CRISPR - CAS 9 Gene Editing, Methods, Procedure and Ethical Consideration

CRISPR - CAS 9 Gene Editing, Methods, Procedure and Ethical Consideration

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  Presenter: Solmayor, Harold Chavez, SophiaMae CRISPR- Cas9
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  Clustered regularly interspaced palindromicrepeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 is a gene-editing technology causing a major upheaval in biomedical research. It makes it possible to correct errors in the genome and turn on or off genes in cells and organisms quickly, CRISPR-Cas9
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  CRISPR also known asClustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats is a natural process that's long function as a bacterial immune system. Originally found in defending single-celled bacteria and archaea against invading viruses. CAS CRISPR associated proteins which chop off dna like molecular scissors.
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  RNA binds toa special protein called CAS9 that acts like a scout in free-floating genetic material and searching for a match to the various, when viral is detected it swiftly cuts the viral or infected DNA. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a molecule that is present in the majority of living organisms and viruses. CAS9 RNA DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (aka DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.
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  The genome isthe entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell. In humans, the genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes located in the cell's nucleus, as well as a small chromosome in the cell's mitochondria. A genome contains all the information needed for an individual to develop and function. Genome
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  A gene isthe basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins, which are needed for the body to function. Gene editing, the ability to make highly specific changes in the DNA sequence of a living organism, essentially customizing its genetic makeup. Gene
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  HOW IT WORKS? -Themechanism of CRISPR/Cas-9 genome editing can be generally divided into three steps: recognition, cleavage, and repair. -Scientists design a “guide RNA” to match the gene they want to edit and attach it to cas9, the guide directs cas9 to the target gene and the protein molecule acts like a scissors that cuts the DNA. Scientists can now practically edit any gene in the genome. -Once the DNA is cut, the cell will try to repair it. Typically proteins called nucleases and joined them back together.
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  -This type ofrepair process called nonhomologous end joining is prone to mistake that can lead to extra or missing bases, the result may be unusable or or defective, However if scientist adds separate sequence of template DNA to CRISPR, cellular proteins can perform a different DNA repair process called homology directed repair. -This template DNA serves as a blueprint for guiding the rebuilding process repairing a defective gene or even inserting a completely new one.
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  Opinions may differbetween critics regarding the CRISPR use, but the point agreed upon between them is the gene editing in the germline. This is because gene editing in the germline affects sexual and asexual cells in an organism, this makes it passed on to the next generations. The second concern is the considerable environmental threat from gene drives and genetically modified organisms, this makes decision- making in ethical issues very complicated and prevents precise analysis for benefits and risks. ETHICAL ISSUE
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  CRISPR-Cas9 offers transformativepotential across diverse fields such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental conservation. Its ability to precisely edit genes opens up possibilities for treating genetic disorders, enhancing crops and livestock, and addressing environmental challenges. As the technology continues to evolve, it holds promise for improving human health and sustainability, though careful ethical considerations and regulations will be essential to guide its responsible use. Potential uses
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  APPLICATION CRISPR-Cas9 technology hasrevolutionized genome editing, providing researchers with a versatile and efficient tool for genetic modification. Its applications in biomedical research, agriculture, bioinformatics, and biotechnology hold immense promise for addressing various challenges and improving human lives.
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  Reference https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4975809/ How CRISPRlets you edit DNA - Andrea M. Henle Gene - Editing ( Judith L. Friedovich - Kiel, 2023) https://www.britannica.com/science/gene-editing https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/basics/gene/#:~:text=A %20gene%20is%20the%2 0basic,they%20help%20control%20other%20genes. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Genome https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10916045/#:~:text=Overall%2C %20CRISPR%2DCas9%20technology%20has,challenges%20and%20impr oving%20human%20lives. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374529805_ETHICAL_ISSUES_ CONCERNED_WITH_CRISPR-_CAS9_SYSTEM