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critical pathway & health care reforms
This document provides an overview of critical pathways and health care reforms. It defines critical pathways as guides that outline the expected course of care and interventions for patients with particular diagnoses or conditions. Developing critical pathways involves professionals collaboratively identifying standards of care. They standardize care while allowing for variances. Benefits include improved outcomes, efficiency, and satisfaction. Challenges include differences between patients and increased workload. Health care reforms aim to improve access, quality and affordability of care. The document discusses reforms in various countries and in India, including public-private partnerships, social insurance schemes, and programs like the National Rural Health Mission.
critical pathway & health care reforms
- 1. CRITICAL PATHWAY AND HEALTHCARE REFORMS SANGEETHA ANTOE M.Sc (N) Page 1
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Successful casemanagement relies on critical pathway to guide care • Critical pathway refers to the expected outcomes and care strategies developed by collaborative practice team Page 2
- 3. HOW TO DEFINE.. •Critical paths are guides that outline the critical or key events expected to happen each day of patient’s hospitalization -Cohen & Cesta,2001 Page 3
- 4. HOW TO DEFINE..(2) •Critical pathways are one method of planning, assessing, implementing and evaluating the cost- effectiveness of patient care Page 4
- 5. HOW TO DEFINE..(3) •A series of methods and instruments to allign member of the interdisciplinary and interprofessionally team for the care of the pre defined patient population in order to realize an efficient, patient centered, coordinated program of care -Sermeus & Vanhaecht,2002 Page 5
- 6. SYNONYMOUS • • • • • • • • • • Integrated Care Pathways Multidisciplinarypathways of care Care Maps Collaborative Care Pathways Clinical pathway Critical pathway Care track Care pathway Anticipated recovery path Managed care plans Page 6
- 7. WHAT ARE ITSFEATURES.. • • • • • • Predetermined course of progress Variance analysis Fiscal planning Directing Orientation Identifies outcome Page 7
- 8. WHAT DOES ITCONTAINS.. • • • • Specific medical diagnosis The expected length of stay Patient identification data Appropriate time frames (in days, hours, minutes or visits) for intervention • Patient outcomes • Interventions presented in modality groups ( medications, nursing activity & so on) • Nursing diagnosis Page 8
- 9. What it isactually…. • Clinical tools that organize, sequence and time the major interventions of the nursing staff, physicians, for a particular case type, condition, diagnostic category or nursing diagnosis • Describe an institutions collective standard of practice, clinical budget Page 9
- 10. What it isactually…. • Provides direction and predictability to patient care and to caregivers interacting in that case • Shows something that must occur in the sequence before one may proceed. Page 10
- 11. COMPONENTS • Clinical Pathwayshave four main components (Hill, 1994, Hill 1998): 1. a timeline 2. the categories of care or activities and their interventions 3. intermediate and long term outcome criteria 4. and the variance record Page 11
- 12. How to developcritical pathway Professional involved…. • Physician • Nurse manager • Staff nurse • Social worker • Dietician • Occupational therapist • pharmacist Page 12
- 13. How to developcritical pathway • Retrospective chart review or concurrent chart review • identify costs associated with the treatment • Pathway development teams are organized to develop the tool Page 13
- 14. How to developcritical pathway • Patient care expectations and critical events are identified for incorporation into the path • Small groups within the development to refine the elements of the path Page 14
- 15. How to developcritical pathway • Newly developed tools can be tested on previously admitted patient • Implementation with collaboration with other professionals Page 15
- 16. Critical pathway analysis •Analyze the effectiveness • Variance analysis Positive variance Negative variance • Consult with other professionals • Make change accordingly Page 16
- 17. What is yourrole as Nurse manager • • • • • Assess quality improvement Effective planning Evaluate quality Interdepartmental Communication Educating the staff of other departments about the pathway role and responsibilities. Page 17
- 18. What is yourrole as staff Nurse • • • • Provides patient care Follow critical pathway Inform any deviance Collaborate with other professionals Page 18
- 19. Its advantages are…… •Provides standardizing medical care for patients with similar diagnosis • Use resources appropriate to the care needed • Reduce cost • Reduce length of stay • Improve the quality of care • Change practice pattern to increase efficiency Page 19
- 20. Its advantages are… •Improves care outcomes • Use multiple disciplines and services efficiently • Sense of satisfaction • Can support continuity and co-ordination of care across different clinical disciplines and sectors Page 20
- 21. Its advantages are… •Support the introduction of evidence-based medicine and use of clinical guidelines • Support clinical effectiveness, risk management and clinical audit • Improve multidisciplinary communication, teamwork and care planning Page 21
- 22. Its disadvantages are… • • • • Differencesbetween unique patients One more paper work Overburdened with administrative cost Problems of introduction of new technology Page 22
- 23. Its disadvantages are… •Require commitment from staff and establishment of an adequate organizational structure • May take time to be accepted in the workplace • Need to ensure variance and outcomes are properly recorded, audited and acted upon. Page 23
- 24.
- 25. INTRODUTION • Health carereform is a general rubric used for discussing major health policy creation or changes for the most part, governmental policy that affects health care delivery in a given place Page 25
- 26. Introduction • Despite variousdevelopment plans, lack of or inadequate basic infrastructure, both social and physical, continues to remain a major constraint to progress in many parts of our country Page 26
- 27. Definition • Health careReform is defined as a sustained, purposeful change to improve the efficiency, equity and effectiveness of the health sector’ -(Berman 1995). Page 27
- 28. AIMS • Broader thepopulation that receives health care coverage • Improve the access to health care specialists • Improve the quality of health care • Decrease the cost of health care Page 28
- 29. Reform strategies • alternativefinancing (user-fees, health insurance, community financing, private sector investment) • institutional management (autonomy to hospitals, monitoring and management by local government agencies, contracting) • public sector reforms (civil service reforms, capacity building, productivity improvement); and • collaboration with the private sector (public/private partnerships, joint ventures) Page 29
- 30. A.N.A PROPOSA LFOR HEALTH CARE REFORM • Health care delivery system restructuring • Universally available standard health care package • Phase in of services, initial emphasis on pregnancy and children • Changes to reflect changing national demographics Page 30
- 31. A.N.A PROPOSA LFOR HEALTH CARE REFORM • • • • • Long term care coverage Insurance reform System review and evaluation Case managed health care Decreased health care costs. Page 31
- 32. Health care reformsin various countries Page 32
- 33. THE NETHERLANDS • Healthcare insurance based on risk equalization • compulsory insurance package is available to all citizens at affordable cost without the need for the issued to be accessed for risk • Health insurers are now willing to take on high risk individuals because they receive compensation for the higher risks Page 33
- 34. RUSSIA • Compulsory medicalinsurance with privately owned providers in addition to state run institutions • Health care reforms in 2011 allocate more than 300 billion rubles to improve health care in country • Medical insurance tax paid by companies for compulsory medical insurance will increase from current 3.1% to 5.1% from 2011 Page 34
- 35. TAIWAN • Taiwan changedthe health care system in1995 to National Health Insurance model • As a result 40% who had been previously uninsured are now covered • 72.5% are happy about it, but they are unhappy about the cost of premium ($20/ month) Page 35
- 36. UNITED KINGDOM • Privatesector health care is quiet small (15%) • Focus is on prevention of ill health • Baby formula milk fortified with vitamins and minerals to improve the health of the children • Measles, mumps & chicken pox were mostly eradicated with national programs of vaccination Page 36
- 37. UNITED STATES • 17%of GDP is spent on health care, but 77% of Americans have at least one chronic disease • U.S ranks 31st in life expectancy and 40th in child mortality • Health care system ranks 37th among nations • Therefore the reforms are concentrating on reducing the cost of health care rather than on improving outcomes Page 37
- 38.
- 39. UNITED STATES • Themixed public private health care system in U.S is the most expensive in the world • Greater portion of GDP is spent on it • According to 2008 common wealth fund report, U.S ranks last in the quality of health care among developed countries • WHO,2000 ranked U.S health care system 37th in overall performance & 72th by overall level of health Page 39
- 40. UNITED STATES… • U.SGovernment provides health care to just over 25% of its citizens through various agencies but otherwise does not employ a system • Health care is generally centered around regulated private insurance methods Page 40
- 41. GERMANY • Sickness fund-but able to opt out if they have a very high salary Page 41
- 42. SWISS • Use moreof privately based health insurance system where citizen are risk rated by age and sex, among other factors Page 42
- 43.
- 44. INDIAN SCENERIO • 37%of Indian population is undernourished • 55% have a diet which is calorie sufficient but nutrient deficient • 8% is over nourished • Total imbalance of nutrition leads to anemia, TB and many disease which increases the disease burden Page 44
- 45. INDIAN SCENERIO… • Arthritis.HT, DM, CVD, cancer and elderly increases the disease burden • 65% of Indian population lives in rural areas while only 2% qualified medical doctors are available • Government spending on Health care continues to be one of the lowest in the world Page 45
- 46. INDIAN SCENERIO… • Penetrationof Med claim is currently done by state-owned insurance companies, covering only about 2.5 million people i.e. less than 0.50% of the country’s population Page 46
- 47. INDIAN SCENERIO… • Reporton National Commission on Macroeconomic and Health, 2005 Households undertook nearly three- fourths of all health spending Public spending was only 22% Public private health spending ratio : In India-1:4 In China- 2:3 In Pakistan- 1:3 Page 47
- 48. Indian health careis expected to double between 2009 and 2012. Page 48
- 49. Health Expenditure Central Government:05.2% State Government :15.2% Municipal Corp. & Private Donors: 01.3% Insurance & Third party: 03.3 % Out of Pocket: 75% Page 49
- 50. Public private shareof care Immunizations Antenatal Care Institutional Deliveries Hospitalization Outpatient Care 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100 % Public-Private Sector Shares Private Public Page 50
- 51. Private Health Service Providers •World Bank (2004) estimated that at independence the private sector in India had 8% of health care facilities. Today 93% of all hospitals, 64 %of beds, 80-85% of doctors, 90% of out patients and 60% of inpatient are in private sector. • Private health sector has over 71,000 crore market in India • The CII McKinsey report of 2004 expects it to grow to 156,000 crore by 2012 Page 51
- 52. Reasons for lackof access to Govt facilities • Better availability • Convenience • Perceived quality of private care Page 52
- 53. Health expenditure inIndia is dominated by private spending and inadequate public spending has become a common feature % Brazil 3.2 Korea 1.8 Thailand 1.2 China 0.7 India 0.9 Inter- country comparison of public expenditure on Health as a % GDP Page 53
- 54. Per ’000 pop 2001* India Beds Otherlow income countries (e.g., subSaharan Africa) World average 1.8 7.4 Nurses Per ’000 pop 2001* 0.9 1.0 4.3 3.3 1.2 1.5 High income countries (e.g., US, Western Europe, Japan) Per ’000 pop 2001* 1.5 Middle income countries (China, Brazil Thailand, South Africa, Korea) Physicians 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.5 7.5 3.3 Page 54
- 55. HEALTH CARE REFORMSIN INDIA Page 55
- 56. GOI is adoptingalternative means of financing such as seeking loans from the World Bank and other international financing institutions to upgrade and manage the labour welfare and health programs (such as National Family Welfare Program and Employee State Health Insurance Scheme) in the country Page 56
- 57. ESTABLISHMENT OF CORPORATE HOSPITALS •GOI has encouraged the establishment of corporate hospitals in order to improve the quality of healthcare. • These corporate hospitals have tie-ups with most insurance companies and large business organizations to provide superior healthcare for the employees. • Eg: Apollo Hospital chain, Escorts Hospital, Tata Memorial Hospital, Max Healthcare, and Fortis Hospital chain from Ranbaxy Page 57
- 58. Employee health carereform in India • Economic reforms was launched in India in 1991 • In addition to the involvement of the public and private sector corporations, various government, international and multi-lateral health agencies, and other private stakeholders such as private health insurers got involved in the reform process. Page 58
- 59. Social Insurance Scheme •Covers only 3% of population • Employees State Insurance Scheme (ESIS) • Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS) Page 59
- 60. The Employee StateInsurance • ESI provides six social security benefits to employees: 1. Medical benefit 2. sickness benefit 3. maternity benefit 4. disablement benefit 5.dependant’s benefit 6. funeral expenses Page 60
- 61. ESIC • Insurance systemwhich provides both cash and medical benefits • Spread over 677 centers in 25 states & union territories across India, covering 7.8 million employees and more than 25 million beneficiaries Page 61
- 62. Public Private Partnership •means to bring together a set of actors for the common goal of improving the health of a population based on the mutually agreed roles and principles -WHO 1999 Page 62
- 63. Public Private Partnership •Entrusting Health Centers to NGO Special features: PHC and CHCs handed over to NGOs Finances managed by Govt. Operations managed by NGO Page 63
- 64. It is employedin • disease surveillance • purchase and distribution of drugs in bulk • contracting specialists for high risk pregnancies • national disease control programs • adoption and management of primary health centers • contracting out medical education and training • engaging private sector consultants • Telemedicine • Contracting out of Information, Education & Communication (IEC) services Page 64
- 65. Community based Participatory research •Medical officers to use community based participatory research to partner with community and develop, test and disseminate programs that they can sustain and improve health. Page 65
- 66. NRHM • National RuralHealth Mission was launched 12 th April, 2005 with an objective to provide effective health care to the rural population • improving access • enabling community ownership • strengthening public health systems for efficient service delivery • Enhancing equity and accountability • Promoting decentralization Page 66
- 67. Janani Suraksha Yojana andASHA NRHM ↓↓ all MMR & IMR JSY Antenatal Check up Institutional Care during delivery Immediate post-partum (coordinated care) ↑↑Institutional Deliveries in BPL families Cash assistance Page 67
- 68.
- 69. DECENTRALIZATION • Transfer ofpolitical ad economic power to local levels of government. • Delegation of powers to Medical officers Page 69
- 70. Decentralized Planning • “DistrictHealth Mission” at the District level and the “State Health Mission” at the state level Page 70
- 71. Strengthening Public Health Deliveryin India • New concept of Indian Public Health Standards introduced • Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) are set of standards envisaged to improve the quality of health care delivery in the country under the National Rural Health Mission. Page 71
- 72. Strengthening Sub-centres • Eachsub-centre will have an Untied Fund for local action @ Rs. 10,000 per annum. • Maintaining Logistics: Supply of essential drugs, both allopathic and AYUSH, to the Sub-centres. • Postings of Additional ANMs wherever needed Page 72
- 73. Strengthening PHCs • Infrastructure guidelines Strengthening as per IPHS •Adequate and regular supply of essential quality drugs and equipment (including Supply of Auto Disabled Syringes for immunization) to PHCs • Provision of 24 hour service in 50% PHCs Page 73
- 74. Strengthen CHCs • Infrastructure strengthening by implementationof IPHS standards • Developing standards of services and costs in hospital care Page 74
- 75. Sanitation and Hygiene •Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) implemented through guidance of District Health Mission • Components of TSC include IEC activities, rural sanitary marts, individual household toilets, women sanitary complex, and School Sanitation Programme Page 75
- 76. Strengthening Disease Control Mechanisms •National Disease Control Programmes have been redefined and updated • New Initiatives launched for control of Non Communicable Diseases. • Disease surveillance system have been decentralized with the launch of IDSP Page 76
- 77. Human Resources • Appointmentof Contractual staff • Interest free loan for two wheelers to ANM • Reorganization of the entire cadre of PMO Page 77
- 78. Reorganization & Restructuring •Ur ba n Heal t h c a r e Lack of health infrastructure in urban areas. Project proposed for primary health care in urban slums. Towns with less than one lakh population to be covered. 1 FHW per 25,000 population and 1 FHV per 1,000 population in urban slums. Page 78
- 79. Improving MIS through computerapplications. • GIS applications Village-wise Data of prevalence of disease Utilized for micro-planning of disease control activities • Web based reporting of RCH At state level computer generated reports are received Page 79
- 80. School Health check-upProgramme • Check up • Referrals • Preventive measures • Treatment • Submission of report • Remedial measures Page 80
- 81. MEDICAL TOURISM • Indiais a popular destination for medical tourist who receive effective medical treatment at lower costs than in developed countries • As the Indian healthcare delivery system strives to match international standards the Indian healthcare industry will be able to tap into a substantial portion of the medical tourism market Page 81
- 82. MEDICAL TOURISM • Reducedcosts, access to the latest medical technology, growing compliance to international quality standards and ease of communication all work towards India’s advantage Page 82
- 83. MEDICAL TOURISM • A recentCII-McKinsey study on healthcare says Medical Tourism alone can contribute Rs. 5,000-10,000 crores additional revenue for tertiary hospitals by 2012, and will account for 3-5 per cent of the total healthcare delivery market. • What India needs to do is to strengthen basic infrastructure like Airports, Power, Roads etc. to support these initiatives. Page 83
- 84. PROBLEMS • lack ofsufficient evidence based information about, and the impactassessment of various initiatives • Providing employee health insurance cover is not a mandatory requirement in the private sector in India till now Page 84
- 85. PROBLEMS • Local authoritieshave been given authorities to implement national programmes but there is no financial authority Page 85
- 86. FICCI Healthcare Excellence Awards2009 State Government with Excellence in Reforms • Government of Tamil Nadu • Government of Gujarat Page 86
- 87. As a NURSE •Nursing personnel must understand the magnitude of this health challenge and take coordinated action to promote healthy lifestyles, prevent disease and provide health care to those in need. • taking preventive, promotive and rehabilitative primary healthcare services to the doorsteps of our citizens Page 87
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