cowpea.pptx weed management in rice need

COWPEA
 Botanical name: Vigna unguiculata or Vigna sinensis
 Common name: China pea, Black eyed pea, Kathirpea, Southern bean
 Family: Fabaceae
 Chromosome number: 2n =22
 Origin: Africa
 Secondary centre : India, China
 Place of domestication: Ethiopia, west Africa.
 Ancestor: Vigna unguiculata var . mensensii
 Area covered in world 7 million Ha and in India 5 lakh Ha

Taxonomy
 Kingdom : Plantae
 Class : Dicotyledon
 Sub- class : Polypetalous
 Order : Rosales
 Family : Fabaceae
 Sub family : Papilionaceous
 Genus : Vigna
 Species : Unguiculata

Floral Biology
 Cowpea is a self pollinated crop which is encouraged by the arrangement of the
floral parts
 Flower opening of cowpea begins between 6:00 am and 6:30 am and closes
between 11:30 am and 12:00 pm.
 Inflorescence is an unbranched, axillary bearing several flowers at the tip of
peduncle.
 Flowers are in alternate pairs.
 Gamosepalous
 Corolla is papilionaceous and having three different kinds of petals such as
standard, wing, and keel.

 Stamens are diadelphous (9+1)
 Anthers are bright yellow.
 Anthers are uniform and ovary is superior with many ovules.
 There are 2-3 flowering period
 Take 11-14 days for the flowers to develop and bloom.
 Flower opening at morning from 6-10am
 Dehiscence of anther prior to blooming i.e.;10pm-11am

Cytology
 Diploid chromosome number is 2n= 2x=22
 11 bivalent complement consist of
1 short (19 micron m.)
7 medium (26-36 micron m.)
3 long (41-45 micron m.)

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
 Cowpea is grown both for its tender pods and also for its dry seeds used as pulse for
culinary purposes.
 The pods are rich in protein, vitamin and minerals.
 It is also used as a fodder and green manure crop.
 On dry weight basis the cowpea grains contain 23.4% protein, 1.8% fat and 60.3%
carbohydrates.

Soil and climate
• It can be grown in almost all types of soils with pH 5.5 to 6.5.
• It is a warm season crop and thrives best between 21-35˚ C.
• It cannot withstand heavy rainfall and waterlogging.
• It is a drought hardy come up well under rain fed condition.
Season
Generally two crops are grown starting from January-February and May-June.
But in places having mild climate, where summer and winter are moderate, it can be grown round the
year.

Cropping system
It fits well in sequential and intercropping systems. It be grown as a catch crop after the first crop of paddy or after the late
winter crop.
 It fits well as an intercrop with widely spaced vegetables and it is grown as a cover crop in basins in fruit orchards.
Land preparation
 The soil should be ploughed, clods are broken and weeds are removed and brought to fine tilth.
Seed rate
 5-20 kg/ha. Seeds are inoculated with Rhizobium species. It helps in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
Spacing
 The seeds are dibbled in rows 30-45 cm and plant to plant distance of 10-15cm.

Nutrient requirement
 Although cowpea is a legume crop, it responds well to the application of
fertilizers.
 About 25 tons of FYM is applied at the time of final preparation of land.
 Application of 25 kg N, 75 kg P2O5 and 60kg K2O/ha is recommended.
 Half o the N along with entire dose of P and K should be applied at the time of
sowing Remaining half of N should be applied at the time of earthing up after
3rdweek of sowing.
 Spraying micronutrients shall improve the quality besides increasing yield.

Irrigation
 Cowpea is a hardy crop comes up well under rain fed conditions.
 Flowering and pod development periods are the critical stages.
 Depending on the atmospheric conditions 2 or 3 protective irrigations may have to be given.
 For higher yields the crop should be irrigated regularly at 5-7 days interval.
 Hardening during pre flowering for avoiding excess vegetative growth and will induce early flowering

Weed control
 Effective control of weeds in the first 20-25 days of the crop season is essential.
 At least 2 weeding or hoeing required to check the weeds.
 Pre sowing application of Fluchloralin@ 2l/ha is recommended.
Growth substances
 Spraying of maleic hydrazide at 50-200 ppm just before flowering increase the yield of pod.
 NAA 15 ppm spray induces fruit set.

Plant protection
 Insects: Pod borers, aphids. Agromyzid fly and plant hoppers.
Pod borers ( Maruca testulalis )
 Cowpea pod borer Control Measures Chlorpyripos @ 2.5 ml/lt Spinosad @ 0.3 ml/lt
Aphids( Aphis craccivora ) and Jassids
 Control Measures : Spray of Oxydemeton Methyl 25 EC (Metasystox) @ 1 ml/ liter or Dimethoate 30
EC @ 1.7 ml/ liter of water.
 Agromyzid fly ( Melanagromyza obtuse)
 Plant hopper

Diseases:
 Powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi var .pisi)
 Symptoms consist of a light, greyish, powdery growth on the leaves,
pods and occasionally the stems.
 This powdery growth is easily rubbed off.
 When the disease is severe, plants turn yellow and defoliate.
 Generally, powdery mildew does not damage early-planted cowpeas.
 Control
sulphur, copper-based products, chlorothalonil, horticultural oil, potassium bicarbonate, and Bacillus subtilis can be used
for powdery mildew control.

 Web blight( Rhizoctonia solani )
 Symptoms
• Small circular reddish brown spots on leaves
• Mycelia of Rhizoctonia solani are visible on the under surface of leaves young stems
 Control
1. Use disease free seed
2. Avoid dense planting
3. Use fungicides like Mancozeb @ 2. gm /l or carbendazim @ 3 gm/litre of water

 Collar rot (Pythium aphanidermatum Rhizoctonia sp, Selerotium rolfsii ,Fusariam)
 Control
i. soil drench with coc @ 3 gm /litre .
ii. Avoid continuous cropping of cowpea on the same field
iii. Avoid excessive N2 application.

 cowpea mosaic virus.(Como virus)
 Symptoms Leaf symptoms vary from green mottle to severe mosaic Leaf distortion blistering and
plant death Control 1. Use resistant cultivars.
 2. Plant disease free seeds.
 3. Control vectors with insecticides like Acephate @ 1.5 gm /litre 0r Monocrotophos @ 1.6 ml/ litre
 Cowpea Mosaic Control Measures :
Control vectors with insecticides like acephate @ 1.5 gm/lt
or monocrotophos@ 106 ml/lt

 Bacterial Blight
 Control Measures :
 Grow resistant varieties;
 Use healthy and disease free seeds
 In case of severe infection, crop may be sprayed
with 0.2 % (2g/liter) copper oxychloride (Blitox).
 anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)
 Bean pods with black, sunken lesions or reddish-brown blotches most likely have anthracnose, a fungal disease
caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum.
 Black, sunken lesions about ½ inch in diameter develop on stems,
 pods and seedling leaves (cotyledons) but are most prominent on pods.
Control: Seed treatment with thiram at 3 g/kg of seed,
followed by 3 rounds of spray with carbendazim (0.1%)
at 15, 30 and 45 days after seedling emergence

 leaf spot( Mycosphaerella cruenta)
 Cercospora leaf spots of cowpea begin as small, lighter coloured areas, almost yellow.
 Later they become bronze to dark grey, roughly circular to more
elongated and up to 10 mm across
control
Remove volunteer plants of cowpea and other legumes before field planting.
Reduce spread of the disease by alternating rows of cowpea (or other legumes) with maize or sorghum.
 rust( Uromyces vignae )
 Cowpea rust caused by a fungus, Uromyces phaseoli var vignae (Baarel) Arth
appeared in the late 1990s and occurs widely in Kenya.
 The disease interferes with normal root development and
uptake of nutrients by plant roots resulting in reduced seed size and considerable yield loss.

Harvesting and yield
 Tender pods are harvested for marketing.
 Harvesting should be done at short interval before the pods become fibrous and unfit for marketing.
 Marketable pods are available continue up to 100 days in flushes. It produces about 50-80q/ha
green pods.
 Yard long beans varieties gives 15-18 t/ha.
 Marketing
 After pod harvest, they should be kept in shade and all diseased and damaged ones should be
removed.
 Washing can also be done if they are covered with dust.
 In the morning these can be sent to market after filling in baskets.

STORAG
Under room temperature pods can be stored for 2-3 days, at 0˚C and 85-90 % RH. Pods can be stored for 15-20
days.
Seed production
 It is a self pollinated crop and requires 50 and 250 meters.
 Isolation Distance for Foundation seed and certified seed respectively.
 The crop should be inspected thrice during the crop period.
 First, before flowering second at the time of flowering and finally at the time of pod ripening.
 Dried pods are plucked from time to time, these are dried and seeds taken out by beating with stick or on
large scale by tractor

Description of popular varieties/hybrids:
 Pusa Phalguni: IARI, dwarf, bushy, mature in 60 days. Suitable for February-March sowing,
yields5-10 t/ha.
 Pusa Barasati: IARI, suitable for kharif season, comes to harvest in 45 days after sowing, yield
about 9-9.5 t/ha.
 Pusa Sukomal: Plants semi dwarf, erect, pods light green, round, meaty, less fibrous, around 30
cm long and 1cm thick. Maturity in 42-45 days during kharif and 55-60 days during summer.
Highly resistant to golden yellow mosaic virus and leaf spot disease and yield about yield 6.2-
6.6 t/ha.

 Pusa Dofasli: IARI, it is cross between pusa phalguni X Philipine selection. Photo
insensitive, suitable for both summer and rainy seasons, yield about 7.5-8t/ha.
 Pusa komal: It is selected through pure line selection. Photo insensitive, indeterminate,
bushy cultivars. Pods are light green, 25-30 cm long. It flowers in 40-45 days. Resistant to
bacterial blight and produces 10 t/ha green pods.
 Pusa rituraj: The variety can be grown in summer as well as kharif due to it’s highly photo
thermos insensitive nature. Pods are 22-24 cm long, thin and palatable. Dual purpose variety.
Seeds brown. Average yield is 8-9 t/ha green pods.

 Arka Garima: Plants tall, photo-insensitive. Pods light green, long, thick, round,
fleshy and stringless. Suitable for vegetable purpose and yield about 18t/ha in 70-75
days.
 Arka Suman: Plants erect, bushy and photo-insensitive. Pods medium long, tender,
fleshy, crisp, without parchment with good cooking qualities. Pod Yield: 18 t/hain
70-75 days.
 Arka Samrudhi: Plant erect, bushy and photo-insensitive. Pods green, medium
thick, medium long round, tender, fleshy without parchment with good cooking
qualities. Pod Yield:19 t/ha in 70-75 days.
 Arka Mangala: Plants tall(3-4m),pods are very long (80cm), light green, stringless,
round, tender with crisp texture and matures in 60 days. Suitable for kharif and
rabi. Pod yield :25 t/ha in 100 days.

 Other varieties are
 NarendraLobia-1
 Co-2,Vamban-2,VS-389
 Kashi Unnati
 Kashi Kanchan
 Kashi Nidhi
 Kashi Gauri

Reference
 Hand book of horticulture part 2
 https://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/factsheetforfarmers/
20127801284

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