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Coronavirus
- 1. Coronavirus Presented By –Kanishk Jaiswal School of Biosciences Apeejay Stya University
- 2. Coronavirus Coronavirus is memberof the order NIDOVIRALES, family Coronavirinae, and genus Coronavirus. They were originally named due to the virion structure resembling that of the “Corona of the Sun” The first coronavirus were identified in 1932 in cloaca samples of chicken (Hudson and Beaudette, 1932).
- 3. Classification of Coronavirus 1.Alphacoronavirus 2. Betacoronavirus 3. Gammacoronavirus 4. Deltacoronavirus
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- 7. 3. Gammacoronavirus Gammacoronavirus (Gamma-CoV)is one of the four genera, Alpha-, Beta- Gamma-, and Deltacoronavirus, in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. They are enveloped, positive-sense, single- stranded RNA viruses of zoonotic origin. Gamma-CoV also known as coronavirus group 3 are the avian coronaviruses.
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- 9. Species Affecting Human S.No.Coronaviruses Group Year Identified Clinical Disease 1. HCoV-229E α- CoV 1967 Colds, Pneumonia 2. HCoV-OC43 β- CoV 1969 Colds, Pneumonia 3. SARS-CoV β- CoV 2002 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 4. HCoV-NL63 α- CoV 2004 Bronchitis, Cold, Pneumonia 5. HCoV-HKU1 β- CoV 2005 Colds, Pneumonia 6. MERS-CoV β- CoV 2012 Pneumonia, Kidney Failure
- 10. New Coronavirus The SARS-CoV-2virus is a Betacoronavirus, like MERS- CoV and SARS-CoV. All three of these viruses have their origins in bats.
- 11. How CoVID19 infect Humancell? The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein binds to the cell membrane protein Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter human cells. COVID-19 has been shown to bind to ACE2 via the S protein on its surface. During infection, the S protein is cleaved into subunits, S1 and S2. S1 contains the receptor binding domain (RBD) which allows coronaviruses to directly bind to the peptidase domain (PD) of ACE2. S2 then likely plays a role in membrane fusion. The structure of the ACE2 when it is bound to one of its typical ligands, the amino acid transporter B0AT1 and also how the COVID-19 RBD may bind to the ACE2-B0AT1 complex. These structures have previously not been identified and could aid in producing antivirals or a vaccine that can block coronavirus infection by targeting ACE2.
- 12. Comparison with otherviruses Mortality rate for SARS was 10%, and for MERS 34%. Virus Death Rate Wuhan Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) 2%* SARS 9.6% MERS 34% Swine Flu 0.02%
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- 14. Possible Treatment Thereis currently no vaccine or treatment for COVID-19. Symptoms of a coronavirus usually go away on their own. If symptoms feel worse than a common cold, contact your doctor. He or she may prescribe pain or fever medication. As with a cold or the flu, drink fluids and get plenty of rest. If you are having trouble breathing, seek immediate medical care. When possible, avoid contact with others when you are sick. If you have COVID-19, wear a facemask to prevent spreading the virus to others.
- 15. Myths and ConspiracyTheories 1. Myth: Face masks can protect you from the virus Standard surgical masks cannot protect you from SARS-CoV-2, as they are not designed to block out viral particles and do not lay to the face. Surgical masks can help prevent infected people from spreading the virus further by blocking any respiratory droplets that could be expelled from their mouths. Within health care facilities, special respirators called "N95 respirators" have been shown to greatly reduce the spread of the virus among medical staff. People require training to properly fit respirators around their noses, cheeks and chins to ensure that no can sneak around the edges of the mask; and wearers must also to check the equipment for damage after each use.
- 16. 2.Myth: You're wayless likely to get this than the flu Not necessarily. To estimate how easily a virus spreads, scientists calculate its "basic reproduction number," or R0 (pronounced R-nought). R0 predicts the number of people who can catch a given bug from a single infected person. Currently, the R0 for SARS- CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease COVID-19, is estimated at about 2.2, meaning a single infected person will infect about 2.2 others, on average. By comparison, the flu has an R0 of 1.3. Evidence suggests that the virus passed through an intermediate animal before infecting humans. Similarly, the SARS virus jumped from bats to civets (small, nocturnal mammals) on its way into people, whereas MERS infected camels before spreading to humans.
- 17. 3.Myth: The virusis just a mutated form of the common cold No, it's not. Coronavirus is a large family of viruses that includes many different diseases. SARS-CoV-2 does share similarities with other coronaviruses, four of which can cause the common cold. All five viruses have spiky projections on their surfaces and utilize so- called spike proteins to infect host cells. However, the four cold coronaviruses — named 229E, NL63, OC43 and HKU1 — all utilize humans as their primary hosts. SARS-CoV-2 shares about 90% of its genetic material with coronaviruses that infect bats, which suggests that the virus originated in bats and later hopped to humans.
- 18. 4.Myth or Conspiracy:The virus was probably made in a lab No evidence suggests that the virus is man-made. SARS-CoV-2 closely resembles two other coronaviruses that have triggered outbreaks in recent decades, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and all three viruses seem to have originated in bats. In short, the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 fall in line with what we know about other naturally occurring coronaviruses that made the jump from animals to people.
- 19. 5.Myth: Pets canspread the new coronavirus Probably not to humans. One dog in China contracted a "low-level infection" from its owner, who has a confirmed case of COVID-19, meaning dogs may be vulnerable to picking up the virus from people, according to The South China Morning Post. The infected Pomeranian has not fallen ill or shown symptoms of disease, and no evidence suggests that the animal could infect humans.