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Conservation of Phillaur Haveli

This document summarizes the conservation of Phillaur Haveli, a 110-year-old residential property in Punjab, India. The single-story property uses traditional construction techniques like lime mortar bricks and deodar wood beams that help regulate indoor temperature without mechanical cooling or heating. The document discusses conserving the deodar wood, which has experienced weathering, cracking, and discoloration over time. Methods like cleaning, filling splits with epoxy, and limited surface treatments are proposed to extend the life of the vulnerable wooden elements. Plans and photographs document the property's courtyard layout and architectural features in need of preservation.

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Conservation of Phillaur Haveli Author: Ar. Prerna Chouhan M.arch 2020-2021 Chandigarh College of Architecture Abstract: Documentation and conservation of a heritage residential property for its valuable classical local architecture and family heritage value. This single-story property is over 110 years old and currently occupied by owners. Highlighting traditional construction techniques and architectural elements that keep it’s indoor climate comfortable without much artificial cooling and heating. This paper will also discuss in specific the conservation of a common architectural as well as structural material “deodar wood”. Keywords: Phillaur, Haveli, Deodar wood, Vernacular, Diori, Baithak, Roofing, Weathering, Epoxy Filler. Introduction: Phillaur haveli was built in 1910 in British India. It was later allotted to the migrants from the Lahore a Rajput family after the partition of 1947. The haveli is located near Phillaur fort & Grand Trunk road. The architecture style of the haveli is local vernacular Punjab architecture. The material used is lime, bricks, deodar wood, iron. Reasons for conservation are the Construction technique of the roof - this roof also helps in maintaining the interior temperature of the dwelling; The material used i.e. deodar wood which is now not available outside Himachal Pradesh; Courtyard style of space organisation gives a reference to old Punjab architecture; Personal heritage - This property was allotted to one of author’s family section after migrating from Lahore in the 1947 partition. Almost all of her family sections moved to urban areas like Chandigarh, Ludhiana as soon as land was available. Leaving this as the only tangible remains of their family history. Phillaur at glance: Image - 001 _ image of Phillaur city map.
Reference - google maps Phillaur is the railway junction on the borderline of Ludhiana Main and Ludhiana Cantonment. It was a junction for Lohian and Ferozepur. In pre-partition days, it was the main timber market of the Punjab Region. It is situated on the banks of River Satluj, the southernmost of the five rivers of the Punjab region. The timber cut in higher regions of the Shivalik range was thrown into the river Satluj and then collected at Phillaur for further transportation. The dedicated railway line survives to this day but it is not functional. The town stands on the highway of traditional Grant Trunk Road. The actual G. T. Road passes through Phillaur. The older path of actual G. T. Road still survives along the railway bridge which Ludhiana. This town was named by a Sanghera Jut called Phul who named it earlier is Phulnagar. However, the Naru Rajputs, sent by Rai Shahr, occupied this town when Shahr's son Ratan Pal left Mau and settled in Phillaur. During Sher Shah Suri times (1540-1545 A. D.), a Sarai (for trading and military purpose) was raised at Phillaur. The Sarai was again revived by Mughal Emperor Shahjahan (1627-1657 A. D.) and used as Postal Center (Dak Ghar) and Military camp. After the Treaty of Amritsar of 1809 between Ranjit Singh and the British East India Company, it became the border post of the Lahore Empire of Ranjit Singh. It was kept under Raja Dhanpat Rai who also acted as his munshi for the lands across the River Sutlej which fell in Ludhiana (made military cantonment by British in 1842). The Sarai was converted into a fort as an outpost. Presently, the fort is called Ranjit Singh Fort. It is now being used as Police Training Academy (PTA). The Finger Print Bureau (1892) in the police academy is one of the oldest institutions in the region. Case study: Haveli Location: image - 002 _ location of Phillaur haveli on the city map. (north pointing upward) Reference - google earth image - 003 _ location of Phillaur haveli adjacent to raja Ranjeet Singh fort. (north pointing leftwards) Reference - google earth
image - 004 _ location of Phillaur haveli in congested dense density. (north pointing leftwards) Reference - google earth The haveli is located in a densely packed site with modern construction residences. It has a 25 feet wide curved access road. Neighbouring residences are 2 to 3 story high built with modern techniques and material hence leaving this property as the only one of it’s kind. image - 005 _ street view of Phillaur haveli Reference - image captured by the author herself. The facade of haveli: We have two doors on the facade, one is operational and the other is closed for several years. The low height iron gate (double door) at the left side of the facade opens up to an open to sky gallery also known as diori. The other 80% of the facade is a solid wall punctured with openings of one deodar double door bordered with two deodar wood windows. There is also a series of 4 ventilators punctured on the solid wall. All of these openings are supported by brick arches and nowhere lintel beam is introduced amongst them. The keystone also made of brick added support to the arch and also adds up to its aesthetic value. At the rightmost portion of the wall, a vertical channel runs for rainwater drainage. There is no separate pipe used for that just two columns of plaster bumps area created on the wall to prevent the smooth flow of rainwater. The top of the solid wall has an overhanging cantilever of around 1.5 feet followed by a thick band of plaster. Over that roof’s parapet crowns the facade with its alternate 5 design pattern of brick jali. image - 006 _ facade of Phillaur haveli Reference - image captured by the author herself.
Spatial planning: The haveli is based on courtyard style planning. It is an east facing haveli. Having a full-length open to sky 7 feet wide diori further opening up in central open to sky courtyard. Initially, there were two rows of enclosed spaces adjoining the rear and front boundary. The left side of the courtyard had a 6 feet wide covered passage for movement during rains. Adjoining diori there is a staircase placed in the courtyard to access the terrace. The front 12.5 feet deep row of spaces were further divided into two rooms 14 feet wide and 9 feet wide respectively. The 14x12.5 feet room have access directly from the street that signifies it as a semi-private area of haveli or possible baithak. This room is currently used as a bedroom and all the openings on the front wall are covered by cloth and plastic sheets for several years now. The 9 feet wide adjoining room is currently used as a store, it’s initial purpose is yet to be discovered. The rare row is 13 feet deep and 23 feet wide single room which was initially used as shared bedroom space. Currently, it is a mixed-used space having baithak at the centre, beds on the left side and storage on the right side. The current situation makes the initial private space as public or semi-private area. Earlier there was an open chulla (open kitchen) in the courtyard. Now they have an enclosed 6 feet by 6 feet square space for cooking under the covered passage. Initially, there was no provision for bathrooms and toilet. Residents used to bath in open and there was a manual collection of rooftop open defecation by certain workers. Currently, there is a 5 by 5 feet bathroom adjoining the kitchen under the covered passage. A toilet is built at the rear end of diori. The material used and Construction technique: For walls - load-bearing brick is used with a bond of lime mortar. Later on, these walls were plastered with cement; which turned out not well. For roofs - there is a series of the garden (wooden beams) supported by walls on all 4 sides. Over these, there is a layer of bricks layer bonded with lime mortar. Over that there is a layer of mud and aggregate further toped with a layer of brick flooring. image - 007 _ roofing system Reference - the image of the roofing system is drawn and documented by the author herself. For flooring - enclosed rooms have brick flooring and open to sky spaces have cement flooring. Doors and windows - all of the openable frames of doors and windows are made up of deodar wood. Which was readily available at the property’s state at the time of construction. There were grills made of iron rods for security purpose.
State of arts and material: Spacial alterations: enclosed kitchen and bathroom were added in a covered passage along with the courtyard. A washroom was added at the end of diori. The usage of spaces changed from semi-private to private and vice-versa. image - 008 _ spacial alteration in the layout of the haveli. Reference - the image of layout drafted and documented by the author herself. Physical alteration in Roofing - Bricks have been replaced, Wood is painted after a 5-7 years gap. The lime paste is re-applied. Biological alteration in roofing - Wood beam and rafters are broken in smaller fragments due to direct exposure of smoke from open Chula for over a century, Darkening of colour. image - 009 _ darkening of roof ( covered passage adjoining courtyard. Reference - the image captured by the author herself. image - 010 _roof of enclosed spaces Reference - the image captured by the author herself. Biological alteration in windows - Wood frame is broken into fragments due to east sun exposure. The wooden openable panel is damaged from the bottom due to solar heat exposure. Wood colour is lightened. image - 011 _windows (front facade) Reference - the image captured by the author herself.
Biological alteration of doors - The wood frame is broken into fragments due to east sun exposure. The wooden openable panel is damaged from the threshold due to solar heat exposure. Wood colour is lightened. image - 012 _door (front facade) Reference - the image captured by the author herself. Material conservation - deodar wood: It is a large evergreen coniferous tree reaching 40–50 m (131–164 ft) tall, exceptionally 60 m (197 ft) with a trunk up to 3 m (10 ft) in diameter. It has a conic crown with level branches and drooping branchlets. The bark of Cedrus deodara contains large amounts of taxifolin. The wood contains cedeodarin, ampelopsin, cedrin, cedrinoside, and deodar (3′,4′,5,6-tetrahydroxy-8-methyl dihydroflavonol). The main components of the needle essential oil include α-terpineol (30.2%), linalool (24.47%), limonene (17.01%), anethole (14.57%), caryophyllene (3.14%), and eugenol (2.14%). The deodar cedar also contains lignans and the phenolic sesquiterpene himasecolone, together with isopimaric acid. Other compounds have been identified, including (−)-matairesinol, (−)-nortrachelogenin, and a dibenzylbutyrolactollignan (4,4',9-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-9,9'-epoxylign an). Deodar is in great demand as a building material because of its durability, rot-resistant character and fine, close grain, which is capable of taking a high polish Its historical use to construct religious temples and landscaping around temples is well recorded. Its rot-resistant character also makes it an ideal wood for constructing the well-known houseboats of Srinagar, Kashmir. In Pakistan and India, during the British colonial period, deodar wood was used extensively for the construction of barracks, public buildings, bridges, canals and railway cars. Despite its durability, it is not a strong timber, and its brittle nature makes it unsuitable for delicate work where strength is required, such as chair-making. Damages of deodar wood: Examples of splitting and shrinkage of cedar Examples of weathered cedar : Weathering - Weathering is a combination of damage from sunlight, rain, and/or wind. As sunlight strikes the surface, its low energy is released into the wood, creating compounds that begin the degradation process. This process is typically slow (a few mm per century) but causes the wood surface to become slightly weaker. Cedar roofs will turn light grey within a year after installation, but the wood beneath retains its original colour. Rain or wind (which can carry tiny sand particles) can wear away the shallow weathered wood on the surface, exposing new wood to sunlight. This process results in a gradual wearing away of the surface. This process typically occurs more rapidly in the softer parts of the wood. In cedar, these parts are at the beginning of each growth ring (called
earlywood). Over time, the shake or shingle can take on a washboard appearance. Repeated wetting and drying can also lead to physical changes in the shake or shingle. Wood swells as it wets and shrinks as it dries. Repeated wetting and drying can induce stresses in the wood that eventually lead to the development of cracks or splits as well as cupping or warping. The wood species used for roofing tend to have lower degrees of shrinkage than other species, but even these materials can eventually develop physical damage. image - 013 _damage of wood Reference - https://www.oldhouseonline.com/repairs-and-h ow-to/how-when-to-use-epoxy-fillers Cleaning of deodar wood: It is best to test any cleaning solution on a small, inconspicuous spot on the roof to make sure that it does not adversely discolour the wood. One cleaning solution that is often used includes the following: 3 ounces of trisodium phosphate (available in paint or hardware stores) 1 ounce of laundry detergent 1 quart of 5% sodium hypochlorite (bleach) 3 quarts of warm water Mix thoroughly and apply with a soft brush or broom. Scrub lightly, allow to stand for 10 to 30 minutes, then rinse away with fresh water. Be sure to rinse accidental splashes off plants. Do not include the phosphate if your gutters lead directly into a storm drain as phosphates can foster algal blooms in nearby lakes and streams. For more persistent stains, repeated applications or the use of stronger bleaching solutions can help. Bleach can be used full strength but be sure to thoroughly rinse the wood surface to remove excess bleach. Surface Treatments of deodar wood: Deodar wood is inherently resistant to moisture uptake, which is why they make such a good roofing material. Thus any surface treatment will only penetrate a short distance into the wood. Roofs also experience severe sun exposure and rainfall that result in rapid degradation and loss of any treatment chemicals. Oil Treatments: Many roof treaters claim that oils applied after cleaning can extend the life of the roof. Cedar and other species contain oils that do impart some moisture resistance and these oils may have a similar effect. The depth of oil penetration is generally shallow, and the materials are exposed to UV degradation. Thus, the protective period applied by these treatments, if any, is limited. They do, however, improve roof appearance for a short time after cleaning. Epoxy filler: The element would be difficult to replicate with new wood, such as a moulded element that would require sophisticated machining or laborious handwork. The element can’t be
easily removed without taking apart other components (for example a pegged window sill). Around 80 to 85 per cent of the element is still sound material. Step 1- Remove any paint and old caulk from the wood—this will allow you to see the full extent of the damage. In this case, the base had taken on an unexpected bowed shape and needed to be flattened before filling (otherwise, the filler would effectively “freeze” the base into that shape). Using a thin-kerf (3/32" thick) circular saw blade, I cut several slots in the base, then filled them with wedges of red cedar coated in waterproof glue. Step 2 - Next, coat the entire base with an epoxy consolidant. Consolidants—thin or slow-curing epoxies that surround the friable wood fibres with a hardening resin—should be used in conjunction with fillers to provide good adhesion. Let the consolidant cure for several hours before moving on to the next step. Step 3 -Once the consolidant has cured, there’s another step before filling. The voids in this piece are not simple holes—because insects made them, they’re an interconnected network of tunnels. If you poured a filler into the holes in the base, it would likely run out of the cracks and all over the work surface. To prevent this, you first need to dam the cracks with epoxy putty; you can use any of the paste-like epoxy fillers that appear on the market. Once you’ve thoroughly mixed the putty (see How To Mix Epoxy), press it into the cracks and crevices along the upper surface and the edge of the base to seal it against leaking. Step 4- Once the dams have cured, it’s time to pour a thin liquid epoxy into the wood. This pourable filler is thin enough to flow into all of the unseen insect passages on this column base; it’s also helpful when filling fissured wood, which you might find on a weathered windowsill, for example. Pour the liquid epoxy until all of the voids appear to be full. Wait for several minutes, and you’ll see depressions develop, which indicates that the epoxy is penetrating into the wood and it’s time to add a little more. Do this until it seems that no more can be absorbed. When this cures, you may find that minor depressions have developed. These can be filled by pouring more epoxy or using ordinary wood fillers to cover tiny holes and pits. Step 5-Once the epoxy has fully cured (the time is dependent on temperature, but it’s best to leave it undisturbed for at least 24 hours), you can sand, paint, and reinstall the wood. While phenolic micro balloons make the epoxy sandable, they are plastic, so machine sanding can cause the paper to clog fairly quickly. Keep plenty on hand and use a lower speed. image - 014 _epoxy filler Reference - https://www.oldhouseonline.com/repairs-and-h ow-to/how-when-to-use-epoxy-fillers
Architecture - spatial organisation conservation: image - 015 _spatial organisation Reference - drawn and documented by the author herself. Re-opening the doors and windows on the front facade. And reviving the original character of the spatial organisation of private and semi-private spaces. References - all photographs are clicked by the author (Ar. Prerna Chouhan) storyline and speech during the presentation was first-hand information collected from interviewing the owner of the haveli. history of phillaur - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillaur maps - google maps & google earth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus_deodara https://nautarch.tamu.edu/CRL/conservationm anual/File6.htm https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2833 51532_TIMBER_CONSERVATION_AND_CONSOLI DATION_PROCESSES https://www.oldhouseonline.com/repairs-and-h ow-to/how-when-to-use-epoxy-fillers https://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/patho gen-articles/nonpathogenic-phenomena/care-m aintenance-wood-shingle-shake-roofs Paper guided by - Dr. Janbade Prafulla Tarachand (Professor of historic buildings materials and construction technologies at Chandigarh college of architecture) Paper researched and written by- Ar. Prerna Chouhan (student at Chandigarh college of architecture studying in 1st-year of masters of architecture)
Conservation of Phillaur Haveli

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In this document
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Focus on the conservation of Phillaur Haveli, its 110-year-old heritage, traditional architecture, and deodar wood.

Details on Phillaur's historical context as a timber market and military outpost, its strategic location.

Description of the crowded location of Phillaur Haveli amidst modern buildings, highlighting its unique character.

Analyzes the courtyard style layout, room usage changes, and previous outdoor kitchen arrangements.

Discusses alterations in space usage and the impact of wear and tear on construction materials.

Focusing on deodar wood's properties, historical use, and current damage from environmental factors.

Explains weathering effects and cleaning methods to maintain deodar wood in heritage structures.

Detailed steps for using epoxy fillers to repair and preserve structural elements of wood.

Recommends restoring original spatial organization by reopening windows and reviving traditional features.

Conservation of Phillaur Haveli

  • 1.
    Conservation of PhillaurHaveli Author: Ar. Prerna Chouhan M.arch 2020-2021 Chandigarh College of Architecture Abstract: Documentation and conservation of a heritage residential property for its valuable classical local architecture and family heritage value. This single-story property is over 110 years old and currently occupied by owners. Highlighting traditional construction techniques and architectural elements that keep it’s indoor climate comfortable without much artificial cooling and heating. This paper will also discuss in specific the conservation of a common architectural as well as structural material “deodar wood”. Keywords: Phillaur, Haveli, Deodar wood, Vernacular, Diori, Baithak, Roofing, Weathering, Epoxy Filler. Introduction: Phillaur haveli was built in 1910 in British India. It was later allotted to the migrants from the Lahore a Rajput family after the partition of 1947. The haveli is located near Phillaur fort & Grand Trunk road. The architecture style of the haveli is local vernacular Punjab architecture. The material used is lime, bricks, deodar wood, iron. Reasons for conservation are the Construction technique of the roof - this roof also helps in maintaining the interior temperature of the dwelling; The material used i.e. deodar wood which is now not available outside Himachal Pradesh; Courtyard style of space organisation gives a reference to old Punjab architecture; Personal heritage - This property was allotted to one of author’s family section after migrating from Lahore in the 1947 partition. Almost all of her family sections moved to urban areas like Chandigarh, Ludhiana as soon as land was available. Leaving this as the only tangible remains of their family history. Phillaur at glance: Image - 001 _ image of Phillaur city map.
  • 2.
    Reference - googlemaps Phillaur is the railway junction on the borderline of Ludhiana Main and Ludhiana Cantonment. It was a junction for Lohian and Ferozepur. In pre-partition days, it was the main timber market of the Punjab Region. It is situated on the banks of River Satluj, the southernmost of the five rivers of the Punjab region. The timber cut in higher regions of the Shivalik range was thrown into the river Satluj and then collected at Phillaur for further transportation. The dedicated railway line survives to this day but it is not functional. The town stands on the highway of traditional Grant Trunk Road. The actual G. T. Road passes through Phillaur. The older path of actual G. T. Road still survives along the railway bridge which Ludhiana. This town was named by a Sanghera Jut called Phul who named it earlier is Phulnagar. However, the Naru Rajputs, sent by Rai Shahr, occupied this town when Shahr's son Ratan Pal left Mau and settled in Phillaur. During Sher Shah Suri times (1540-1545 A. D.), a Sarai (for trading and military purpose) was raised at Phillaur. The Sarai was again revived by Mughal Emperor Shahjahan (1627-1657 A. D.) and used as Postal Center (Dak Ghar) and Military camp. After the Treaty of Amritsar of 1809 between Ranjit Singh and the British East India Company, it became the border post of the Lahore Empire of Ranjit Singh. It was kept under Raja Dhanpat Rai who also acted as his munshi for the lands across the River Sutlej which fell in Ludhiana (made military cantonment by British in 1842). The Sarai was converted into a fort as an outpost. Presently, the fort is called Ranjit Singh Fort. It is now being used as Police Training Academy (PTA). The Finger Print Bureau (1892) in the police academy is one of the oldest institutions in the region. Case study: Haveli Location: image - 002 _ location of Phillaur haveli on the city map. (north pointing upward) Reference - google earth image - 003 _ location of Phillaur haveli adjacent to raja Ranjeet Singh fort. (north pointing leftwards) Reference - google earth
  • 3.
    image - 004_ location of Phillaur haveli in congested dense density. (north pointing leftwards) Reference - google earth The haveli is located in a densely packed site with modern construction residences. It has a 25 feet wide curved access road. Neighbouring residences are 2 to 3 story high built with modern techniques and material hence leaving this property as the only one of it’s kind. image - 005 _ street view of Phillaur haveli Reference - image captured by the author herself. The facade of haveli: We have two doors on the facade, one is operational and the other is closed for several years. The low height iron gate (double door) at the left side of the facade opens up to an open to sky gallery also known as diori. The other 80% of the facade is a solid wall punctured with openings of one deodar double door bordered with two deodar wood windows. There is also a series of 4 ventilators punctured on the solid wall. All of these openings are supported by brick arches and nowhere lintel beam is introduced amongst them. The keystone also made of brick added support to the arch and also adds up to its aesthetic value. At the rightmost portion of the wall, a vertical channel runs for rainwater drainage. There is no separate pipe used for that just two columns of plaster bumps area created on the wall to prevent the smooth flow of rainwater. The top of the solid wall has an overhanging cantilever of around 1.5 feet followed by a thick band of plaster. Over that roof’s parapet crowns the facade with its alternate 5 design pattern of brick jali. image - 006 _ facade of Phillaur haveli Reference - image captured by the author herself.
  • 4.
    Spatial planning: The haveliis based on courtyard style planning. It is an east facing haveli. Having a full-length open to sky 7 feet wide diori further opening up in central open to sky courtyard. Initially, there were two rows of enclosed spaces adjoining the rear and front boundary. The left side of the courtyard had a 6 feet wide covered passage for movement during rains. Adjoining diori there is a staircase placed in the courtyard to access the terrace. The front 12.5 feet deep row of spaces were further divided into two rooms 14 feet wide and 9 feet wide respectively. The 14x12.5 feet room have access directly from the street that signifies it as a semi-private area of haveli or possible baithak. This room is currently used as a bedroom and all the openings on the front wall are covered by cloth and plastic sheets for several years now. The 9 feet wide adjoining room is currently used as a store, it’s initial purpose is yet to be discovered. The rare row is 13 feet deep and 23 feet wide single room which was initially used as shared bedroom space. Currently, it is a mixed-used space having baithak at the centre, beds on the left side and storage on the right side. The current situation makes the initial private space as public or semi-private area. Earlier there was an open chulla (open kitchen) in the courtyard. Now they have an enclosed 6 feet by 6 feet square space for cooking under the covered passage. Initially, there was no provision for bathrooms and toilet. Residents used to bath in open and there was a manual collection of rooftop open defecation by certain workers. Currently, there is a 5 by 5 feet bathroom adjoining the kitchen under the covered passage. A toilet is built at the rear end of diori. The material used and Construction technique: For walls - load-bearing brick is used with a bond of lime mortar. Later on, these walls were plastered with cement; which turned out not well. For roofs - there is a series of the garden (wooden beams) supported by walls on all 4 sides. Over these, there is a layer of bricks layer bonded with lime mortar. Over that there is a layer of mud and aggregate further toped with a layer of brick flooring. image - 007 _ roofing system Reference - the image of the roofing system is drawn and documented by the author herself. For flooring - enclosed rooms have brick flooring and open to sky spaces have cement flooring. Doors and windows - all of the openable frames of doors and windows are made up of deodar wood. Which was readily available at the property’s state at the time of construction. There were grills made of iron rods for security purpose.
  • 5.
    State of artsand material: Spacial alterations: enclosed kitchen and bathroom were added in a covered passage along with the courtyard. A washroom was added at the end of diori. The usage of spaces changed from semi-private to private and vice-versa. image - 008 _ spacial alteration in the layout of the haveli. Reference - the image of layout drafted and documented by the author herself. Physical alteration in Roofing - Bricks have been replaced, Wood is painted after a 5-7 years gap. The lime paste is re-applied. Biological alteration in roofing - Wood beam and rafters are broken in smaller fragments due to direct exposure of smoke from open Chula for over a century, Darkening of colour. image - 009 _ darkening of roof ( covered passage adjoining courtyard. Reference - the image captured by the author herself. image - 010 _roof of enclosed spaces Reference - the image captured by the author herself. Biological alteration in windows - Wood frame is broken into fragments due to east sun exposure. The wooden openable panel is damaged from the bottom due to solar heat exposure. Wood colour is lightened. image - 011 _windows (front facade) Reference - the image captured by the author herself.
  • 6.
    Biological alteration ofdoors - The wood frame is broken into fragments due to east sun exposure. The wooden openable panel is damaged from the threshold due to solar heat exposure. Wood colour is lightened. image - 012 _door (front facade) Reference - the image captured by the author herself. Material conservation - deodar wood: It is a large evergreen coniferous tree reaching 40–50 m (131–164 ft) tall, exceptionally 60 m (197 ft) with a trunk up to 3 m (10 ft) in diameter. It has a conic crown with level branches and drooping branchlets. The bark of Cedrus deodara contains large amounts of taxifolin. The wood contains cedeodarin, ampelopsin, cedrin, cedrinoside, and deodar (3′,4′,5,6-tetrahydroxy-8-methyl dihydroflavonol). The main components of the needle essential oil include α-terpineol (30.2%), linalool (24.47%), limonene (17.01%), anethole (14.57%), caryophyllene (3.14%), and eugenol (2.14%). The deodar cedar also contains lignans and the phenolic sesquiterpene himasecolone, together with isopimaric acid. Other compounds have been identified, including (−)-matairesinol, (−)-nortrachelogenin, and a dibenzylbutyrolactollignan (4,4',9-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-9,9'-epoxylign an). Deodar is in great demand as a building material because of its durability, rot-resistant character and fine, close grain, which is capable of taking a high polish Its historical use to construct religious temples and landscaping around temples is well recorded. Its rot-resistant character also makes it an ideal wood for constructing the well-known houseboats of Srinagar, Kashmir. In Pakistan and India, during the British colonial period, deodar wood was used extensively for the construction of barracks, public buildings, bridges, canals and railway cars. Despite its durability, it is not a strong timber, and its brittle nature makes it unsuitable for delicate work where strength is required, such as chair-making. Damages of deodar wood: Examples of splitting and shrinkage of cedar Examples of weathered cedar : Weathering - Weathering is a combination of damage from sunlight, rain, and/or wind. As sunlight strikes the surface, its low energy is released into the wood, creating compounds that begin the degradation process. This process is typically slow (a few mm per century) but causes the wood surface to become slightly weaker. Cedar roofs will turn light grey within a year after installation, but the wood beneath retains its original colour. Rain or wind (which can carry tiny sand particles) can wear away the shallow weathered wood on the surface, exposing new wood to sunlight. This process results in a gradual wearing away of the surface. This process typically occurs more rapidly in the softer parts of the wood. In cedar, these parts are at the beginning of each growth ring (called
  • 7.
    earlywood). Over time,the shake or shingle can take on a washboard appearance. Repeated wetting and drying can also lead to physical changes in the shake or shingle. Wood swells as it wets and shrinks as it dries. Repeated wetting and drying can induce stresses in the wood that eventually lead to the development of cracks or splits as well as cupping or warping. The wood species used for roofing tend to have lower degrees of shrinkage than other species, but even these materials can eventually develop physical damage. image - 013 _damage of wood Reference - https://www.oldhouseonline.com/repairs-and-h ow-to/how-when-to-use-epoxy-fillers Cleaning of deodar wood: It is best to test any cleaning solution on a small, inconspicuous spot on the roof to make sure that it does not adversely discolour the wood. One cleaning solution that is often used includes the following: 3 ounces of trisodium phosphate (available in paint or hardware stores) 1 ounce of laundry detergent 1 quart of 5% sodium hypochlorite (bleach) 3 quarts of warm water Mix thoroughly and apply with a soft brush or broom. Scrub lightly, allow to stand for 10 to 30 minutes, then rinse away with fresh water. Be sure to rinse accidental splashes off plants. Do not include the phosphate if your gutters lead directly into a storm drain as phosphates can foster algal blooms in nearby lakes and streams. For more persistent stains, repeated applications or the use of stronger bleaching solutions can help. Bleach can be used full strength but be sure to thoroughly rinse the wood surface to remove excess bleach. Surface Treatments of deodar wood: Deodar wood is inherently resistant to moisture uptake, which is why they make such a good roofing material. Thus any surface treatment will only penetrate a short distance into the wood. Roofs also experience severe sun exposure and rainfall that result in rapid degradation and loss of any treatment chemicals. Oil Treatments: Many roof treaters claim that oils applied after cleaning can extend the life of the roof. Cedar and other species contain oils that do impart some moisture resistance and these oils may have a similar effect. The depth of oil penetration is generally shallow, and the materials are exposed to UV degradation. Thus, the protective period applied by these treatments, if any, is limited. They do, however, improve roof appearance for a short time after cleaning. Epoxy filler: The element would be difficult to replicate with new wood, such as a moulded element that would require sophisticated machining or laborious handwork. The element can’t be
  • 8.
    easily removed withouttaking apart other components (for example a pegged window sill). Around 80 to 85 per cent of the element is still sound material. Step 1- Remove any paint and old caulk from the wood—this will allow you to see the full extent of the damage. In this case, the base had taken on an unexpected bowed shape and needed to be flattened before filling (otherwise, the filler would effectively “freeze” the base into that shape). Using a thin-kerf (3/32" thick) circular saw blade, I cut several slots in the base, then filled them with wedges of red cedar coated in waterproof glue. Step 2 - Next, coat the entire base with an epoxy consolidant. Consolidants—thin or slow-curing epoxies that surround the friable wood fibres with a hardening resin—should be used in conjunction with fillers to provide good adhesion. Let the consolidant cure for several hours before moving on to the next step. Step 3 -Once the consolidant has cured, there’s another step before filling. The voids in this piece are not simple holes—because insects made them, they’re an interconnected network of tunnels. If you poured a filler into the holes in the base, it would likely run out of the cracks and all over the work surface. To prevent this, you first need to dam the cracks with epoxy putty; you can use any of the paste-like epoxy fillers that appear on the market. Once you’ve thoroughly mixed the putty (see How To Mix Epoxy), press it into the cracks and crevices along the upper surface and the edge of the base to seal it against leaking. Step 4- Once the dams have cured, it’s time to pour a thin liquid epoxy into the wood. This pourable filler is thin enough to flow into all of the unseen insect passages on this column base; it’s also helpful when filling fissured wood, which you might find on a weathered windowsill, for example. Pour the liquid epoxy until all of the voids appear to be full. Wait for several minutes, and you’ll see depressions develop, which indicates that the epoxy is penetrating into the wood and it’s time to add a little more. Do this until it seems that no more can be absorbed. When this cures, you may find that minor depressions have developed. These can be filled by pouring more epoxy or using ordinary wood fillers to cover tiny holes and pits. Step 5-Once the epoxy has fully cured (the time is dependent on temperature, but it’s best to leave it undisturbed for at least 24 hours), you can sand, paint, and reinstall the wood. While phenolic micro balloons make the epoxy sandable, they are plastic, so machine sanding can cause the paper to clog fairly quickly. Keep plenty on hand and use a lower speed. image - 014 _epoxy filler Reference - https://www.oldhouseonline.com/repairs-and-h ow-to/how-when-to-use-epoxy-fillers
  • 9.
    Architecture - spatial organisationconservation: image - 015 _spatial organisation Reference - drawn and documented by the author herself. Re-opening the doors and windows on the front facade. And reviving the original character of the spatial organisation of private and semi-private spaces. References - all photographs are clicked by the author (Ar. Prerna Chouhan) storyline and speech during the presentation was first-hand information collected from interviewing the owner of the haveli. history of phillaur - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillaur maps - google maps & google earth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus_deodara https://nautarch.tamu.edu/CRL/conservationm anual/File6.htm https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2833 51532_TIMBER_CONSERVATION_AND_CONSOLI DATION_PROCESSES https://www.oldhouseonline.com/repairs-and-h ow-to/how-when-to-use-epoxy-fillers https://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/patho gen-articles/nonpathogenic-phenomena/care-m aintenance-wood-shingle-shake-roofs Paper guided by - Dr. Janbade Prafulla Tarachand (Professor of historic buildings materials and construction technologies at Chandigarh college of architecture) Paper researched and written by- Ar. Prerna Chouhan (student at Chandigarh college of architecture studying in 1st-year of masters of architecture)