Cos413day3
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This document provides an overview and agenda for a computer forensics class. It discusses reviewing the previous lab assignment, beginning a discussion on working with Windows and DOS systems, and recapping the previous lab which focused on understanding how to properly prepare for forensics work by learning DOS and having part of the lab report started in advance. The document then outlines the objectives and topics to be covered in working with Windows and DOS systems, including understanding file systems, exploring Microsoft file structures like FAT, NTFS, and the boot sequence.
Cos413day3
- 2. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e2 AgendaAgenda • Questions? • Assignment 1 due • Lab Write-ups (project 2-1 and 2-2) due next class • Lab Recap and After Action Report • Begin Discussion on Working with Windows and DOS Systems – Chapter 3 in 1e and Chapter 7 in 2e
- 3. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e3 Lab 1 RecapLab 1 Recap • Always know what are going to do before you sit down at the forensics workstations – Methodical not “hack and slash” – Requires reading and prior prep • Learn DOS – Most forensics work is down at low levels (not GUI) – http://www.glue.umd.edu/~nsw/ench250/dostutor.htm • Have part of the lab report started before the lab – Know what it is you are looking for
- 4. Guide to ComputerGuide to Computer Forensics andForensics and InvestigationsInvestigations Chapter 3 Working with Windows and DOS Systems
- 5. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e5 ObjectivesObjectives • Understand file systems • Explore Microsoft file structures • Examine New Technology File System (NTFS) disks
- 6. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e6 Objectives (continued)Objectives (continued) • Understand the Windows Registry • Understand Microsoft boot tasks • Understand MS-DOS startup tasks
- 7. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e7 Understanding File SystemsUnderstanding File Systems • Understand how OSs work and store files • CompTIA A+ certification • File system – Road map to data on a disk – Determines how data is stored on disk • Become familiar with file systems
- 8. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e8 Understanding the Boot SequenceUnderstanding the Boot Sequence • Avoid data contamination or modification • Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) – Stores system configuration, data, and time • BIOS – Performs input/output at hardware level
- 9. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e9 Understanding the Boot SequenceUnderstanding the Boot Sequence (continued)(continued) • Make sure computer boots from a floppy disk – Modify CMOS – Accessing CMOS depends on the BIOS • Delete key • Ctrl+Alt+Insert • Ctrl+A • Ctrl+F1 • F2 • F12
- 10. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e10 Understanding the Boot SequenceUnderstanding the Boot Sequence (continued)(continued)
- 11. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e11 Understanding Disk DrivesUnderstanding Disk Drives • Composed of one or more platters • Elements of a disk: – Geometry – Head – Tracks – Cylinders – Sectors
- 12. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e12 Understanding Disk Drives (continued)Understanding Disk Drives (continued)
- 13. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e13 Understanding Disk Drives (continued)Understanding Disk Drives (continued) • Cylinder, head, sector (CHS) calculation – 512 bytes per sector – Tracks contain sectors – Number of bytes on a disk • Cylinders (platters) x Heads (tracks) x sectors • First track is track 0 – So if a disc list 79 tracks (like a floppy) does, it has 80 tracks
- 14. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e14
- 15. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e15 Understanding Disk Drives (continued)Understanding Disk Drives (continued) • Zoned bit recording (ZBR) – Platter’s inner tracks are smaller than outer tracks – Group tracks by zone • Track density – Space between each track • Areal density – Number of bits on one square inch of a platter
- 16. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e16 Exploring Microsoft File StructuresExploring Microsoft File Structures • Need to understand – FAT – NTFS • Sectors are grouped on clusters – Storage allocation units of at least 512 bytes – Minimize read and write overhead • Clusters are referred to as logical addresses • Sectors are referred to as physical addresses
- 17. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e17 Disk PartitionsDisk Partitions • Logical drive • Hidden partitions or voids – Large, unused gaps between partitions – Also known as partition gaps – Can hide data • Use a disk editor to change partitions table – Norton Disk Edit – WinHex, Hex Workshop – http://www.x-ways.net/winhex/index-m.html
- 18. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e18 Disk Partitions (continued)Disk Partitions (continued)
- 19. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e19 Disk Partitions (continued)Disk Partitions (continued) • Disk editor additional functions – Identify OS on an unknown disk – Identify file types
- 20. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e20 Disk Partitions (continued)Disk Partitions (continued)
- 21. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e21
- 22. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e22 Disk Partitions (continued)Disk Partitions (continued)
- 23. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e23
- 24. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e24 Master Boot RecordMaster Boot Record • Stores information about partitions – Location – Size – Others • Software can replace master boot record (MBR) – PartitionMagic – LILO – Can interfere with forensics tasks – Use more than one tool
- 25. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e25 Examining FAT DisksExamining FAT Disks • FAT was originally developed for floppy disks – Filenames, directory names, date and time stamps, starting cluster, attributes • Typically written to the outermost track • Evolution – FAT12 – FAT16 – FAT32
- 26. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e26 Examining FAT Disks (continued)Examining FAT Disks (continued)
- 27. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e27 Examining FAT Disks (continued)Examining FAT Disks (continued) • Drive slack – Unused space on a cluster – RAM slack • Can contain logon IDs and passwords • Common on older systems – File slack • Bytes not used on the sector by the file • FAT16 unintentionally reduced fragmentation
- 28. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e28 Examining FAT Disks (continued)Examining FAT Disks (continued)
- 29. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e29 Examining FAT Disks (continued)Examining FAT Disks (continued) • Cluster chaining – File clusters are together (when possible) • Produces fragmentation • Tools – Norton DiskEdit – DriveSpy’s Chain Fat Entry (CFE) command • Rebuilding broken chains can be difficult
- 30. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e30 Examining FAT Disks (continued)Examining FAT Disks (continued)
- 31. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e31
- 32. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e32 Deleting FAT FilesDeleting FAT Files • Filename in FAT database starts with HEX E5 • FAT chain for that file is set to zero • Free disk space is incremented • Actual data remains on disk • Can be recovered with computer forensics tools
- 33. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e33 Examining NTFS DisksExamining NTFS Disks • First introduced with Windows NT • Spin off HPFS – From IBM O/S 2 • Provides improvements over FAT file systems – Stores more information about a file • Microsoft’s move toward a journaling file system – Keep track of transactions – Can be rolled back
- 34. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e34 Examining NTFS Disks (continued)Examining NTFS Disks (continued) • Partition Boot Sector starts at sector 0 • Master File Table (MFT) – First file on disk – Contains information about all files on disk (meta-data) • Reduces slack space • NTFS uses Unicode – UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32
- 35. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e35 Examining NTFS Disks (continued)Examining NTFS Disks (continued)
- 36. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e36 NTFS File AttributesNTFS File Attributes • All files and folders have attributes • Resident attributes – Stored in the MFT • Nonresident attributes – Everything that can be stored on the MFT • Uses inodes for nonresident attributes • Logical and virtual cluster numbers – LCN and VCN
- 37. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e37 NTFS Data StreamsNTFS Data Streams • Data can be appended to a file when examining a disk – Can obscure valuable evidentiary data • Additional data attribute of a file • Allow files be associated with different applications
- 38. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e38 NTFS Compressed FilesNTFS Compressed Files • Improve data storage – Compression similar to FAT DriveSpace 3 • File, folders, or an entire volume can be compressed • Transparent when working with Windows XP, 2000, or NT • Need to decompress it when analyzing – Advanced tools do it automatically
- 39. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e39 NTFS Encrypted File System (EFS)NTFS Encrypted File System (EFS) • Introduced with Windows 2000 • Implements a public key/private key encryption method • Recovery certificate – Recovery mechanisms in case of a problem • Works for local workstations or remote servers
- 40. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e40 Deleting NTFS FilesDeleting NTFS Files • Similar to FAT • NTFS is more efficient than FAT – Reclaiming deleted space – Deleted files are overwritten more quickly
- 41. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e41 Understanding the Windows RegistryUnderstanding the Windows Registry • Database that stores: – Hardware and software configuration – User preferences (user names and passwords) – Setup information • Use Regedit command for Windows 9x • Use Regedt32 command for Windows XP and 2000 • FTK Registry Viewer
- 42. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e42 Understanding the Windows RegistryUnderstanding the Windows Registry (continued)(continued) • Windows 9x Registry – User.dat – System.dat • Windows 2000 and XP Registry – WinntSystem32Config – WindowsSystem32Config – System, SAM, Security, Software, and NTUser.dat
- 43. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e43 Understanding the Windows RegistryUnderstanding the Windows Registry (continued)(continued)
- 44. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e44 Understanding Microsoft Boot TasksUnderstanding Microsoft Boot Tasks • Prevent damaging digital evidence • OSs alter files when computer starts up
- 45. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e45 Windows XP, 2000 and NT StartupWindows XP, 2000 and NT Startup • Steps: – Power-on self test (POST) – Initial startup – Boot loader – Hardware detection and configuration – Kernel loading – User logon
- 46. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e46 Startup Files for Windows XPStartup Files for Windows XP • Files used during boot process: – NTLDR – Boot.ini – BootSec.dos – NTDetect.com – NTBootdd.sys – Ntoskrnl.exe – Hal.dll – Device drivers
- 47. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e47 Windows XP System FilesWindows XP System Files
- 48. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e48 Windows 9x and Me StartupWindows 9x and Me Startup • Windows Me cannot boot to a true MS-DOS mode • Windows 9x OSs have two modes – DOS protected-mode interface (DPMI) • Command prompt from boot menu – Protected-mode GUI • Dos shell in windows • Startup files – Io.sys – Msdos.sys – Command.com
- 49. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e49 Windows 9x and Me StartupWindows 9x and Me Startup (continued)(continued)
- 50. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e50 Understanding MS-DOS Startup TaskUnderstanding MS-DOS Startup Task • Io.sys – Loaded after the ROM bootstrap – Finds the disk drive – Provides basic input/output services • Msdos.sys – Loaded after Io.sys – Actual kernel for MS-DOS – Looks for Config.sys
- 51. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e51 Understanding MS-DOS Startup TaskUnderstanding MS-DOS Startup Task (continued)(continued) • Msdos.sys (continued) – Loads Command.com – Loads Autoexec.bat • Config.sys – Commands run only at system startup • Autoexec.bat – Customized setting for MS-DOS – Define default path and environmental variables
- 52. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e52 Other Disk Operating SystemsOther Disk Operating Systems • Control Program for Microprocessors (CP/M) • Digital Research Operating System (DR-DOS) • Personal Computer Disk Operating System (PC- DOS) – Developed by IBM
- 53. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e53 DOS Commands and Batch FilesDOS Commands and Batch Files • Batch files – Fixed sequence of DOS commands – Ideal for repetitive tasks • Batch files work like a single command • MS-DOS supports parameter passing and conditional execution – Can pass up to 10 parameters
- 54. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e54 DOS Commands and Batch FilesDOS Commands and Batch Files (continued)(continued)
- 55. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e55 DOS Commands and Batch FilesDOS Commands and Batch Files (continued)(continued)
- 56. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e56 SummarySummary • FAT – FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32 • Windows Registry keeps hardware and software configuration and preferences • CHS calculation • NTFS • Look for hidden information on file, RAM, and drive slack
- 57. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, 2e57 Summary (continued)Summary (continued) • NTFS uses Unicode to store information • Hexadecimal codes identify OSs and file types • NTFS uses inodes to link file attribute records – Resident and nonresident • NTFS compressed files • NTFS encrypted files (EFS)