Considerations in Applying for a K99 Award: the NIH "Pathway to Independence" (2023)

Considerations in Applying for a K99 Award: the NIH "Pathway to Independence" (2023)

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  K99/R00 - Awards “Pathwayto Independence” Chris Evans 310 206 7884 [email protected] 1-2 years of Mentored Research 3 years of Independent Research +
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  https://www.niaid.nih.gov/grants-contracts/choose-award-career-stage https://researchtraining.nih.gov/programs/career-development K-Kiosk K99 successrate was 25% in 2022
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  PURPOSE: K99 - Tosupport Career/Research Transition to a faculty position and provides 1-2 years of mentored support for, advanced (but not too advanced) postdoctoral research scientists. R00 - To support the second phase of a Career/Research Transition award and provides 1 -3 years of independent research support (R00) contingent on securing an independent research position. Award recipients will hopefully compete successfully for independent R01 support from the NIH during the R00 research transition award period. Bottom Line 2 years mentored research – move to faculty slot – 3 years R01-like funding Questions and Answers https://grants.nih.gov/grants/new_investigators/QsandAs.htm Blog spot http://k99advice.blogspot.com “There’s a lively exchange occurring among scientists on Twitter right now regarding the advice that you need a Cell, Nature, or Science (CNS) paper in order to land a faculty job.”
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  REQUIREMENTS ELIGIBILITY FORAPPLICATION:  K99 will support non-US citizens but one must be in the US for both training and R00.  Must be at the time of application submission (or resubmission) in postdoctoral training. Evidence for independence, and therefore lack of eligibility, includes: The candidate has a full-time faculty position. The candidate received a start-up package for support of his/her independent research.  Must have a terminal clinical or research doctorate (including Ph.D., M.D., D. O., D.C., N.D., D.D.S., D.V.M., Sc.D., D.N.S., Pharm. D.,) or equivalent doctoral degree, or a combined degree.  no more than 4 years of postdoctoral research experience since completing the requirements of the doctoral degree in or outside USA (resubmissions must also comply with this requirement). This time can be extended due to pregnancy, parenting, military service and other personal issues reducing ability to work. Clinical training time with no research involvement (e.g., residency training) is not counted against the 4-year limit  Need your PI supportive!
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  REQUIREMENTS/ELIGIBILITY FOR R00: Thesecond (R00) phase provides up to 3 years of independent research support, which is contingent on satisfactory progress during the K99 phase and an approved, independent, tenure-track (or equivalent) faculty position. R00 awards will generally only be made to those K99 PIs who accept independent, tenure- track (or equivalent) faculty positions in the USA by the end of the K99 award period. Note: You can’t take your R00 outside of the country (including Canada or Mexico). NIH can get sticky giving R00 awards for faculty staying in the same institution and with questionable job titles… getting an independent job is now tough and job seeking needs to occur soon after receiving the award…. Check with an NIH project officer and try to meet at a conference or via zoom!
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  BASIC RESEARCH A systematicstudy directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications towards processes or products in mind. (32 CFR 272.3) CLINICAL TRIAL A research study in which one or more human subjects are prospectively assigned to one or more interventions (which may include placebo or other control) to evaluate the effects of those interventions on health-related biomedical or behavioral outcomes. Basic experimental studies involving humans (BESH) https://grants.nih.gov/policy/clinical- trials/besh.htm Basic experimental studies involving humans (BESH) are studies that meet both the definition of basic research and the NIH definition of a clinical trial. BESH therefore are subject to NIH clinical trials policies such as registration and results reporting. Podcast: https://grants.nih.gov/podcasts/All_About_Grants/episodes/Podcast-BESH.mp3 e.g., fMRI study using go no-go task – looking at frontal cortical activity during response
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  Funding Opportunities PA-20-188- NIHPathway to Independence Award (Parent K99/R00 - Independent Clinical Trial Not Allowed) PA-20-189 - NIH Pathway to Independence Award (Parent K99/R00 Independent Basic Experimental Studies with Humans Required) PA-20-187 - NIH Pathway to Independence Award (Parent K99/R00 - Independent Clinical Trial Required) Maximizing Opportunities for Scientific and Academic Independent Careers (MOSAIC) PAR-21-271 - Maximizing Opportunities for Scientific and Academic Independent Careers (MOSAIC) Postdoctoral Career Transition Award to Promote Diversity (K99/R00 - Independent Clinical Trial Not Allowed PAR-21-273 - Maximizing Opportunities for Scientific and Academic Independent Careers (MOSAIC) Postdoctoral Career Transition Award to Promote Diversity (K99/R00 Independent Basic Experimental Studies with Humans Required (BESH)) PAR-21-272 - Maximizing Opportunities for Scientific and Academic Independent Careers (MOSAIC) Postdoctoral Career Transition Award to Promote Diversity (K99/R00 - Independent Clinical Trial Required)
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  National Cancer Institute(NCI) National Eye Institute (NEI) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) National Institute on Aging (NIA) National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) National Library of Medicine (NLM) Division of Program Coordination, Planning and Strategic Initiatives, Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP) National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) Special Note: Not all NIH Institutes and Centers participate in Parent Announcements ( for example NINDS has not participated in Clinical Trials). (CRITCAL – TALK TO PROGRAM STAFF!) PARTICIPATING INSTITUTES:
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  Make yourself knownto a PO - ask advice in the institute you are applying to! K-Kiosk: https://researchtraining.nih.gov/programs/career-development/K99- R00%20NIH%20Funding%20Opportunity%20Announcements NIH Pathway to Independence Award (Parent K99/​R00 - Clinical Trial Required) https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-18-397.html Maximizing Opportunities for Scientific and Academic Independent Careers (MOSAIC) https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-21-272.html NIH Pathway to Independence Award (Parent K99/​R00 - Independent Clinical Trial Not Allowed) https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-18-398.html (MOSAIC) https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-21-271.html K99/R00 - Independent Basic Experimental Studies with Humans Required (BESH)) https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/par-21-273.html (MOSAIC) https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/par-21-273.html
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  What Reviewers WillLook For? 1) Your CV: Good track record – high impact publications –and publications that have primary authorship – add a link to all your publications. Explain contributions to “team science” multi-author publications. Highlight success in different environments, advise to highlight objectives of training in personal statement. 2) Preliminary data: innovation, potential impact, rigor of the research project to the NIH institute you are applying to. This is a training grant and needs to demonstrate good rationale for acquiring new techniques, rigor of methodologies and creating a base for accomplishing the desired project and transitioning to the ROO phase. Avoid acronyms explain the importance of the problem and your hypothesis rigorously – get reviewers excited but don’t oversell and accurately relay impact. 3) Training plan: can be more/just as important than the research ideas. This is a place in which reviewers can get selectively picky, especially if they are not swayed by the science. Staying in one location and area of research for all training is considered a negative – complementary approaches to fulfill your career goals positive. Transitioning to a totally new field without continuity/bridging with past research a difficult sell. 4) Reference letters: obtain from well-established and high-impact researchers in the field. Don’t go to your friends down the hall – cultivate letters from faculty that are relevant in your area and ask your mentor to help you out. Compliment weaknesses in your primary mentors CV in areas of research, mentorship and technical expertise. 5) Mentor/training environment is critical. Positives are NIH grants for mentor, training track record (use co-mentor if any weaknesses), institutional opportunities, different from Ph.D. mentor/environment/scientific trajectory, the K99 component has synergism with prior career trajectory.
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  Different for applicationswith CT
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  Rigor and Authenticationof Reagents: - Remember sex/gender needs to be addressed - Ask statisticians at UCLA such as David Elashoff for advice – power analysis etc - Reagents need to be verified – using an antibody to XXX doesn’t cut it https://ctsi.ucla.edu/funding/files/view/docs/RigorandReproducibility_Rochester.pdf https://grants.nih.gov/reproducibility/module_1/presentation.html
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  CTSI Library of successfulapplications. https://ctsi.ucla.edu/funding/pages/sample Grant Studio: https://ctsi.ucla.edu/overview/pages/isp-grant-studio Chat with a successful K99 trainee at UCLA or at meetings/online blogs.
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  1: Bredy TW,Barad M. Social modulation of associative fear learning by pheromone communication. Learn Mem. 2008 Dec 30;16(1):12-8. doi:10.1101/lm.1226009. Print 2009 Jan. PubMed PMID: 19117912; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2632855. 2: Bredy TW, Barad M. The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid enhances acquisition, extinction, and reconsolidation of conditioned fear. Learn Mem. 2008Jan 3;15(1):39-45. doi: 10.1101/lm.801108. Print 2008 Jan. PubMed PMID: 18174372;PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2170514. 3: Bredy TW, Wu H, Crego C, Zellhoefer J, Sun YE, Barad M. Histone modifications around individual BDNF gene promoters in prefrontal cortex are associated with extinction of conditioned fear. Learn Mem. 2007 Apr 6;14(4):268-76. Print 2007Apr. PubMed PMID: 17522015; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2216532. 4: Bredy TW, Brown RE, Meaney MJ. Effect of resource availability on biparental care, and offspring neural and behavioral development in the California mouse (Peromyscus californicus). Eur J Neurosci. 2007 Jan;25(2):567-75. PubMed PMID:17284199. 5: Bredy TW. Behavioural epigenetics and psychiatric disorders. Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(2):453. Epub 2006 Sep 11. PubMed PMID: 16963190. 6: Zhang TY, Bagot R, Parent C, Nesbitt C, Bredy TW, Caldji C, Fish E, AnismanH, Szyf M, Meaney MJ. Maternal programming of defensive responses through ustained effects on gene expression. Biol Psychol. 2006 Jul;73(1):72- 89. Epub2006 Feb 28. Review. PubMed PMID: 16513241. 7: Bredy TW, Zhang TY, Grant RJ, Diorio J, Meaney MJ. Peripubertal environmental enrichment reverses the effects of maternal care on hippocampal development and glutamate receptor subunit expression. Eur J Neurosci. 2004 Sep;20(5):1355-62.PubMed PMID: 15341607. 8: Bredy TW, Lee AW, Meaney MJ, Brown RE. Effect of neonatal handling and paternal care on offspring cognitive development in the monogamous Californiamouse (Peromyscus californicus). Horm Behav. 2004 Jun;46(1):30-8. PubMed PMID:15215039. 9: Bredy TW, Grant RJ, Champagne DL, Meaney MJ. Maternal care influences neuronal survival in the hippocampus of the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 2003Nov;18(10):2903-9. PubMed PMID: 14656341. 10: Bredy TW, Humpartzoomian RA, Cain DP, Meaney MJ. Partial reversal of the effect of maternal care on cognitive function through environmental enrichment. Neuroscience. 2003;118(2):571-6. PubMed PMID: 12699791. Good pedigree, most first authored papers, consistent productivity (medium-good impact), not NIDA obvious, but NIDA interested in learning and memory processes/plasticity, different labs PhD and postdoc. TIMOTHY W. BREDY Professor, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Ph.D., McGill University Then Postdoc at UCLA. R00 - UCI
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  Kate Wassum Ph.D., Professor Psychology, UCLA PhD/Postdoc UCLA Primary : Learning and Behavior Secondary: Behavioral Neuroscience (5 RO1’s now) 1: Wassum KM, Ostlund SB, Balleine BW, Maidment NT. Differential dependence o fPavlovian incentive motivation and instrumental incentive learning processes on dopamine signaling. Learn Mem. 2011 Jun 21;18(7):475-83. 2: Wassum KM, Cely IC, Balleine BW, Maidment NT. Micro-opioid receptor activation in the basolateral amygdala mediates the learning of increases but not decreases in the incentive value of a food reward. J Neurosci. 2011 Feb 2;31(5):1591-9. 3: Ostlund SB, Wassum KM, Murphy NP, Balleine BW, Maidment NT. Extracellular dopamine levels in striatal subregions track shifts in motivation and response cost during instrumental conditioning. J Neurosci. 2011 Jan 5;31(1):200-7. 4: Wassum KM, Cely IC, Maidment NT, Balleine BW. Disruption of endogenous opioid activity during instrumental learning enhances habit acquisition. Neuroscience.2009 Oct 20;163(3):770-80. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.071. Epub 2009 Jul18. PubMed PMID: 19619616; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3065789. 5: Wassum KM, Ostlund SB, Maidment NT, Balleine BW. Distinct opioid circuits determine the palatability and the desirability of rewarding events. Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A. 2009 Jul 28;106(30):12512-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905874106. Epub2009 Jul 13. PubMed PMID: 19597155; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2718390. 6: Wassum KM, Evans CJ. International Narcotics Research Conference - 39thAnnual Meeting. IDrugs. 2008 Sep;11(9):646-9. PubMed PMID: 18763214. 7: Wassum KM, Tolosa VM, Wang J, Walker E, Monbouquette HG, Maidment NT. SiliconWafer-Based Platinum Microelectrode Array Biosensor for Near Real-Time Measurement of Glutamate in Vivo. Sensors (Basel). 2008;8(8):5023-5036. PubMedPMID: 19543440; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2699285. 8: Wightman RM, Heien ML, Wassum KM, Sombers LA, Aragona BJ, Khan AS, AriansenJL, Cheer JF, Phillips PE, Carelli RM. Dopamine release is heterogeneous within microenvironments of the rat nucleus accumbens. Eur J Neurosci. 2007Oct;26(7):2046-54. Epub 2007 Sep 14. PubMed PMID: 17868375. 9: Cheer JF, Wassum KM, Sombers LA, Heien ML, Ariansen JL, Aragona BJ, Phillips PE, Wightman RM. Phasic dopamine release evoked by abused substances requires cannabinoid receptor activation. J Neurosci. 2007 Jan 24;27(4):791-5. PubMedPMID: 17251418. 10: Cheer JF, Wassum KM, Wightman RM. Cannabinoid modulation of electrically evoked pH and oxygen transients in the nucleus accumbens of awake rats. JNeurochem. 2006 May;97(4):1145-54. PubMed PMID: 16686693. 11: Heien ML, Khan AS, Ariansen JL, Cheer JF, Phillips PE, Wassum KM, WightmanRM. Real-time measurement of dopamine fluctuations after cocaine in the brain of behaving rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 19;102(29):10023-8. Epub 2005Jul 8. PubMed PMID: 16006505; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1177422. 12: Cheer JF, Wassum KM, Heien ML, Phillips PE, Wightman RM. Cannabinoids enhance subsecond dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of awake rats. J Neurosci.2004 May 5;24(18):4393-400. PubMed PMID: 15128853. Good pedigree, many 1st authored papers, consistent productivity (high impact), NIDA-related research. CV exceptionally strong, many awards……?????? No K99
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  I got ascore 38 on my K99, Here is the text from her summary statement that she allowed me to share: Enthusiasm is tempered by the fact that the proposal is not really distinguished from the candidate’s previous work in this environment. The training does not really appear to add to the applicant’s already extensive abilities and experiences gained in this same environment with the same mentors. ………………………….The case for additional training in these disciplines was difficult to discern. Although the principal investigator has taken advantage of the thriving scientific resources at UCLA during her graduate and postdoctoral training, the application was unclear how further training in the same environment would achieve the goals of the K99. For example, the proposed K99 mentor, Dr Maidment, is co-author on all the applicant’s publications from her time at UCLA, including the predoctoral tenure. Similarly, the predoctoral mentor, Dr Balleine, continues as co-author on papers described in the application as postdoctoral projects. …………………………….Drug studies will occur in the independent phase so no obvious training in neuropharmacology will occur under this plan. Do not see that the extra training proposed advances the applicant’s career prospects. The applicant already has publications/work on methods proposed, i.e. use of Glu biosensors. The applicant also appears to have extensive behavioral training. Does not seem appropriate for a K99 – the application seems to be continuation of training rather than seeking really new opportunities. Continuing in same environment – proposed mentor has been an important part of all her graduate and postdoc work to date and is senior author on many of her publications.
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  Amynah Pradhan PhD CanadianCitizen PhD CNRS France, Postdoc UCLA Assistant Professor Wash U (Director of Center for Clinical Pharmacology) Good Pedigree, most 1st authored papers, impact is med (2010 high), NIDA relevance – pain (opioids) – 6 years out of post-doc motherhood (rules changed from 5 to 4 years after graduation recently). 1: Lutz PE, Pradhan AA, Goeldner C, Kieffer BL. Sequential and opposingalterations of 5-HT(1A) receptor function during withdrawal from chronic morphine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011 Nov;21(11):835-40. 2: Pradhan AA, Walwyn W, Nozaki C, Filliol D, Erbs E, Matifas A, Evans C,Kieffer BL. Ligand-directed trafficking of the δ-opioid receptor in vivo: two paths toward analgesic tolerance. J Neurosci. 2010 Dec 8;30(49):16459-68. 3: Pradhan AA, Yu XH, Laird JM. Modality of hyperalgesia tested, not type ofnerve damage, predicts pharmacological sensitivity in rat models of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pain. 2010 May;14(5):503-9. 4: Pradhan AA. Botulinum toxin: An emerging therapy in female bladder outlet obstruction. Indian J Urol. 2009 Jul;25(3):318-20. 6: Pradhan AA, Gogate PR. Degradation of p-nitrophenol using acoustic cavitation and Fenton chemistry. J Hazard Mater. 2010 Jan 15;173(1-3):517-22. 7: Pradhan AA, Becker JA, Scherrer G, Tryoen-Toth P, Filliol D, Matifas A, Massotte D, Gavériaux-Ruff C, Kieffer BL. In vivo delta opioid receptor internalization controls behavioral effects of agonists. PLoS One.2009;4(5):e5425. 8: Pradhan AA, Siau C, Constantin A, Clarke PB. Chronic morphine administration results in tolerance to delta opioid receptor-mediated antinociception. Neuroscience. 2006 Aug 25;141(2):947-54. 9: Pradhan AA, Clarke PB. Pharmacologically selective block of mu opioidantinociception by peptide nucleic acid antisense in absence of detectable exvivo knockdown. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 Jan 4;506(3):229-36. 10: Pradhan AA, Clarke PB. Comparison between delta-opioid receptor functional response and autoradiographic labeling in rat brain and spinal cord. J CompNeurol. 2005 Jan 24;481(4):416-26. Pu 11: Pradhan AA, Levine MA. Warfarin use in atrial fibrillation: A random samplesurvey of family physician beliefs and preferences. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Winter;9(4):199-202. 12: Pradhan AA, Cumming P, Clarke PB. [125I]Epibatidine-labelled nicotinicreceptors in the extended striatum and cerebral cortex: lack of association with serotonergic afferents. Brain Res. 2002 Nov 8;954(2):227-36. PubMed PMID:12414106.
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  Anna Taylor, PhD PhDCanada Canadian Citizen Post-Doc UCLA Assistant Professor University of Alberta Good Pedigree, most 1st authored papers, impact is med-high, NIDA relevance – pain (opioids) – 6 years out of post-doc. Funded 2 years after review. Weird things happen! Cahill CM, Walwyn W, Taylor AMW, Pradhan AAA, Evans CJ. (2016). Allostatic mechanisms of opioid tolerance beyond desensitization and downregulation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 37(11):963-976 Taylor AMW, Mehrabani S, Liu S, Taylor AJ, Cahill CM. (2016) Topography of microglial activation in sensory and affect related brain regions in chronic pain. J Neurosci Res Taylor AM, Becker S, Schweinhardt P, Cahill C. (2016) Mesolimbic dopamine signaling in acute and chronic pain: implications for motivation, analgesia, and addiction. Pain 157(6):1194-8. Taylor AMW, Castonguay A, Ghogha A, Vayssiere P, Pradhan AAA, Mehrabani S, Xue L, Wu J, Levitt P, De Koninck Y, Evans CJ, Cahill CM. (2016) Neuroimmune regulation of GABAergic neurons within the ventral tegmental area during withdrawal from chronic morphine. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41:949-959 Taylor AM, Castonguay A, Taylor, A, Murphy N, Ghogha A, Cook C, Xue L, Olmstead M, De Koninck Y, Evans C, Cahill C (2015). Microglia disrupt mesolimbic reward circuitry in chronic pain. J Neurosci 35(22):8442-8450 Charrua A, Pinto R, Taylor A, Canelas A, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, Cruz CD, Birder LA, Cruz F (2015) Can the adrenergic system be implicated in the pathophysiology of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis? A clinical and experimental study. Neurourol Urodyn. Epub. Cahill CM, Taylor AM, Cook C, Ong E, Moron JA, Evans CJ (2014). Does the kappa opioid receptor system contribute to pain aversion? Front Pharmacol 15;5:253 Taylor AMW, Roberts KW, Pradhan AA, Walwyn W, Lutfy K, Carroll FI, Cahill CM, Evans CJ (2014). Kappa opioid receptor-mediated analgesia is blocked by a delta opioid receptor agonist. British Journal of Pharmacology, 172(2):e102334 Taylor AMW, Murphy NP, Evans CJ, Cahill CM (2014) Correlation between ventral striatal catecholamine content and nociceptive thresholds in neuropathic mice. J Pain 15(8): 878-885. Taylor, AMW. (2013) Pain and reward: How the affective-motivational system is perturbed in chronic pain. Postdoctoral Research Journal. Vol 1, No.2. Taylor, AMW and Ribeiro-da-Silva A. (2012). Consequences of the ablation of non-peptidergic afferents in an animal model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Pain. 153: 1311-1319. Farmer, M.A., Taylor, AMW, Bailey, A.L., McIntyre, L.C., Milagrosa, Z.E., Crissman, H.P., Bennet, G.J., Ribeiro- da-Silva, A., Binik, T.M., and Mogil, J.S. (2011) Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis as an etiology of provoked vestibulodynia. Science Translational Medicine. 101ra91. Cahill, C.M. and Taylor, AMW. (2011) A piece of the puzzle is revealed for delta opioid analgesia. Pain. 152 (6): 1217-1218. Taylor, AMW. and Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. (2011). GDNF levels in the lower lip skin in rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain: Implications for non-peptidergic fiber re-innervation and parasympathetic sprouting. Pain. 52 (7): 1502-1510. Taylor, AMW, Peleshok, J.C., and Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. (2009) Distribution of P2X3-immunoreactive fibers in hairy and glabrous skin of the rat. J Comp Neurol. (514):555-566. Riedl, M.S., Schnell, S.A., Overland, A.C., Chabot-Dore, A.J., Taylor, AMW, Ribeiro-da-Silva, A., Elde, R.P., Wilcox, G.L., and Stone, L.S. (2009) Coexpression of alpha2a adrenergic and delta opioid receptors in substance P-Containing terminals in rat dorsal horn. J Comp Neurol. (513) 385-398. Holdridge, S.C., Armstrong, S.A., Taylor, AMW, and Cahill, C.M. (2007) Behavioral and morphological evidence for the involvement of glial cell activation of delta opioid receptor function: implications for the development of opioid tolerance. Mol Pain. 3:7.