Fads
vs.
Trends
OBJECTIVES
 differentiate a trend from a fad
 give examples of a trend and a fad;
and
 explain the process on how to spot a
trend
What I Know
Directions: Identify the following terms as FAD or TREND. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. 3-D printing - ______________
2. loombands - ______________
3. virtual pets - ______________
4. online banking - ______________
5. medical tourism - ______________
6. touch screen devices - ______________
7. candy crush app - _____________
8. fidget spinner - ______________
9. animated films - ______________
10. puka shell necklace - ______________
11. denim jeans - ______________
12. business process outsourcing - ______________
13. face app - ______________
14. powerbank - ______________
15. distance learning delivery mode - ______________
Fads vs. Trends
The 21st century is a deluge of overwhelming demands from a
digital society; hence, enormous trends have emerged. Global trends
have been increasingly given attention and anchored to socio-
cultural, economic, and political dimensions. Unconsciously,
individuals like you do not realize that they have been into certain
trends.
What’s In
Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Are you fond of watching Korean Pop Artists or Korean Dramas? Why?
Why not?
2. Have you done a hip-hop? Rap?
3. Have you tried creating TikTok videos? Why? Why not?
4. Do you have electronic gadgets? Name them.
5. Who influenced your fashion, style and interest?
6. Why do you think these have become part of your
lifestyle/culture/standards?
What’s New
Directions: The following are random words associated with fads and trends.
Rank by putting 1 as your most liked and 10 as your least liked in the blanks.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. cologne 7. denim jeans 13. smartphone
2. sports 8. online chatting 14. rubberband
3. malling 9. Monopod 15. facebook
4. cinemas 10. Instagram
5. haircut 11. Brick game
6. fashion 12. powerbank
Trend
Trend is something that covers almost all of human activities such as but not
limited to politics, beliefs, economics, lifestyle, social life and the like whether the
individuals or groups of people are aware of it or not. It is defined in various ways
depending on the orientation of these individuals or groups. In the fields of arts,
fashion and music for example, it is a prevailing style or preference such as realism
movement in art, emergence of the miniskirt, and popularity of certain genre of music
like jazz, classical and rock. Many of you must have had an experience of listening
or watching Video-Karaoke singers during festivities or celebrations. You would
notice that song selections are dependent of the singers. Older singers tend to opt for
older songs while younger singers opt for newer songs. Why do you think so? Well, it
is because their song selection was dependent on the most prevailing genre of songs
during their respective era or generation. The trend toward portable music players, is
another example which started with the invention of big, heavy, portable “boom
boxes” and transformed into personal CD players– continuing to grow and change
into the MP3 portable music player phenomenon that we see today.
In the sphere of economics, trends may come as a general movement
registering statistical changes for a long period such as the increasing cost of living
and rate of unemployment. A typical example of this is the long prevailing
capitalistic mentality of people all throughout the world which in one way or
another dictates their economic movement. Why do you still pursue your
studies despite the difficulties brought about by the current pandemic? Well, most
of you if not all would say, “because I have a dream to fulfill. I want a good life, a
good and stable job, a career, etc.
In politics, trends refer to a tendency, drift, or bend toward a certain stance,
thought, or policy as when democratic Southeast Asian countries favored
authoritarian governments at a certain point in their histories. Well, this will also
remind us of our own history when there was a point in our time when people felt
that their freedom and liberty were disregarded which brought them to a struggle
to regain it – the 1986 Edsa People Power Revolution, which eventually became
a kindling reminder of how the true spirit of democracy works.
Other areas also exhibit prevailing preference such as in sports (wearable devices
that monitor training performance), food (rise of oatmeal products, inclusion of
moringa or malunggay in food products), medicine (stem cell treatment), cosmetics
(whitening supplements), travel (paperless tickets and online check-in),
manufacturing (3-D printing), environmental management (home solar electric
system). To sum up, a trend is a pattern of behavior demonstrated by a big number
of people within a particular period.
Here are some examples of trend:
 gadgets
 teleserye
 social networking sites
 social advocacies
 drone technology
 denim jeans
 business process outsourcing
 online ticketing
 cashless transactions
Trending ngayon sa YouTube ang… Trending sa Twitter ang… Trending
ngayon sa Facebook ang… You might get confused at these headlines from
the News and ask, “how can these be considered as trends based on the above
discussion?” This part now discusses fads and how it differs from trends.
A Fad is something, such as an interest or fashion, that is very popular
for a short time (Merriam– Webster’s Learner’s Dictionary). A fad is a product
that has little, if any, utility but is characterized by a quick rise in sales and
popularity followed by a quick decline in sales and popularity. This quick up
and down in sales is because fad products usually do not satisfy a strong
consumer need. Nevertheless, fads seldom completely die out with some diehard
followers remaining loyal. Now, if we will look back at the first paragraph
above, you will now see that those things which are advertised as “trending” in
YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook or any popular social media platforms
are not actually trends but are merely fads.
fad
Here are some classic examples of fad.
 hula hoop
 yo-yo
 virtual pets
 Frisbee
 Pokémon Go
 Hello Kitty
 Loomband
 Candy Crush App
 iPod
 kalyeserye
 pet rock
 Friendster
 troll doll
 bucket challenge
 mannequin challenge
 “Gangnam Style” song
 Tamagochi pets
 hoverboards
 fidget spinner
A fad is an intense but short-lived fashion. It is a widely– shared
enthusiasm for something, especially one that is short-lived. It is a
temporary fashion, a craze, interest, or activity that people follow
enthusiastically, but lasts for a short period of time.
CATEGORIES FAD TREND
Notions of Change  the new things that we currently do
fade when the perception of novelty is
gone
 the way we do things
Behavior  Intense  sustained behavior that turns into lifestyle,
mindset, and values
Effects  coolness
 me-too mentality
 starts with technology
 meets needs, solves problems and issues
Time and
Nature of Growth
 appears suddenly
 enormously popular
suddenly disappears
 unexplainable growth
 appears suddenly
 enormously popular
 does not disappear
 gets stronger over time
 sticks around
Scope and Limitations  stays within one company
 single brand/limited
Brands
 can across over many companies
 encompasses entire areas of Technologies
How does a trend differ from a fad? To simply put it, a fad has a definite beginning and a definite end while
a trend though has a certain beginning at a certain point in time or history but, it evolves and changes as it
continues to grow.
Every generation has its own set of fads. Do you now realize what are those? Can you now recall
some stories of what fads came and went during your time? It will surely yield a very interesting list.
Spotting a Trend
Someone or something starts or causes a trend. A person who
starts a trend is called trendsetter. The individual’s act or the event
has attracted attention, earned acceptance, and created strong
interest and influence on people whose number keeps increasing as
days go by. The act or event is something different from what is currently going
on and it becomes “the next big thing”. It demonstrates an accelerated spread
among various sectors and areas and creates a deep and wide scope of influence
on people, sectors, and the environment. It leads to change. (Urgel, 2017)
Let us put it this way, in 1986, the Philippines became very popular to the
world because of the Edsa People Power Revolution which, as described by
historians, a perfect example of a successful peaceful revolution. However, if we
will still go a few more decades back, similar peaceful revolution has also become
very popular in India by the leadership of Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi which
eventually brought India’s independence in 1947.
What could have been that trend which developed and evolved overtime?
Well, obviously those are freedom and democracy in which we may
consider Gandhi as the trendsetter in India, while the 1986 Edsa People
Power may be attributed to the assassination of the late Benigno Aquino Jr.
According to futurists (a futurist is one who studies and predicts
the future, especially based on current trends.) Rehn and Lindkvist (2013),
trendspotting refers to the study of trends and the way they develop and
affect society. According to them, this should be differentiated from cool-
hunting which is a hunt for those things that will become popular
before they are popular. Trend analysis is based on trendspotting but
it extends this into developing future scenarios and so they say that to
follow a trend, one must not only be conscious of what is currently
happening but be wise enough to predict the future. (Urgel, 2017)
Arzadon et.al. (2018) mentioned that trends and fads are
sometimes used interchangeably, and they are both important for
organizations and people to keep abreast with the changing
environment. However, it is also important to distinguish the
difference between trends and fads to deepen our understanding of
survival and adaptability. As members of society, we should know how
fads and trends to create changes in our society. Certain fads and
trends are created by dominant cultures catering to their own
interests. As students, you should be able to analyze how to respond
to the issues and challenges brought about by these changes.
Directions: Identify if the statements/situations given in the first column pertain to a
trend or a fad. Provide your reason/s on the third column. The first one
has been done for you. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Statements Trend or
Fad
Reasons
Example: More kids love playing with
loombands
Fad Loombands came up, sales went up
but only for a while and then went
down and children became less
interested and so they almost
disappeared as quickly as they arrive.
1. Yaya Dub (Maine Mendoza) used dubsmash
and got so popular overnight. Dubsmash is a
mobile app that creates short selfie videos
dubbed with famous
sounds.
Statements Trend or
Fad
Reasons
2. High fructose corn syrup is present in fruit
juices, cakes, ice cream, sweets, and chocolates, and
was found to be the culprit for obesity and diabetes.
3. More and more youth of today are fond of using
high-tech gadgets like tablets and smartphones.
4. More people around the globe are
engaged in the mobile app TikTok.
5. The “Trumpets” dance challenge and the
mannequin challenge which went viral on television
and social media were practiced by people of all
walks of life.
What I Have Learned
Directions: Apply what you have learned from this module. Fill in the missing
words to complete the paragraph. Choose your answers from the words in the
box below.
fad trends futurist trendsetter trending trendspotter
John was a 4th year student of Philosophy at the University of San
Carlos in Cebu City. One day, as he was about to go to the university, he came
across a young boy playing a yo-yo. As he further looked around, he saw few
more kids playing the toy and several street vendors nearby selling them. He
was wondering that maybe that toy was at its 1.___________ times since it
won’t last anyway, and, he was right. In fact, in just a few weeks’ time, it
faded.
While John was in his class on Modern Philosophy, his professor
was discussing about how Karl Marx have influenced those people who upheld
the latter’s communist ideologies. This made Karl Marx a 2.____________ since
he started a trend which remained existing and evolving event to the present.
Towards the end of the class, John’s professor gave them an assignment.
They were asked to spot the existence of the Marxist ideologies to some
known current world leaders. This somehow makes John a 3.____________
since his task was to find the lineage of the Marxist ideologies. Not only that, he
will also act as a 4.____________ since he will try to study the development and
possible evolution of Marxism in the world to come. Such a great task isn’t it?
Although it is going to be a very tedious task for John to do, he believed that
he would be able to learn so much about it. Anyway, this is what
5.____________ are, they may have been developed at some point in time, but
they remain alive, existing, developing and continue to evolve.
Assessment
Reflect on the ways in which your own life as a student has changed as a result of
the trends we have today. Start from your earliest memories as a student. Have you
accepted all these changes that happened in your life? Or are there areas where you
would have preferred things to stay the same?
Directions: Choose one among the following situations that you think may remain a
trend after five (5) years? Why? Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. continuous implementation of the different distance learning modalities even
after the pandemic
2. compulsory COVID-19 vaccination
3. continuous adaptation of lifestyle in the “new normal” such as health and
safety protocols and other activities like online shopping and virtual
gatherings
RUBRICS FOR ESSAY
CONTENT STYLE/ CONVENTIONS
The presence of ideas developed through
facts, examples, anecdotes, reasons
and/or explanations
The choice, use and arrangement of words and
sentence structures that create tone and voice
5 Substantial, specific, and/or illustrative
content demonstrating strong
development and sophisticated ideas
Precise, illustrative use of a variety of
words and sentence structures to create consistent
writer’s voice and tone appropriate to audience
4 Sufficiently developed content with
adequate elaboration or explanation
Generic use of a variety of words and
sentence structures that may or may not
create writer’s voice and tone appropriate to
audience
3 Limited content with
inadequate elaboration or
explanation
Limited word choice and control of sentence
structures that inhibit voice and tone
2 Superficial and/or minimal content Minimal variety in word choice and minimal
control of sentence structures
2-Point Rubric- Short Response
2 Points The response has sufficient number of relevant facts, definitions,
concrete details, and/or other information according to the
requirements of the prompt.
1 Point The response has some relevant facts, definitions, concrete
details, and/or other information according to the requirements of the
prompt.
0 Point The response is totally inaccurate.
Copy of DONEHU~2-1-1. PowerPoint presentation

Copy of DONEHU~2-1-1. PowerPoint presentation

  • 1.
  • 2.
    OBJECTIVES  differentiate atrend from a fad  give examples of a trend and a fad; and  explain the process on how to spot a trend
  • 3.
    What I Know Directions:Identify the following terms as FAD or TREND. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. 3-D printing - ______________ 2. loombands - ______________ 3. virtual pets - ______________ 4. online banking - ______________ 5. medical tourism - ______________ 6. touch screen devices - ______________ 7. candy crush app - _____________ 8. fidget spinner - ______________ 9. animated films - ______________ 10. puka shell necklace - ______________ 11. denim jeans - ______________ 12. business process outsourcing - ______________ 13. face app - ______________ 14. powerbank - ______________ 15. distance learning delivery mode - ______________
  • 4.
    Fads vs. Trends The21st century is a deluge of overwhelming demands from a digital society; hence, enormous trends have emerged. Global trends have been increasingly given attention and anchored to socio- cultural, economic, and political dimensions. Unconsciously, individuals like you do not realize that they have been into certain trends.
  • 5.
    What’s In Directions: Answerthe following questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Are you fond of watching Korean Pop Artists or Korean Dramas? Why? Why not? 2. Have you done a hip-hop? Rap? 3. Have you tried creating TikTok videos? Why? Why not? 4. Do you have electronic gadgets? Name them. 5. Who influenced your fashion, style and interest? 6. Why do you think these have become part of your lifestyle/culture/standards?
  • 6.
    What’s New Directions: Thefollowing are random words associated with fads and trends. Rank by putting 1 as your most liked and 10 as your least liked in the blanks. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. cologne 7. denim jeans 13. smartphone 2. sports 8. online chatting 14. rubberband 3. malling 9. Monopod 15. facebook 4. cinemas 10. Instagram 5. haircut 11. Brick game 6. fashion 12. powerbank
  • 7.
    Trend Trend is somethingthat covers almost all of human activities such as but not limited to politics, beliefs, economics, lifestyle, social life and the like whether the individuals or groups of people are aware of it or not. It is defined in various ways depending on the orientation of these individuals or groups. In the fields of arts, fashion and music for example, it is a prevailing style or preference such as realism movement in art, emergence of the miniskirt, and popularity of certain genre of music like jazz, classical and rock. Many of you must have had an experience of listening or watching Video-Karaoke singers during festivities or celebrations. You would notice that song selections are dependent of the singers. Older singers tend to opt for older songs while younger singers opt for newer songs. Why do you think so? Well, it is because their song selection was dependent on the most prevailing genre of songs during their respective era or generation. The trend toward portable music players, is another example which started with the invention of big, heavy, portable “boom boxes” and transformed into personal CD players– continuing to grow and change into the MP3 portable music player phenomenon that we see today.
  • 8.
    In the sphereof economics, trends may come as a general movement registering statistical changes for a long period such as the increasing cost of living and rate of unemployment. A typical example of this is the long prevailing capitalistic mentality of people all throughout the world which in one way or another dictates their economic movement. Why do you still pursue your studies despite the difficulties brought about by the current pandemic? Well, most of you if not all would say, “because I have a dream to fulfill. I want a good life, a good and stable job, a career, etc. In politics, trends refer to a tendency, drift, or bend toward a certain stance, thought, or policy as when democratic Southeast Asian countries favored authoritarian governments at a certain point in their histories. Well, this will also remind us of our own history when there was a point in our time when people felt that their freedom and liberty were disregarded which brought them to a struggle to regain it – the 1986 Edsa People Power Revolution, which eventually became a kindling reminder of how the true spirit of democracy works.
  • 9.
    Other areas alsoexhibit prevailing preference such as in sports (wearable devices that monitor training performance), food (rise of oatmeal products, inclusion of moringa or malunggay in food products), medicine (stem cell treatment), cosmetics (whitening supplements), travel (paperless tickets and online check-in), manufacturing (3-D printing), environmental management (home solar electric system). To sum up, a trend is a pattern of behavior demonstrated by a big number of people within a particular period. Here are some examples of trend:  gadgets  teleserye  social networking sites  social advocacies  drone technology  denim jeans  business process outsourcing  online ticketing  cashless transactions
  • 10.
    Trending ngayon saYouTube ang… Trending sa Twitter ang… Trending ngayon sa Facebook ang… You might get confused at these headlines from the News and ask, “how can these be considered as trends based on the above discussion?” This part now discusses fads and how it differs from trends. A Fad is something, such as an interest or fashion, that is very popular for a short time (Merriam– Webster’s Learner’s Dictionary). A fad is a product that has little, if any, utility but is characterized by a quick rise in sales and popularity followed by a quick decline in sales and popularity. This quick up and down in sales is because fad products usually do not satisfy a strong consumer need. Nevertheless, fads seldom completely die out with some diehard followers remaining loyal. Now, if we will look back at the first paragraph above, you will now see that those things which are advertised as “trending” in YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook or any popular social media platforms are not actually trends but are merely fads. fad
  • 11.
    Here are someclassic examples of fad.  hula hoop  yo-yo  virtual pets  Frisbee  Pokémon Go  Hello Kitty  Loomband  Candy Crush App  iPod  kalyeserye  pet rock  Friendster  troll doll  bucket challenge  mannequin challenge  “Gangnam Style” song  Tamagochi pets  hoverboards  fidget spinner A fad is an intense but short-lived fashion. It is a widely– shared enthusiasm for something, especially one that is short-lived. It is a temporary fashion, a craze, interest, or activity that people follow enthusiastically, but lasts for a short period of time.
  • 12.
    CATEGORIES FAD TREND Notionsof Change  the new things that we currently do fade when the perception of novelty is gone  the way we do things Behavior  Intense  sustained behavior that turns into lifestyle, mindset, and values Effects  coolness  me-too mentality  starts with technology  meets needs, solves problems and issues Time and Nature of Growth  appears suddenly  enormously popular suddenly disappears  unexplainable growth  appears suddenly  enormously popular  does not disappear  gets stronger over time  sticks around Scope and Limitations  stays within one company  single brand/limited Brands  can across over many companies  encompasses entire areas of Technologies How does a trend differ from a fad? To simply put it, a fad has a definite beginning and a definite end while a trend though has a certain beginning at a certain point in time or history but, it evolves and changes as it continues to grow. Every generation has its own set of fads. Do you now realize what are those? Can you now recall some stories of what fads came and went during your time? It will surely yield a very interesting list.
  • 13.
    Spotting a Trend Someoneor something starts or causes a trend. A person who starts a trend is called trendsetter. The individual’s act or the event has attracted attention, earned acceptance, and created strong interest and influence on people whose number keeps increasing as days go by. The act or event is something different from what is currently going on and it becomes “the next big thing”. It demonstrates an accelerated spread among various sectors and areas and creates a deep and wide scope of influence on people, sectors, and the environment. It leads to change. (Urgel, 2017) Let us put it this way, in 1986, the Philippines became very popular to the world because of the Edsa People Power Revolution which, as described by historians, a perfect example of a successful peaceful revolution. However, if we will still go a few more decades back, similar peaceful revolution has also become very popular in India by the leadership of Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi which eventually brought India’s independence in 1947.
  • 14.
    What could havebeen that trend which developed and evolved overtime? Well, obviously those are freedom and democracy in which we may consider Gandhi as the trendsetter in India, while the 1986 Edsa People Power may be attributed to the assassination of the late Benigno Aquino Jr. According to futurists (a futurist is one who studies and predicts the future, especially based on current trends.) Rehn and Lindkvist (2013), trendspotting refers to the study of trends and the way they develop and affect society. According to them, this should be differentiated from cool- hunting which is a hunt for those things that will become popular before they are popular. Trend analysis is based on trendspotting but it extends this into developing future scenarios and so they say that to follow a trend, one must not only be conscious of what is currently happening but be wise enough to predict the future. (Urgel, 2017)
  • 15.
    Arzadon et.al. (2018)mentioned that trends and fads are sometimes used interchangeably, and they are both important for organizations and people to keep abreast with the changing environment. However, it is also important to distinguish the difference between trends and fads to deepen our understanding of survival and adaptability. As members of society, we should know how fads and trends to create changes in our society. Certain fads and trends are created by dominant cultures catering to their own interests. As students, you should be able to analyze how to respond to the issues and challenges brought about by these changes.
  • 16.
    Directions: Identify ifthe statements/situations given in the first column pertain to a trend or a fad. Provide your reason/s on the third column. The first one has been done for you. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Statements Trend or Fad Reasons Example: More kids love playing with loombands Fad Loombands came up, sales went up but only for a while and then went down and children became less interested and so they almost disappeared as quickly as they arrive. 1. Yaya Dub (Maine Mendoza) used dubsmash and got so popular overnight. Dubsmash is a mobile app that creates short selfie videos dubbed with famous sounds.
  • 17.
    Statements Trend or Fad Reasons 2.High fructose corn syrup is present in fruit juices, cakes, ice cream, sweets, and chocolates, and was found to be the culprit for obesity and diabetes. 3. More and more youth of today are fond of using high-tech gadgets like tablets and smartphones. 4. More people around the globe are engaged in the mobile app TikTok. 5. The “Trumpets” dance challenge and the mannequin challenge which went viral on television and social media were practiced by people of all walks of life.
  • 18.
    What I HaveLearned Directions: Apply what you have learned from this module. Fill in the missing words to complete the paragraph. Choose your answers from the words in the box below. fad trends futurist trendsetter trending trendspotter John was a 4th year student of Philosophy at the University of San Carlos in Cebu City. One day, as he was about to go to the university, he came across a young boy playing a yo-yo. As he further looked around, he saw few more kids playing the toy and several street vendors nearby selling them. He was wondering that maybe that toy was at its 1.___________ times since it won’t last anyway, and, he was right. In fact, in just a few weeks’ time, it faded.
  • 19.
    While John wasin his class on Modern Philosophy, his professor was discussing about how Karl Marx have influenced those people who upheld the latter’s communist ideologies. This made Karl Marx a 2.____________ since he started a trend which remained existing and evolving event to the present. Towards the end of the class, John’s professor gave them an assignment. They were asked to spot the existence of the Marxist ideologies to some known current world leaders. This somehow makes John a 3.____________ since his task was to find the lineage of the Marxist ideologies. Not only that, he will also act as a 4.____________ since he will try to study the development and possible evolution of Marxism in the world to come. Such a great task isn’t it? Although it is going to be a very tedious task for John to do, he believed that he would be able to learn so much about it. Anyway, this is what 5.____________ are, they may have been developed at some point in time, but they remain alive, existing, developing and continue to evolve.
  • 20.
    Assessment Reflect on theways in which your own life as a student has changed as a result of the trends we have today. Start from your earliest memories as a student. Have you accepted all these changes that happened in your life? Or are there areas where you would have preferred things to stay the same? Directions: Choose one among the following situations that you think may remain a trend after five (5) years? Why? Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. continuous implementation of the different distance learning modalities even after the pandemic 2. compulsory COVID-19 vaccination 3. continuous adaptation of lifestyle in the “new normal” such as health and safety protocols and other activities like online shopping and virtual gatherings
  • 21.
    RUBRICS FOR ESSAY CONTENTSTYLE/ CONVENTIONS The presence of ideas developed through facts, examples, anecdotes, reasons and/or explanations The choice, use and arrangement of words and sentence structures that create tone and voice 5 Substantial, specific, and/or illustrative content demonstrating strong development and sophisticated ideas Precise, illustrative use of a variety of words and sentence structures to create consistent writer’s voice and tone appropriate to audience 4 Sufficiently developed content with adequate elaboration or explanation Generic use of a variety of words and sentence structures that may or may not create writer’s voice and tone appropriate to audience 3 Limited content with inadequate elaboration or explanation Limited word choice and control of sentence structures that inhibit voice and tone 2 Superficial and/or minimal content Minimal variety in word choice and minimal control of sentence structures
  • 22.
    2-Point Rubric- ShortResponse 2 Points The response has sufficient number of relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, and/or other information according to the requirements of the prompt. 1 Point The response has some relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, and/or other information according to the requirements of the prompt. 0 Point The response is totally inaccurate.