Download as PDF, PPTX
COVID-19 vaccines details.pdf
The document outlines the history and scientific realities of vaccination, starting from Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine in 1798 to the recent development of COVID-19 vaccines. It discusses different types of vaccines, including conventional and mRNA vaccines, along with their methodologies, advantages, and challenges. It also details the history of coronaviruses, COVID-19 vaccine development, and the phases of human clinical trials.
More Related Content
Similar to COVID-19 vaccines details.pdf
More from national institute of genetics and biotechnology of Iran (NIGEB)
COVID-19 vaccines details.pdf
- 1. Prepared by: Afagh Bapirzadeh Doctoratestudent in Molecular Genetics Azad Islamic university, north Tehran branch in association with National Inistitute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Supervisior: Dr.Bambai COVID-19 Vaccines Scientific Realities
- 2. Vaccination History Firstever made vaccine was discovered by Edward Jenner against smallpox in 1798 Jenner scraped pus from cowpox blisters and inoculated on both arms of an 8 –year-old boy Louis Pasteur was the first person to create a vaccine against Rabies disease in 1885 Pasteur grew viruses in rabbits and then dried the tissue to weaken them and then he inoculated the vaccine on one of his patients
- 3. Vaccination History inIran • First used vaccine was smallpox in Fath-Ali Shah Qajar time 1849 • Pasteur institute start working on Rabies Viruses on 1922 Dr. Ahmad Fayaz making dilutions of Rabies Viruses
- 4. Vaccine definition Vaccine: Aproduct that stimulates a person’s immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, protecting the person from that disease. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose. Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease. Immunization: A process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through vaccination. This term is often used interchangeably with vaccination or inoculation. CDC:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- 5.
- 6. Conventional vaccines Live-attenuated vaccines Inactivatedvaccines Subunit , recombinant , polysaccharide and conjugated vaccines Toxoid vaccines
- 9. Conventional vaccines disadvantages Theycan not function on a variety of infectious pathogens able to evade the adaptive immune response Having not enough effectiveness and a need for more rapid development and large- scale deployment They may not be applicable on non- infectious diseases such as cancer An argent need for a more potent and versatile vaccine platform= mRNA vaccines
- 11. New era invaccine production-RNA vaccines • The first report of the successful use of in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA in animals was published in 1990 • Reporter gene mRNAs were injected into mice and protein production was detected . • Although the results were promising ,there were not substantial investment in developing mRNA therapeutics why? mRNA instability
- 13. RNA Vaccines Advantages Versus Conventional Vaccines SAFETY EFFICACY PRODUCTION mRNA isa non-infectious , non-integrating platform so, There is no potential risk of infection or insertional mutagenesis mRNA vaccines have the potential for rapid ,inexpensive and scalable manufacturing Various modifications make mRNA more stable and highly translatable
- 14. Major Types ofRNA used for Vaccine Production Non-replicating mRNA Encode the antigen of interest Contain 5́&3́untranslated regions Virally derived, self-amplifying mRNA Codes antigen+viral replication machinery Stimulates intracellular RNA amplification
- 15. 1.An open readingframe 2.flanking UTRs 3.a 5́cap and a poly (A)tail
- 16. mRNA vaccines majordelivery methods
- 19. RNA Vaccines CurrentlyUsed In Medical Treatment Against infectious disease Reduction in ZIKA virus infection in fetal mice H10N8 & H7N9 in mice, ferrots , non- human primates and Human Cancer vaccines Tumor repression in stage III or IV melanoma Durable tumor reduction in proportion of individuals with prostate cancer, metastatic lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, brain cancer ,…. COVID-19 vaccines Successful immunogenicity and efficacy on various animal models A single dose or two doses elicited robust antibody and T cell responses in mice and non human primates
- 20. SARS-COV Family History • In1965 Tyrell & Bynoe found B814 virus in pharynx of a Human fetal originated from an adult respiratory system with cold. • 1980 a new group in coordinated with Tyrell called this group of viruses CORONAVIRUS • Coronavirus name points to the virus crown-like morphology • In 2002 southern part of China was influenced by one member of this group called SARS • Between 2002 and 2003,SARS has spread in 29 countries and affected 8098 individuals whom 774 died from it. • In December 2019,Wuhan China was a start point of the most serious world Pandemic from another member of this virus family ,SARS-CoV-2.
- 21. Mechanisms Involved InImmunopathogenesis Of SARS-CoV-2
- 22.
- 23. • Whole virus •Live viruses are weakened to reduce virulence. Selected by growth in heterologous species and /or in tissue culture cells Live attenuated Inactivated whole virus subunit VLP-based Vector-based • S protein • Genetically engineered plasmids containing DNA for viral antigens. Relies on in situ production of the large antigens DNA-based • S protein • RNA sequence for viral antigens administered by carriers such as lipid nanoparticles RNA-based • Whole virus • Whole virus is inactivated by chemical or physical procedures. Often administrated with adjuvants • S protein • Made of specific viral proteins or groups of proteins .can be purified directly from viral particles • S protein • Viral surface antigens naturally occurring or synthesized are self- assembled in to VLPs • S protein • Gene encoding a major viral antigen is inserted (cloned)into another ,non- virulent viral vector expressing introduced protein
- 24. Human Clinical Trial ProcessAnd Phases • Phase 1 the vaccine is given to a small number of volunteers to assess its safety ,confirm it generates an immune response ,and determine the right doses(young ,healthy adult volunteers) • Phase 2 the vaccine is given to several hundred volunteers to further assess its safety and ability to generate an immune response .(multiple trials-participants same as target group-a comparator group) • Phase 3 the vaccine is given to thousands of volunteers and compared to a similar group of people who didn’t get the vaccine but received a comparator product(this phase is conducted in multiple countries-multiple sites in a country)
- 25. Commercially Vaccines AgainstCOVID-19 •
- 26. Comercially Vaccines AgainstCOVID-19
- 27. Features Of IranNew Vaccine For COVID-19 Disease