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Contributions of Edward jenner, Robert koch and Joseph Lister
- 1. PRESENTED BY: SHRUTHI K FIRSTM.SC MICROBIOLOGY PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
- 2. JOSEPH LISTER JosephLister was born in Essex, England, on April 5, 1827 to Joseph Jackson Lister, an amateur scientist. Lister obtained Bachelor’s degrees in Medicine and Surgery. He also became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS) in 1852. In 1853, Lister went to Edinburgh, Scotland, to spend four weeks with Professor James Syme, who was considered to be the greatest teacher of surgery at that time and became his assistant. In the Edinburgh Hospital where Lister worked, almost half of the surgery patients died from infection. In some hospitals in Europe, as many as 80 per cent died.
- 3. Scientists wereconvinced that nothing could be done about this due to widespread belief of spontaneous generation theory. Lister was not convinced. Lister compared patients with simple and compound fractures. Simple fractures do not involve an external wound. Compound fractures are those where the broken bone pierces the skin and is exposed to the air. More than half of these patients died. Lister reasoned that somehow the infection must enter the wound from the outside. Therefore, Lister began washing his hands before operating, and wearing clean clothes to prevent contamination.
- 4. Lister readworks of Louis Pasteur and understood that germs that entered from outside caused the problem and demonstrated that life arose from life. He hypothesized that If infection arose spontaneously within a wound, it would be virtually impossible to eliminate it. However, if germs entering from the air outside the wound caused infection, then those germs could be killed and infection prevented. Unlike Pasteur who used heat to kill the microbes, Lister used carbolic acid to wash hands, instruments and the bandages. After more than a year of using and refining these techniques, Lister had sufficient data to show that his methods were a success. He published his findings in the medical journal, The Lancet, in 1867.
- 5. JOSEPH LISTER LISTERSPRAYING PHENOL ON PATIENT
- 6. ROBERT KOCH RobertKoch was born on December 11, 1843, in Clausthal, Germany to a mining engineer. He chose a career in medicine while studying at the University of Gottingen. In Gottingen, he learned under the tutelage of Henle, Meissner, Wohler, and Krause. While a student, he won a research prize for his study on neuronal innervation of the uterus. This allowed him to travel to Hanover where he encountered Germany’s most renowned physician, Rudolf Virchow. He graduated from the university cum extrema lauda in 1866
- 7. During thattime, Louis Pasteur had discovered that bacteria cause putrefaction; Joseph Lister had developed techniques of antiseptic surgery. Jacob Henle, Koch’s anatomy teacher in Göttingen, was defending the idea which held that disease could be caused by living transferable entities. In Wollstein, Koch was appointed district medical officer. While maintaining his clinical practice, he began investigating a major health problem—anthrax. He discovered that inoculating a mouse with blood from a sheep that had died of anthrax caused the mouse to die the following day. At autopsy, rod-shaped structures were present in the blood, lymph nodes, and spleen
- 8. By repeatingthese inoculations, Koch could propagate anthrax rods over dozens of generations. Koch hypothesized that these were living bacteria, which propagated by elongation and fission. He noted that their presence was required for disease transmission. Koch developed techniques of artificial culture that allowed him to observe changes in bacteria over time. He found that inoculating the cornea of a rabbit with bacteria-laden fluid caused the aqueous humor to become turbid and it acted as culture media. Using a petroleum lamp, a humid chamber, an incubator, and vegetable oil for a seal, he could control the temperature, humidity, and aeration of his specimens.
- 9. The organismmust always be present, in every case of the disease. The organism must be isolated from a host containing the disease and grown in pure culture. Samples of the organism taken from pure culture must cause the same disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal in the laboratory. The organism must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be identified as the same original organism first isolated from the originally diseased host. KOCH POSTULATES
- 10. In Europe,tuberculosis was responsible for one out of seven deaths. Suspecting that tuberculosis was caused by bacteria resistant to conventional stains, Koch experimented with new stains. Using Ehrlich’s methylene blue stain, he detected a few tiny rods in tuberculosis tissue. When he added a brown counterstain for photographic contrast, he ‘uncovered’ more bacteria. Koch had discovered the tubercle bacillus. The bacilli were always present in tuberculosis disease, but not in normal states. Moreover, they always preceded tubercle formation, appearing before the arrival of giant cells and caseation. They were numerous when the tuberculosis process was incipient or progressive, and rare when it was quiescent.
- 11. He discoveredthat under optimal conditions – a warm, moist, aerated environment – the bacteria would swell, elongate, and form long filaments with refractile spheres. When the fluid was reconstituted with aqueous humor, bacteria emerged from the spheres. Koch hypothesized that the spheres were endospores which caused anthrax. He discovered that he could ‘fix’ and visualise bacteria to a slide by drying them in liquid solution and by applying dyes like eosin, fuchsin and safranin. He became the first physician to use an oil immersion lens, the first to use a condenser, and the first to publish photographs of bacteria.
- 12. Koch detectedthe bacilli in the sputum and lung cavities of consumptives. He found that he could induce disease in healthy animals by inoculating them with infected sputum. He concluded that sputum was the principal source of transmitted disease Although the bacilli could not multiply outside a living host, in dried sputum they retained their pathogenicity for weeks. Proper disposal of infected sputum and decontamination of the environment were, therefore, essential to disease prevention On March 24, 1882, Koch presented his findings on tuberculosis at a meeting of the Berlin Physiological Society and it was considered one of the most influential. In 1904, Koch was awarded the Nobel Prize.
- 13. Cholera wasendemic in India and had spread to Egypt. Koch began his research on this. Koch began by examining the intestinal mucosa of the deceased and identified a a comma-shaped aerobic and motile bacillus. With nourishment it could survive outside the body He conducted almost a hundred autopsies, and found the bacilli in the distal small bowel, where intestinal disease was greatest. He traced seventeen cases of cholera to a nearby water tank, which had been used by local residents for drinking, washing, and waste disposal. Intestinal exposure to contaminated water caused disease in susceptible hosts. Koch’s discovery meant that access to clean water was necessary to prevent the spread of cholera.
- 14. Later, Koch'sattempt at developing a drug to treat tuberculosis, tuberculin, led to a scandalous failure: he did not divulge the exact composition, and the claimed treatment success did not materialize; the substance is today used for tuberculosis diagnosis. He also studied malaria in new guinea.
- 16. EDWARD JENNER EdwardJenner was born on May 17, 1749, in Berkeley, Gloucestershire. At age 13 he was apprenticed to a country surgeon and apothecary in Sodbury, near Bristol. The record shows that it was there that Jenner heard a dairymaid say, “I shall never have smallpox for I have had cowpox. I shall never have an ugly pockmarked face.” Jenner was so interested in natural science that he helped classify many species that Captain Cook brought back from his first voyage. He studied geology and carried out experiments on human blood. Jenner built and twice launched his own hydrogen balloon. It flew 12 miles.
- 17. Jenner conducteda particular study of the cuckoo and found that cuckoo hatchling evicts the eggs and chicks of the foster parents from the nest. Jenner was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In biology, Jenner devised an improved method for preparing a medicine known as tartar emetic (potassium antimony tartrate). Jenner returned to Berkeley to practice medicine where he enjoyed continued success and his interest in observing migration patterns of birds continued. In 1796 he made the first step in the long process whereby smallpox, the scourge of mankind, would be totally eradicated.
- 18. For manyyears, he had heard the tales that dairymaids were protected from smallpox naturally after having suffered from cowpox. Pondering this, Jenner concluded that cowpox not only protected against smallpox but also could be transmitted from one person to another as a deliberate mechanism of protection. In May 1796, Edward Jenner found a young dairymaid, Sarah Nelms, who had fresh cowpox lesions on her hands and arms. Using matter from Nelms' lesions, he inoculated an 8-year-old boy, James Phipps. Subsequently, the boy developed mild fever and discomfort in the axillae. Nine days after the procedure he felt cold and had lost his appetite, but on the next day he was much better.
- 19. In July1796, Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion. No disease developed, and Jenner concluded that protection was complete. In 1797, Jenner sent a short communication to the Royal Society describing his experiment and observations. However, the paper was rejected. Jenner privately published a small booklet entitled An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae. The Latin word for cow is vacca, and cowpox is vaccinia; Jenner decided to call this new procedure vaccination.
- 20. In thefirst part Jenner presented his view regarding the origin of cowpox as a disease of horses transmitted to cows. The theory was discredited during Jenner's lifetime. He then presented the hypothesis that infection with cowpox protects against subsequent infection with smallpox. In London, vaccination became popular through the activities of others, particularly the surgeon Henry Cline, to whom Jenner had given some of the inocculant. Jenner conducted a nationwide survey in search of proof of resistance to smallpox or to variolation among persons who had cowpox. The results of this survey confirmed his theory.
- 21. Despite errors,many controversies, and chicanery, the use of vaccination spread rapidly in England, and by the year 1800, it had also reached most European countries. Although he received worldwide recognition and many honors, Jenner made no attempt to enrich himself through his discovery. The extraordinary value of vaccination was publicly acknowledged in England, when in 1802 the British Parliament granted Edward Jenner the sum of £10,000. Five years later the Parliament awarded him £20,000 more. Gradually, vaccination replaced variolation, which became prohibited in England in 1840.
- 23. REFERENCES 1. https://answersingenesis.org/creation-scientists/joseph- lister-father-of-modern-surgery/ 2. RobertKoch and the 'golden age' of bacteriology Blevins S.M., Bronze M.S.(2010) International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14 (9) , pp. e744-e751. 3. The myth of the medical breakthrough: smallpox, vaccination, and Jenner reconsidered. C. P. Gross, K. A. Sepkowitz, Int J Infect Dis. 1998 Jul-Sep; 3(1): 54–60 4. Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination, Stefan Riedel Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2005 Jan; 18(1): 21–25. PMCID: PMC1200696 5. Baxby D. The Jenner bicentenary; still uses for smallpox vaccine. Epidemiology and Infection. 1996;116(3):231- 234.