input/output includes – User-interface devices • Display, keyboard, mouse – Storage devices • Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash – Network adapters • For communicating with other computers
- 14. The BIG Picture FIGURE x. The organization of a computer, showing the fi ve classic components.
- 15. Inside the Processor (CPU) • Datapath: – performs arithmetic operations on data • Control: – tells datapath, memory, and I/O devices what to do according to the wishes of the instruction • Memory: – data memory and instruction memory • DRAM (dynamic random access memory) • Cache memory – Small fast SRAM (static random access memory) memory for immediate access to data
- 16. Abstractions • Abstraction helps us deal with complexity – Hide lower-level detail • Instruction set architecture (ISA) – The hardware/software interface • Application binary interface – The ISA plus system software interface • Implementation – The details underlying and interface
- 17. A Safe Place for Data • Volatile main memory – Loses instructions and data when power off • Non-volatile secondary memory – Magnetic disk – Flash memory – Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)
- 18. Networks (Communicating with Others) • Communication, resource sharing, nonlocal access • Local area network (LAN): Ethernet • Wide area network (WAN): the Internet • Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth
- 19. Technology Trends • Electronics technology continues to evolve – Increased capacity and performance – Reduced cost
- 20. Defining Performance • Which airplane has the best performance? • Response Time and Throughput – Response time (aka execution time) • How long it takes to do a task – Throughput (aka bandwidth) • Total work done per unit time
- 21. Response Time and Throughput • PMDs (personal mobile devices) are more focused on response time, while servers are more focused on throughput. • Example: – How are response time and throughput affected by • Replacing the processor with a faster version? • Adding more processors? • We’ll focus on response time for now…
- 22. Multiprocessors • Uniprocessor Performance • Multicore microprocessors – More than one processor per chip • integrated circuit Also called a chip. A device combining dozens to millions of transistors. • CPU time – Time spent by CPU for processing a given job • Discounts I/O time, other jobs’ shares
- 23. Concluding Remarks • Cost/performance is improving – Due to underlying technology development • Hierarchical layers of abstraction – In both hardware and software • Instruction set architecture – The hardware/software interface • Execution time: the best performance measure • Power is a limiting factor – Use parallelism to improve performance
- 24. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN The Hardware/Software Interface Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology Mutah University Faculty of IT, Department of Software Engineering Dr. Ra’Fat A. AL-msie’deen https://sites.google.com/site/ralmsideen/