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Conditionals
1. The document discusses different types of conditionals including zero, first, second, and third conditionals. 2. It explains the sentence structures and tenses used in conditional clauses and main clauses for each type of conditional. Common linking expressions like "if", "when", and "unless" are also covered. 3. The document also briefly discusses expressing wishes and regrets using structures like "I wish" and "If only".
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Conditionals
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- 2. Conditionals •Zero conditional •True •Firstconditional •Real •Second conditional •Unreal •Third conditional •Impossible past
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- 4. Sentence structure •sentence conditional 2 parts in •Conditional clause •Main clause •If Shakespeare were alive today, he would be 400 years old. •for lunch ifaI hamburger I will have drop by the mall.
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- 6. Linking expression •Other linking expressions •When •As soon as •As long as •Provided •In case •Even if •Unless
- 7. Zero conditional If X happens, Y happens Can be replaced by Whenever
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- 9. Zero conditional •Describe what always happens in a certain circumstance •If you boil water, it turns to steam. •Whenever the sun ceased to shine, the ice age began. ✤If + present/past tense, present/past tense
- 10. First conditional If X happens, Y will happen. Can be replaced by When/ As soon as
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- 12. First conditional •thinks will possibly happen as a Describe what the speaker consequence of a real situation •the natural resourcesenergy, If we do not save the will be depleted very soon. •when the corruption The country will deteriorate continues. ✤inf.+ present, will/can/may + If
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- 14. First conditional •in a conditional clausebe used These tenses can also •Present simple •Present progressive •progressive simple/ Present perfect •work,has will go home. If he he finished his
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- 16. First conditional •Provided, as long as •Meaning: only if •she can lose some weight. Provided she works out, •cum laude as longsumma We will graduate as we study hard and give it our all. ✤present tense, will/can Provided/as long as +
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- 18. First conditional •Unless •meaning: only if not •project youtime, the Unless on finish the company will lose the client. ✤will/canpresent tense, Unless
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- 20. First conditional •Even if •Meaning: even though •Even if we are happy with our old house, we will look for a bigger one. ✤will/canpresent tense, Even if
- 21. Second conditional IfX happened, Y would happen The situation is unlikely to happen
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- 23. Second conditional •Describe whata speaker thinks would happen in an imaginary situation •If I were taller, I would play basketball. •If you were granted a wish, what would you ask for? •If you were on Venus, you would see the sun rise in the west.
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- 25. Second conditional •If pasttense, would inf. •describe the past time The past tense does NOT •time It describes the UNREAL •To give an advice •If I were you, ... •invest in you, Imutual If I were that would fund.
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- 27. Real or unreal? •Depend on the speaker’s idea •Use 1 conditional, if it st sounds real •If I get into Harvard, I will celebrate. • Use 2nd conditional, if it’s unlikely to happen •If I got into Harvard, I would celebrate.
- 28. Third conditional If X had happened, Y would have happened Impossible past You cannot turn back the clock
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- 30. Third conditional •Describe what would have happened in the past situation •Impossible to change •If meteorites had not hit the planet, dinosaurs would not have been extinct. ✤If past perfect, would have + past participle
- 31. Wishes From Azar, BettySchrampfer, Fundamentals of English Grammar
- 32. Wishes •People often make wishes •They want reality to be different •To be exactly opposite of the true situation From Azar, Betty Schrampfer, Fundamentals of English Grammar
- 33. Reality vs. Wishfulthinking A wish about that The true situation situation I don’t know how to I wish I knew how sing. to sing. Jill wasn’t here I wish Jill had been yesterday. here yesterday.
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- 35. If only... •Talking aboutregrets or stronger wishes •Present •If only it stopped raining. •Past •If only I had asked for a promotion.
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- 37. Tense •situation, a wishin a present To express •Use a past tense •good today. I wish the weather was •situation a wish in a past To express •Use a past perfect •music. I had studied I wish