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Copy-of-Mitosis.pptx reviewer on gen bio stem 11
- 2. Write TRUE ifthe statement is correct and FALSE if it is not. 1. Cytokinesis is also referred to as the late telophase. 2. During anaphase, the chromatin materials start to condense, forming discrete chromosomes. 3. The cell cycle has two parts: interphase and cell division. 4. During telophase, the chromosomes have reached the opposite poles of the cell. 5. During G1, the cell decreases in size.
- 3. CELL CYCLE: Mitosis •Cell Cycle- is an orderly sequence of events that describes the stages of a cell’s life from the division of a single parent cell to the production of two new daughter cells.
- 4. CELL CYCLE: Mitosis •Cell Cycle has two parts: growth and preparation (INTERPHASE) and cell division (MITOSIS OR MEIOSIS). • TWO STAGES OF CELL DIVISION: • Karyokinesis • Cytokinesis
- 5. CELL CYCLE: Mitosis •Mitosis is the part of a cell cycle that results in identical daughter nuclei that are also genetically identical to the original parent nucleus.
- 6. How does thecell prepare for mitosis while in interphase? • Interphase is the part of the cell cycle through which the cell undergoes normal growth processes while also preparing for cell division. • Interphase has three stages based on the metabolic activity taking place in the cell: G1 (first gap), S (synthesis stage), and G2 (second gap)
- 7. • Cell Cycle control systemsalso called as cell cycle checkpoints.
- 8. Three main checkpoints: • G1checkpoint, • G2 checkpoint, • Metaphase checkpoint.
- 9. STAGE 1: INTERPHASE FirstGap (G1) • Cell produces ATP, RNA & protein. • The cell increases in size.
- 10.
- 11. Second Gap (G2) •cell organelles duplicates • chromosomes uncoil to form the chromatin materials
- 13. Prophase • Chromatin materials startto condense, forming discrete chromosomes. • Nuclear envelope is not visible.
- 14. Prometaphase nucleus and other organellesare no longer visible. The centrioles have reached the opposite poles of the cell.
- 15. Metaphase • chromosomes convene onthe metaphase plate
- 16. Anaphase • chromosomes move towards oppositepoles of the cell. • formation of spindle fibers.
- 17. Telophase • chromosomes have reachedthe opposite poles of the cell. • chromosomes start to decondense. • spindle fibers start to disappear.
- 18. Cytokinesis • nuclei and cytoplasmic contents-fully visible. • Two new daughter cells are formed.
- 19. Assessment 1. Chromosomes areduplicated during what stage of the cell cycle? a. G1 phase b. S phase c. Prophase d. Prometaphase
- 20. 2. Which ofthe following events DOES NOT occur during some stages of interphase? a. DNA duplication b. Increase in cell size c. Organelle duplication d. Separation of sister chromatids
- 21. 3. In whichcell structure do mitotic spindles arise from? a. Centromere b. Kinetochore c. Centrosome d. Cleavage furrow
- 22. 4. Which stageof mitosis is characterized by the attachment of mitotic spindle fibers to kinetochores? a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Prometaphase d. Anaphase
- 23. 5. During whichstage of mitosis do unpacking of chromosomes and the formation of a new nuclear envelope happen? a. Prometaphase c. Anaphase b. Metaphase d. Telophase
- 24. 6. Which stageof mitosis is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids? a. Prometaphase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase
- 25. 7. What structureforms by the fusing of golgi vesicles at the metaphase plate of dividing plant cells? a. Cell plate b. Acting ring c. Cleavage furrow d. Mitotic spindle
- 26. 8. What isthe main prerequisite clearance at the G2 checkpoint? a. Cell has reached a sufficient size b. An adequate stockpile of nucleotides. c. Accurate and complete DNA replication. d. Proper attachment of mitotic spindle fibers to kinetochores.
- 27. 9. Which ofthe following phases of mitosis is essentially the opposite of prophase in terms of nuclear changes? a. Telophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Interphase
- 28. 10. Which phaseof the cell cycle does alignment of chromosomes in the equatorial plate occur? a. Gap 1 Phase b. Gap 2 Phase c. Mitotic Phase d. Synthesis Phase
Editor's Notes
- #3 Two parts of Cell Cycle: 1. Cell Growth and Preparation- Interphase 2. Cell Division-Mitosis or Meiosis
- #4 During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. During the mitotic phase, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are distributed, and the cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells. Karyokinesis- refers to the cell division of nuclei into two daughter nuclei Cytokinesis- cell division of cytoplasm resulting into two daughter cells.
- #5 In mitosis, both the parent and the daughter nuclei are at the same ploidy level – diploid for most plants and animals. (contains 2 sets of chromosomes) Ploidy level-refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in cell.
- #7 cell cycle checkpoints, is driven by a built-in clock that can be adjusted by external stimuli like sending chemical messages (protein). Function: This control system is essential to ensure that the daughter cells produced be exact duplicates of the parent cell. Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead to mutations that may be passed on to every new cell produced from as abnormal cell.
- #8 G1 checkpoint is the restriction point which ensures that the cell is large enough to divide and that enough nutrients are available to support the resulting daughter cells. If the said requirements were met, the cell will receive a “go – ahead” signal from a protein called kinase, allowing the cell to enter the cell cycle. If the cell doesn’t receive a “go – ahead” signal, it will exit the cell cycle and switch to a non – dividing state called G0 (quiescent phase).
- #9 G1 checkpoint- Stimulating Protein (Growth factors) Cyclin dependent Kinase regulate the cell cycle. Inhibiting Protein- p53 protein checks for damages in the DNA Retinoblastoma Protein (Rb) check if the cell has enough nutrients.
- #10 As DNA replication has ended, the cell enters another checkpoint called the G2 checkpoint. This checkpoint ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been successfully completed. If the said requirement was met, the cell will receive a “go – ahead” signal from kinase, allowing the cell to enter the second gap (G2).
- #13 The nucleus and other organelles of the cell start to disintegrate. Centrioles start to move toward the opposite pole of the cell along with the radiation of mitotic spindle between them.
- #14 Spindle fibers converge and connect to the kinetochore of chromosomes. As the interconnection of spindle fibers to the chromosomes, specifically to their kinetochore, has ended, the cell enters the metaphase checkpoint.This checkpoint ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers by their kinetochore. If the said requirement was met, the chromosomes will force to move toward the center of the cell.
- #15 metaphase plate, an imaginary plane equidistant between the two poles of the spindle fibers.
- #16 Anaphase begins when the centromere of each chromosome come apart, separating the sister chromatids.
- #17 Telophase is roughly the reverse of prophase.
- #18 During cytokinesis, in some references is referred to as the late telophase. during cytokinesis. The constriction continues forming the cleavage furrow, which pinches the cell in two. Two new daughter cells are formed, each with a complete set of chromosomes as the parent cell.
- #19 B
- #20 D
- #21 C
- #22 C
- #23 D
- #24 C
- #25 A
- #26 D
- #27 A
- #28 C