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cropping pattern.ppt.............................
- 1. Crop rotation andcropping system Dr. Niraj Biswakarma Scientist, Agronomy ICAR RC for NEH Region, Umiam Meghalaya 1
- 2. Jhum or shiftingcultivation
- 3. Growing of twoor more crop in a recurrent succession in a field over a period of time Principles 1. Tap rooted crops vs fibrous crops 2. Legume vs non-leguminous crops ( N/ P requirements synergy) 3. More exhaustive vs non exhaustive eg .potato, sugarcane, maize fb legume / oilseeds 4. Selection based on house hold demand based 5. On sloppy lands erect vs soil resistant crops 6. Based on soil moisture availability eg. dry land mustard/ chickpea / pearl millet. In water logged jute/ paddy 7. Crops of same family should be grown in succession 8. Ideal crop rotation should provide maximum employment, resources are efficiently used and house hold income increases. Crop rotation
- 4. Advantages of Croprotation • Rotations can maintain field fertility since different crops use different soil nutrients, so excessive demands are not made of one nutrient. In certain rotations, plants like legumes (peas and beans) are grown to restore fertility. • Crop rotation is a type of cultural control that is also used to control pests and diseases that can become established in the soil over time. The changing of crops in a sequence tends to decrease the population level of pests. • Plants within the same taxonomic family tend to have similar pests and pathogens. By regularly changing the planting location, the pest cycles can be broken or limited. For example, root-knot nematode is a serious problem for some plants in warm climates and sandy soils. • It is also difficult to control weeds similar to the crop which may contaminate the final produce. For instance, ergot in weed grasses is difficult to separate from harvested grain. • Changes in soil physico-chemical properties change • Conducive environments for soil micro-organism • Avoidance of allopathic effect • Effective utilization of resources : soil moisture, soil chemical and biological fertility
- 5. Definitions Cropping pattern: The proportionof area under various crops at a point of time in a unit area. It indicates the yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops and fallow in an area. Cropping system It is an important component of a farming system. It represents cropping pattern used on a farm and their interaction with farm resources, other farm enterprises and available technology which determine their make up. Eg. Rice-wheat cropping system
- 6. Major Cropping Systemsin India Rice – wheat (9.77 m ha) Rice – rice (5.58 m ha) Cotton – wheat (1.39 m ha) P. millet – sorghum (1.35 m ha) Maize – wheat (1.29 m ha) P. millet - wheat (1.03 m ha)
- 7. Major production concern Indiscriminateand/or unbalanced use of plant nutrients (PPIC, 2000) Decline in soil organic matter content (Yadav et al 2000) Low nutrient use efficiency (Ladha et al, 2003) Emergence of multiple nutrient-deficiencies such as P, K, S, Zn, ? ? (Timsina and Connor, 2001) Build-up of weed flora (Malik et al. 1998) Over-use of irrigation water (Paroda et al. 1994) Increasing population
- 8. Promising cropping systemsin India Cropping system States Rice-Wheat West Bengal, UP, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, MP, J & K, HP, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam Rice-Rice AP, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Assam, Orissa, Gurarat, and Karnataka Rice-Fallow Jharkhand, Karnataka, MP, J & K and Maharashtra Fallow-Gram MP, Rajasthan, Haryana, UP Fallow- Wheat MP, UP Maize-Wheat Punjab, J & K, Himachal, Haryana, Bihar , UP
- 9. Farming system FS representsappropriate combination of farm enterprises like CS, livestock's, forestry, poultry and means available to the farmers to raise them for profitability. It interacts adequately with the environment without dislocating the ecological and socio economic balance on one hand and attempts to meet the national goals on the other.
- 10. Types of CroppingSystem Monocropping refers to growing of only one crop on a piece of land year after year. E.g. under rainfed conditions Bajra is grown year after year. Multiple cropping: Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land in one calendar year is known as multiple cropping. It is intensification of cropping in space and time dimensions. It includes intercropping, mixed cropping and sequence cropping. Double cropping: Growing of two crops in a year in sequence. Tripple cropping: Growing of three crops in a year in sequence. Quadruple cropping: Growing of four crops in a year in sequence. Competition effect: Competition of intercropped spp. For light, nutrients, water, carbon dioxide, and other growth factors. Complementary effect: Effect of one component on another which enhances growth and productivity. Intercropping: Intercropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land with a definite row pattern. For example growing maize + green gram in 2:1 ratio Mixed cropping: is growing two or more crops simultaneously intermingled without any row pattern. It is common practice in most of dry land areas Sequence cropping: sequence cropping can be defined as growing of two or more crops in sequence on the same piece of land in a year.
- 11. Mono cropping Advantages Disadvantages Specializedcrop production Decline bio-diversity Simpler to manage Soil fertility deterioration Technological advancement Over production of commodity crops Encourage pest, diseases and weeds Intercropping
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- 14. Definition • Parallel cropping:Cultivation of such crops which have different natural habit and zero competition e.g. Black gram /green gram+maize. • The peak nutrient demand period for green gram is around 30-35 DAS while it is 50 DAS for maize. Benefits - Better utilization of resources - light, nutrients and moisture - In the case where one crop fails, there is always yield from the other crop to depend on. - This method helps in restoring soil fertility and helps prevent soil erosion.
- 15. Multi-storied/multi-tiered cropping/multi-level: Cultivation oftwo or more than two crops of different heights simultaneously on a certain piece of land in a certain period e.g., Arecanut + Cocoa + Black pepper + Pine apple .
- 16. • Contour farminginvolves ploughing, planting and weeding across the slope • Generally, as the rain falls, a lot off run off is generated which generally leads to soil erosion on its way downward. This removes the top fertile soil along with soil nutrients and plant seeds thus leading to scanty and uneven growth of crop. Definition Benefits Contouring can reduce soil erosion by as much as 50% from up and down hill farming By reducing sediment and run off and increasing water infiltration It gives 10-15% additional yield
- 17. Alley cropping • Growingof crops on alleys (narrow passage) formed by plantation crops eg. Popular plantation with wheat/ sugarcane
- 22. Definition • Sustainable agricultureis a form of agriculture aimed at meeting the needs of present generation without endangering the resource base of future generation. • It is the practice of farming using principles of ecology, the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. • It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will last over the long term.
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