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Culminating Project Defense Presentation
This document proposes the development of an online undergraduate course on zoonotic diseases (diseases transmitted between animals and humans) using a "One Health" approach. The course would introduce foundational infectious disease concepts and then describe common zoonoses. It would raise awareness of zoonoses' global health impacts and encourage medical, veterinary, and public health collaboration. The course would be designed using backward design principles and cover representative zoonoses grouped into modules on vector-borne, livestock, companion animal, and wildlife diseases. Assessment would include quizzes, article analyses, and exams to measure learning objectives.
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Culminating Project Defense Presentation
- 1. “One Health –One Medicine” Design Proposal for a Distance Education Course: Introduction to Zoonotic Diseases in Humans and Animals Tracy L Middleton, DVM, BS MPH-VPH Candidate Veterinary Public Health Resident
- 2. “One Health –One Medicine” Project Objective To create an introductory (online) course on zoonotic diseases, focused on teaching students foundational infectious disease concepts and then using these to describe common and important zoonoses
- 3. “One Health –One Medicine” Project Objective • Undergraduate interest taking VPM 7721 Epidemiology of Zoonotic Diseases demonstrated a need for a introductory level course – This course is not a replacement for VPM 7721 • The underlying goals in the development of this distance education course are to: – Raise awareness of the global impact of zoonoses on the health of both humans an animals – Encourage collaboration of medical, veterinary, and public health professionals in research, prevention, and control of zoonoses
- 4. “One Health –One Medicine” Definition of Zoonoses • A zoonotic disease or zoonoses (pl.) is an infectious disease transmissible between vertebrate animals and humans under natural conditions – Etymology: Greek. “zoion” animal + “nosos” disease • Animal reservoirs maintain the disease agent in nature • Many zoonoses are multifactorial, with complex cycles of infection • Humans are often dead end hosts BUT zoonoses have also originated great pandemics
- 5. “One Health –One Medicine” Zoonotic Disease Burden • Zoonoses exist in the environment anywhere humans and animals intersect • Of the ~1400 infectious diseases recognized in humans, 60% are zoonoses • In the last 40+ years, 75% of the recently emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases have been zoonoses
- 6. “One Health –One Medicine” Zoonotic Disease Burden
- 7. “One Health –One Medicine” Salmonella Zoonotic Disease Burden
- 8. “One Health –One Medicine” • Zoonotic diseases often seen as a veterinary issue – Public Health Veterinarians are in short supply in the United States (GAO, 2009) • Physicians will not recognize or consider a disease they do not know about • Public Health is a diverse field with a population health focus with the least amount of infectious or zoonotic disease training Zoonotic Disease Problem
- 9. “One Health –One Medicine” Benefits of an Undergraduate Zoonoses Course 1. Physicians Human Disease General Infectious Disease Individual Patient focused Medicine 2. Veterinarians Animal Disease Zoonoses Prevention and Control Population Medicine 3. Public Health Epidemiology Biostatistics Environmental Health Population Health Principles Undergraduate Education IncreasingSpecialization
- 10. “One Health –One Medicine” Course Development
- 11. “One Health –One Medicine” • Target audience is 3rd/4th year undergraduates in Public Health – 5 year BS/MPH degree program course elective – Pre-Med, Pre-Vet, and other Pre-Professional students – Prerequisite courses in Biology and Microbiology • Instructional delivery – – Traditional lecture-learn format – Asynchronous and Synchronous Components – Weekly virtual class discussion every Friday Course Development
- 12. “One Health –One Medicine” Course Development 1. Identify desired results. • Educational needs • Create Goals and Objectives 2. Determine acceptable evidence • Plan student exercises • Create exams and quizzes 3.Plan learning experiences and instruction • Create lesson plans • Select course materials Backward Design is a method of designing education curriculum by setting goals prior to choosing instructional methods and forms of assessment
- 13. “One Health –One Medicine” 1. Introductory Disease Concepts 2. Vectorborne Zoonoses 3. Livestock Zoonoses 4. Companion Animal Zoonoses 5. Wildlife Zoonoses Lyme Disease RMSF Plague WNV Brucellosis Zoonotic TB Q-Fever Leptospirosis Anthrax BSE Rabies Toxoplasmosis Mycosis MRSA Salmonellosis Avian Influenza Hantavirus SARS Infectious Disease Concepts Zoonotic Disease Concepts Factors of Disease Emergence Regulatory Agencies Course Development
- 14. “One Health –One Medicine” Course Development • Representative zoonotic diseases were chosen using three criteria: 1. Important human or animal morbidity/mortality 2. Economic impact upon society (i.e. agricultural, productivity, or tourism) 3. Bioterrorism potential • Course overlaid on a OSU Academic Calendar to determine timing of modules and exam schedule • Objective attainment will be measured by in unit quizzes, news article analysis, and 3 proctored exams
- 15. “One Health –One Medicine” Academic Calendar Each Wednesday, students will be required to submit discussion questions for the Friday virtual class session
- 16. “One Health –One Medicine” Example Unit
- 17. “One Health –One Medicine” Future Challenges 1. Development educational content suitable for eLearning environment – Accessibility is paramount! – Copyright law and educational content 2. ODEE approval process plus Quality Matters accreditation 3. Funding mechanism for teaching and further course development
- 18. “One Health –One Medicine” Human Medicine Public Health Veterinary Medicine Public Health Significance • Approximately 75% of emerging/reemerging diseases are zoonotic • Zoonoses are responsible for 2.1B human illnesses and 1.2M deaths annually • Improvement needed in collaboration of Physicians, Veterinarians, and Public Health
- 19. “One Health –One Medicine” Human Medicine Veterinary Medicine Public Health Conclusion
- 20. “One Health –One Medicine” Questions
- 21. “One Health –One Medicine” Zoonoses Course Concept 1. Introductory Disease Concepts 2. Vectorborne Zoonoses 3. Livestock Zoonoses 4. Companion Animal Zoonoses 5. Wildlife Zoonoses Lyme Disease RMSF Plague WNV Brucellosis Zoonotic TB Q-Fever Leptospirosis Anthrax BSE Rabies Toxoplasmosis Mycosis MRSA Salmonellosis Avian Influenza Hantavirus SARS Infectious Disease Concepts Zoonotic Disease Concepts Factors of Disease Emergence Regulatory Agencies
Editor's Notes
- #5 Animal reservoirs maintain growth of the disease agent in nature
- #6 Human morbidity and mortality - lasting chronic health effects (i.e. congenital toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis) Animal morbidity and mortality - in livestock, exotic animals, and pets (i.e. human tuberculosis in elephants) Zoonoses interfere with the production of animal products and create obstacles to international trade for agricultural economies (i.e. Avian Influenza, Q-fever) Cost of starting vs. maintaining current disease control programs (i.e. Brucellosis, Rabies)
- #7 ILRI reported that endemic zoonoses are responsible for an estimated 99.9% of human illness and 96% of deaths.5 While epidemic zoonoses, like Ebola or WNV in the US, are much more sporadic in both their temporal or spatial distributions, and are much more feared because of their unpredictability and often severity (i.e. Ebola virus).5
- #8 The first Ebola case in the outbreak in west Africa dates back to December 2013 in Gueckedou, a forested region of Guinea near the border with Liberia and Sierra Leone. The origin of the virus is the consumption of bushmeat. (Image source: http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2014/12/ebola-graphics?fsrc=scn%2Ftw%2Fte%2Fbl%2Fed%2Fthetollofatragedy) Image Source: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/infographic-mers-pictogram As of 2 December 2014, the WHO has been notified of 927 laboratory-confirmed cases of infections with MERS-Cov, including at least 338 related deaths. Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Infections linked to live poultry in backyard flocks (363 cases, 43 States, 0 deaths, 33% required hospitalization) Trace back investigations identified Mt. Healthy Hatcheries in Ohio as source of chicks and ducklings. This same hatchery associated with multiple outbreaks linked to poultry in 2012 and 2013. Image Source: 2 ducklings public domain: http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=39159&picture=ducklings-d Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonellosis infectious linked to pet bearded dragons. (166 cases, 36 states, 0 deaths, 37% required hospitalization) Reptiles can be carriers of Salmonella bacteria but appear healthy. They are intermittent shedders of the bacteria. Human infections with a new avian influenza A (H7N9) virus were first reported in China in March 2013. During the spring of 2013, WHO reported 132 human H7N9 infections with 44 deaths. While some mild illnesses in human H7N9 cases have been seen, most patients have had severe respiratory illness, with about one-third resulting in death. Cases decreased over the summer but picked back up in the fall/winter. Most cases reported had poultry exposure and lived in areas where H7N9 had been found previously. No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission. Chikungunya virus first introduced into the Americas in 2013. Since November 21, 2014 local transmission jas been identified in 40 countries and territories in the Caribbean, Central America, South America or North America. A total of 914, 960 suspected and 18,142 laboratory-confirmed cases of CHIKV have been reported. Since this virus is new to the Americas, most people in these regions are immunologically naïve. Image Source: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/pdf/avianflu/h7n9-reassortment-diagram.pdf
- #9 The research clearly demonstrates that zoonotic diseases affect all aspects of our lives whether at home, work, or play.
- #10 Medical and Veterinary curriculums are already burgeoning with content. Veterinarians are taught population medicine as a rule while Physicians are taught to focus on a single patient at a time. Public Health Graduate students are training to be researchers, not Public Health Practitioners. Public Health has recognized the need for a broadening of Public Health education and is now taking it to the undergraduate level. Image: he Physician http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician#mediaviewer/File:The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg Image: The veterinarian http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/perez/images/vet.jpg
- #13 The destination is chosen first and then the road map is used to plan the trip to the desired destination. So you are teaching to an end point. ADDIE Model of Design Dick and Carey Model (Systems Approach Model)
- #18 Quality Matters – ODEE Office of Distance Education and eLearning
- #20 Need to restate the objective but solved.
- #22 Introductory course not a replacement for VPM 7721