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Crude Oil.pptx efundemental for crude oil
- 1. Crude oil isthe term for "unprocessed" oil, the stuff that comes out of the ground. It is also known as petroleum. Crude oil is a fossil fuel It was made naturally from decaying plants and animals living in ancient seas millions of years ago Anywhere you find crude oil was once a sea bed. Crude oils vary in color, from clear to tar-black, and in viscosity, from water to almost solid
- 2. Crude oil isa very complex mixture of compounds composed of (mainly) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur Carbon and Hydrogen are by the major components (Hydrocarbons) •Gases •Liquids •Solids
- 3. On average, crudeoils are made of the following elements or compounds: Carbon - 84% Hydrogen - 14% Sulfur - 1 to 3% ( Hydrogen sulfide, sulfide, disulfides, elemental sulfur ) Nitrogen - less than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups) Oxygen - less than 1% carbon dioxide, phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids Metals - less than 1% nickel, iron, vanadium, copper, arsenic Salts - less than 1% sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride
- 4. Paraffins (alkanes) havethe molecular form of CnH2n+2 Naphthenes (cycloalkanes) are cycloparaffins with the molecular form CnH2n Aromatics are cyclic compounds that contain the benzene ring Olefins are not present in crude oil but introduced during refining processes
- 5. HC compounds containsatoms other than C and H such as S, N, O and metals S as H2S,Thiophene, mercaptane, sulfides, and disulfides N2 as Pyridine and Payroll O2 as Carboxylic, phenols, CO2 Metals as organometallic compounds (porphyrins)
- 9. 1. Traces ofelements and metals Cu, Ca, Mg. 2. Salts
- 10. Water has APIof 10 Crude oil have API between 10 and 50º The higher the API the better the lighter is the oil API gravities are not linear and therefore cannot be averaged reference temperature for specific gravity and °API is 60° F (15.6° C)
- 11. Has great influenceon the value of crude oil It varies from less than 0.1% to greater than 5% Sour crude has sulfur content > 0.5% Sweet crude has sulfur content < 0.5%
- 12. •Vary from fewppm to more than 1000 ppm •Ni,Va, Cu severely affect catalyst activity •Concentrated on the heavy fractions and residue •Some appear in higher-boiling distillates •May be reduced by solvent extraction
- 13. •Mostly chlorides •Expressed aslb NaCl/1000 bbl •Salts cause corrosion problems •Crude with salt content higher than 10 lb/1000 lb must be desalted to about 0.5 lb/1000 lb before distillation
- 14. •Organic nitrogen compoundscause severe poisoning of catalyst and cause corrosion problems •High nitrogen content is highly undesirable •Crude with nitrogen content above 0.25% requires nitrogen removal
- 15. •Related to asphaltcontent of the crude oil and the quality of the lube oil fraction •Indication of C/H Ratio of crude oil The lower the carbon residue, the higher the value of the crude Measure by different standard methods •Ramsbottom (RCR) •Conradson Carbon (CCR) •ASTM methods (D-524, D-189) Reported as weight%
- 16. •Pour point isthe lowest temperature after which the oil ceases to flow •Indication of the paraffinic and aromatic content of •crude oil High pour point means high paraffin content •Critical property for transportation of oil in pipelines
- 17. TAN is thenumber of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize 1 g of oil Also used to monitor acidity of crude oil and lube oils Crude oils with high acid content causes rapid corrosion in particular for fractionation columns
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- 20. Boiling range ofcrude gives indication of the quantity of various products present The boiling range is determined by distillation curves True Boiling Point (TBP) distillation method ASTM distillation methods Equilibrium FlashVaporization
- 21. True Boiling point(TBP) USBM Hempel method ASTM D-285 ASTM: StandardTests D-86 for light fractions at atmospheric pressure D-1160 for heavier fractions (> 500°F) carried out in vacuum Equilibrium FlashVaporization (EFV)
- 23. Constructed by fractionationat atmospheric (up to 275 °C) and vacuum pressure (300 °C) USBM Hempel Distillation Lacks information about low BP Distillation temperature at vacuum must be corrected to atmospheric pressure Low BP can be obtained via chromatography
- 27. TBP distillation curveconstructed using only atmospheric and vacuum distillation data does not contain any information about the low boiling point components (light ends) Low boiling point components include •Gaseous HCs (C1 to C5) •Inert gases (N2) •Acid gases (H2S and CO2) •Water
- 28. •Relative amounts oflow boiling point materials in crude oil can be obtained using chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques crude oil can be characterized based on chromatographic information about the relative amounts of: Light ends Paraffinic materials Aromatic materials Naphthenic materials