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Crops class 8
- 1. BY - SARITACHOURASIA
- 2. Content A. Definition ofcrop B. Types of crop D.b. Sowing seeds D.c. Improving soil fertility C. Types of Crop(basis of the season of sowing wing) D. Basic practices of Crop Production D.a. Preparation of soil D.g. Storage D.f. Harvesting D.e. Crop protection D.d. Irrigation SARITA C
- 3. SARITA C A cropis a plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence. Crops may refer either to the harvested parts or to the harvest in a more refined state. Most crops are cultivated in agriculture or aquaculture. A crop may include macroscopic fungus, or alga. What is crop?
- 4. Types of crop Foodcrop ex. Rice, wheat, maize, gram, pulses, millets, etc Cash crop Ex. Cotton, jute, sugar cane, oil seed, etc 1 2 SARITA C
- 5. Types of crop Plantationcrop ex. Rubber, coffee, tea etc 3 Horticulture crop ex. Fruits, vegetables, flowers etc 4 SARITA C
- 6. Types of crop- Crops are also classified on the basis of the season of sowing. Rabi crops Crops that are grown in the winter season, from November to April are called Rabi Crops. Ex. wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. Kharif crops crops that are usually sown at the beginning of the monsoon season around June and harvested around October. Ex. Rice, maize, bajra, ragi, soyabean, groundnut, cotton. SARITA C
- 7. SARITA C Basic practicesof Crop Production A. Preparation of soil B. Sowing seeds C. Improving soil fertility D. Irrigation E. Crop protection F. Harvesting G. Storage G. Storage
- 8. SARITA C Soil isprepared before sowing the seeds. The soil is loosened to increase the absorption of water and manures. Loosening of soil particles adds humus and nutrients in the soil that increases crop yields. Tilling or loosening the soil is done by ploughs which are pulled by a pair of bulls. Tractor driven cultivators are also used to loosen the soil. a. Ploughing c. Manuring b. Levelling A. Preparation of soil
- 9. SARITA C B. Sowingseeds Sowing: After preparation of soil it is ready for sowing of seeds. The healthy and clean seeds should be selected. The sowing is done by seed drills or funnel shaped tools. Seed drills are the modern instruments which sow the seeds at proper depth and proper distance. a. Broadcasting c. Transplantation b. Seed-drill SARITA C
- 10. SARITA C Methods ofimproving soil fertility a. Fallow field c. Nitrogen fixation b. Crop rotation C. Improving soil fertility d. Adding fertilizers and manure SARITA C
- 11. SARITA C Fallow isa farming technique in which arable land is left without sowing for one or more vegetative cycles. The goal of fallowing is to allow the land to recover and store organic matter while retaining moisture and disrupting the lifecycles of pathogens by temporarily removing their hosts. C.a. Fallow field
- 12. SARITA C C.b. Croprotation Crop rotation is the process of growing different types of crops in the same area in the growing seasons. - It decreases depending on one type of nutrients, pest and weed pressure, and the probability of developing resistant pests and weeds. Some crop rotation patterns are: Maize-mustard, Rice-cotton-peas, rice-pulses-jute, rice-wheat-pulses-mustard etc. Peas Rice Cotton Crop rotation Broccoli Winter wheat Sweet corn Broccoli Sweet corn Winter wheat
- 13. SARITA C 1. Free-living 2.Symbiosis Nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted by either a natural or an industrial means to a form of nitrogen such as ammonia. In nature, most nitrogen is harvested from the atmosphere by microorganisms to form ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates that can be used by plants. Nitrogen-fixing organisms are two types C.c. Nitrogen fixation Some organisms live together and share shelter and nutrients. This is called symbiotic relationship. For example, certain fungi live in the roots of trees. The tree provides nutrients to the fungus and, in return, receives help from it to take up water and nutrients from the soil. e.g. Lichens. Some symbiotic bacteria, blue-green algae are able to fix Nitrogen as organic nitrogen. Symbiotic bacteria : Rhizobium Symbiotic blue-green algae
- 14. Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen fixation isthe process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted by either a natural or an industrial means to a form of nitrogen such as ammonia. In nature, most nitrogen is harvested from the atmosphere by microorganisms to form ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates that can be used by plants. N N N N N Nitrogen in air N Carbohydrates N N Microbes “fix” Nitrogen in nodules on the roots of the pulse crop. N N N SARITA C
- 15. SARITA C Nitrogen Cycle Eaten Nitrogenof Air Nitrates In soil
- 16. SARITA C D. Addingmanure and fertilizers The substances which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants are called manure and fertilizers.
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- 18. SARITA C Biofertilizers Several microorganismsare commonly used as biofertilizers including nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria (Azotobacter, Rhizobium), nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (Anabaena), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.), and AM fungi. Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth- promoting substances. The microorganisms in biofertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. Biofertilizers Supply mixture of nutrients Improve soil health Enhanced crop production Suppress soil born Pathogenic diseases in crops Maintain Microbial Consortia in soil Maintenance of symbiotic relationships
- 19. Chemical fertilizers Man-made plantnutrients produced in factories are called chemical fertilizers. 1.Nitrogenous fertilizers 2.Phosphatic fertilizers 3.Potassic fertilizers SARITA C There are three types of fertilizers
- 20. SARITA C Fertilizers vsManure Fertilizer Manure 1. Easy to store, transport and use because they are compact 2. Provide specific nutrients not present in manure 3. Readily absorbed by plants because they are water soluble Advantage Disadvantage 1. They don’t provide humus- they change the soil structure and make it prone to erosion 2. Overuse can harm soil fertility by making it too acidic or alkaline 3. Accumulation of fertilizers in water bodies causes eutrophication 1. Add humus, and improve soil fertility, making it hold water and aerating it 2. Not expensive-can be prepared from wastes in the form 3. Doesn’t cause pollution because it’s derived from the decomposition of natural substance 1. Doesn’t provide certain specific nutrients needed by crops 2. Not easy to store, transport and handle because it is bulky 3. Not soluble in water
- 21. Eutrophication, the gradualincrease in the concentration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and other plant nutrients in an aging aquatic ecosystem such as a lake. ... This material enters the ecosystem primarily by runoff from land that carries debris and products of the reproduction and death of terrestrial organisms. Eutrophication Fertilizer leaches into water Blocked sunlight Algae bloom Algae die Fish suffocate
- 22. SARITA C Surface irrigation Furrowirrigation Sprinkler irrigation Drip irrigation Traditional irrigation Modern irrigation D. Irrigation The process of providing water to crops is known as irrigation. Natural supply of water to crop(rainfall, soil and water storage) Methods of irrigation
- 23. Protect crop fromdiseases, pests and weeds E. Crop protection Unwanted plants which grow along with crops are called weeds. Weedicides destroy the weeds but not the crop plants. Controlling pests and diseases 1. Weedicides- weeds 2. Pesticides- • Insecticides- insects, their eggs and larvae • Rodenticides- rodents • Fungicides SARITA C
- 24. F. Harvesting ickle The processof cutting and gathering a crop is called harvesting. Traditional Combine harvester SARITA C
- 25. F.a. Threshing andWinnowing Threshing- After harvesting crop, the grain is separated by a process called threshing. Winnowing –separating the outer cover, or chaff, from the grain. It can be done manually, by dropping grain and chaff from height and by machine. SARITA C
- 26. G. Storage Grain storagesystem SARITA C
- 27. BY - SARITACHOURASIA