Curriculum Development And Change Essay

Curriculum Development and Change Essay
INTRODUCTION
There seems to be a lot of controversy and uncertainty as to ВЎВҐwhat is the curriculum?ВЎВ¦ As such, there is a distributing lack of consensus on an
all–embracing definition of this comprehensive concept. This is, in part, due to the various interpretations, meanings, emphasis and approaches that the
scholars of curriculum studies embark upon. This, in turn, leaves the education practitioners and the general public in the dark as to what constitutes
that which should be considered as ВЎВҐgood curriculum practiceВЎВ¦ in educational institutions.
This exposition seeks to highlight and evaluate the key concepts of the curriculum and some of the factors that have marked influence on curriculum
planning, curriculum development and...show more content...
The product view entails a plan to be followed by the teachers (blue print) in carrying out the didactic activities. The practice view encompasses all the
activities that inform the occurrences in an educational institution.
In a nutshell, the narrow perspective pays more attention on the intentions, plans or ideas regarding what should happen in a school. On the contrary,
the broad perspective focuses on the existing state of affairs and recognises the actual happenings based on social constructs.
2.1 DIFFERENT FORMS OF CURRICULUM
Lengthy debates pertaining to the definition of the curriculum, among curriculists, have culminated in the emergence of divergent connotations and
hence various forms of the curriculum namely:
2.1.1. Formal or ВЎВҐofficialВЎВ¦ curriculum
A planned and documented form of the curriculum.
2.1.2. ВЎВҐActualВЎВ¦ curriculum
– That which takes place when the ВЎВҐofficialВЎВ¦ curriculum is implemented.
2.1.3. ВЎВҐHiddenВЎВ¦ curriculum

The values, beliefs and norms of behaviour that are communicated implicitly through the process of socialisation; intentionally or unintentionally. The
hidden curriculum is accidental in nature and is a by–product of planned activities. Social and sex roles are acquired through this form of the curriculum.
2.1.4 ВЎВҐCommonВЎВ¦ curriculum
This form of the curriculum seeks to address the imbalances and inequities that existed in racially–divided
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Curriculum And Pedagogy Essay
Curriculum and Pedagogy: The curriculum is experienced by all students, albeit in different forms. So, curriculum which is based on more interaction
between the students and teachers is more likely to acceptable. There is a body of evidence from the US (and increasingly in other countries) that the
more students interact with other students and staff, the more likely they are to persist (e.g. Astin, 1984; Tinto, 1997). Due to interaction among
students, they learn a great deal from each other. Furthermore, both social and academic integration into a higher education institution have a positive
impact on their sense of belonging to (Reay et al., 2001), and ultimately learning within, that environment (Thomas, 2002).
Despite different forms of delivery and modes across disciplines, the curriculum forms a platform for the implementation of strategies and dimensions
that engage students in their learning experience...show more content...
In the context of a worldwide paradigm shift towards student–centered outcomes–based approaches, and at a time when many Pakistani universities in
the departments are developing learning, teaching assessment strategies, this research reviews what the research literature says about the impact of
quality strategies on students' learning. It then proceeds to translate that into practical suggestions for practice with the specific intention that assists to
inform departments in the development of appropriate teaching and learning strategies and learner–centered approaches and practices which meet the
university general principles on quality. Assessment defines what students regard as important, how they spend their time and how they come to see
themselves as students and then as graduates. As students' points of view indicate, assessment always defines the actual curriculum (Ramsden, 1992:

Curriculum implementation
Curriculum implementation entails putting into practice the officially prescribed courses of study, syllabuses and subjects. The process involves
helping the learner acquire knowledge or experience. Curriculum implementation cannot take place without the learner. The learner is therefore the
central figure in the curriculum implementation process. Implementation takes place as the learner acquires the planned or intended experiences,
knowledge, skills, ideas and attitudes that are aimed at enabling the same learner to function effectively in a society.
Curriculum implementation refers to how the planned or officially designed course of study is translated by the teacher into syllabuses, schemes of
work and lessons to be delivered to...show more content...
Teachers are a constant factor in the education system and thus have a key role for classroom innovation. If they are not motivated to engage with an
innovation, then nothing will happen.
Learners are also a critical element in curriculum implementation. While teachers are the arbiters of the classroom practice, the learners hold the key to
what is actually transmitted and adopted from the official curriculum. The official curriculum can be quite different from the curriculum that is actually
implemented. The learner factor influences teachers in their selection of learning experiences, hence the need to consider the diverse characteristics of
learners in curriculum implementation (University of Zimbabwe, 1995: p31). For example, home background and learner ability can determine what is
actually achieved in the classroom.
Curriculum implementation cannot take place without the learner. The learner is therefore the central figure in the curriculum implementation process.
Implementation takes place as the learner acquires the planned or intended experiences, knowledge, skills, ideas and attitudes that are aimed at
enabling the same learner to function effectively in a society (University of Zimbabwe, 1995: p8).
No meaningful teaching and learning can take place without adequate resource materials. For the officially designed curriculum to be fully
implemented as per plan, the government through the Ministry of Education and other

Objectives Of A Curriculum Plan Essay
CURRICULAM PLAN The most important objective of a curriculum plan to develop specified skills or knowledge to a targeted group and the
plan must be specific and time framed in order to achieve the aim within the defined time frame. This curriculum plan aimed to develop the
essential employability skills to the multitude client group which includes the different age, gender and ethnic groups. This curriculum plan targeted
to complete within the period of eight weeks with theoretical and practical sessions. In each session the progression of the plan with a close
consideration to the skills achieved would be analysed. There will be a clear and defined frame work for each session and the assessment of
student's performance. The assessment methods designed with a clear intention of increased student involvement. Each session required to complete
within the defined time frame to ensure the successful completion of the curriculum plan. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES According to Steven and
Fallows (2008) it is important for any curriculum plan to have a clear, focused and practical oriented plan to ensure the successful completion as
well as the achievement of maximised result. The major objectives of this curriculum plan are, To make the client group able to identify certain
employability skills, values as well as qualities To make the client group able to describe certain employability skills, values as well as qualities To
make the client group able to recognise the

Through the completion of my graduate program in Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment, I have gained an immense amount of knowledge and a
plethora of skills which I have used and found valuable in my seventh grade English classroom. My outlook on student learning and my empathy
towards students has also been positively affected by the program. These learning opportunities have led me to become a better educator both inside
and outside of the classroom. One of my most influential experiences took place with my very first class, ED 523 taught by Dr. Howe. In this course,
I learned about the Understanding by Design (UbD) Framework created by Wiggins and McTighe. This framework focuses on a backward design
approach that uses big...show more content...
It also gives them the ability to make connections to real world situations and get the "big picture". By using the Backward Design approach, my
assessment practices have also been positively affected. Now that I know exactly how I am assessing my students before I teach a unit, I am able to
address misunderstandings in advance and provide students with rubrics and assessment materials before they start a project or assignment, so they
know exactly what is expected of them. I have found that students perform better and are more engaged when they know my expectations in advance. I
have also discovered that students are more conscientious about their grade or performance when they are able to look at my assessment tool and ask
questions or check off the tasks they have completed. Within three months of taking ED 523, my school district began using curriculum mapping.
Curriculum mapping has facilitated my district in eliminating gaps and repetition in the curriculum and has allowed us to develop a fluent scope and
sequence. This process has optimized student learning in my classroom. I now know what the students have already learned and can build upon those
skills and understandings and can also better prepare them for the content they will be introduced to in the future. The mapping process has given me
the ability to create cross curricular units with my colleagues. The students

Essay On Curriculum
The nationwide trend to migrate curriculum decisions from the school or school district to the state level has the potential to contribute positively to
the educational system–or negatively.
On the positive side, the migration of curriculum decisions to the state level ensures that the state's established educational philosophy and ideology are
recognized and incorporated into the curriculum. According to Ornstein and Hunkins (2017, p.), there are at least five approaches to curriculum.
Developing a single curriculum at the state level would protect the coherency of the state's mission by recognizing a state–level approach for
curriculum and providing consistent application of the approach. The concept of charter schools, as in New...show more content...
Establishment of curriculum domain at the state level allows the local level curricularist to focus on the implementation and education of theory and
practice, as opposed to domain, of the curriculum.
On the other hand, according to Ornstein and Hunkins (2017), "most curricularists, including those who write textbooks, have difficulty fusing theory
and practice" (p.16). There should be serious concern that any curricularist at the state level, removed from the daily interaction with students, with
limited ability to integrate the domain into theory and practice, could potentially wreak havoc on a curriculum, especially if he were to integrate more
of his own personal views and values than foundation and theory into the domain of the curriculum. Additionally, if the professional educator in the
classroom cannot ethically agree with the established curriculum and or the practice of it in the classroom, the system fails the learner.
Furthermore, it is only natural that an increase in the state's responsibility to establish curricula would also increase its reliance on national professional
organizations (e.g. NCTM, NCTE, etc.) for assistance, clarification and data. Yet, without the requirement for curricula specialists to be unified through
certification in the theory and practices of curriculum, there is no protection from special–interest groups seeking to

Essay about Early Childhood Education Curriculum
Early Childhood Education illustrates the teaching and care of children in other environments outside of the home. Early childhood centers on the
development of all children no matter their gender, race, abilities, or ethnic orientation and gives knowledge of early childhood learning process, which
entails values, culture, desires of parents for their children, and especially a child's need for knowledgeable functionality in society.
Early childhood education started with a mother in Europe in the early 1800's. She educated children outside of their homes and soon this idea traveled
to America during the Industrial Revolt. Schools were organized in factories, churches, and private homes while parents worked during the day these
...show more content...
In view of the fact that we have a new President, new legislation has been implemented since the previous NCLB legislation established in 2005–06 by
Former President George W. Bush. The No Child Left Behind ordered educators must be "highly qualified" by the end of 2006 school year with their
license and meet all certification prerequisites of the state in which they teach. The educator must also have a bachelor's degree and must pass state
certification to be eligible for the 2006 school year. Teachers, who do not meet those qualifications, will not be permitted to teach again until they have
met those prerequisites.
The new changes No Child Left Behind laws were passed earlier in 2010 stresses the importance of education has to be our main concern to ensure
that our children are getting quality education. The legislation is called "Performance Counts," It reevaluates tenure laws and evaluation. This means
that teachers are evaluated and being laid off because of their performance in the classrooms. No matter how long the teacher has been in his/her
position that still wouldn't keep them in their position because of their low performance. Over the next 10 years the focus will be to prepare hundreds
of new teachers in STEM science, technology, engineering, and math (Mclatchy, 2010). The program is to encourage students in the STEM field or
alternative teacher certification programs to switch their careers if they choose to. For

What Is Curriculum
What is curriculum?
1. Curriculum is a complex term; it can be broad or narrow. Curriculum is a set of broad decision about what is to be taught and how it is taught, that
determine the general frame within which lessons are planned and learning take place (Farrant ,M A p.12). Curriculum is seen as theeducation umbrella
of national education that includes the lessons, the timetable and the academic content prescribed by the national education department in schools or
program over several years. The curriculum compromises opportunities for learning provided by schools and establishes quality relationship of what is
learnt and what operates outside the school. It guides learning experience designed to facilitate students learning to develop quality education system.
Narrow view of curriculum can be a course of study or different subjects offered in schools...show more content...
Children are learning culture of because it is integrated whereby cultural day is celebrated each year at school. Parents meeting are done termly and
they are informed of what is happening at school through letter writing. The relationship between the principal within teachers, learners and the
regional office is very strong. There is always informative briefing every morning. The academic, social, and behavioral expectations established by
schools are communicate to learners on Monday morning at the assembly. Cultural perspectives is practices at our school because learners are
recognized, integrate, or honor diversity and multicultural perspectives which may convey both intentional and unintended messages to learners. Some
schools may expect everyone to communicate in English only while other schools, however, may actively integrate or celebrate the multicultural
diversity of the student body by inviting students and parents Community members are always involved in the

"Curriculum is the foundation of the teaching–learning process whether it is a school, college, university or training organization. The process of
providing the plan and keeping it running smoothly is known as curriculum development". Therefore the following essay will discuss the curriculum
development process in Fiji, the approaches used in the curriculum development process and provide an overview of curriculum development in Fiji,
how it has evolved over time and will provide strengths and weaknesses of this approach by using own experiences and supported by research, will
state how curriculum development can be improved. To begin with, According to the former permanent secretary foreducation, national heritage,
culture and arts, Dr....show more content...
Curricula is overloaded with factual content which is too lengthy for the teachers to complete where less time will be left for the preparation for the
external exam mostly for the external examination for example year 13 geography and history

Essay On Curriculum Design
America has a diverse educational system and is responsible for ensuring that curriculum is reflective of this diversity. As America becomes more
diverse, it is commonplace for several languages to be spoken in a single school (five languages were represented in my classroom alone last year),
and the demand for teachers trained at tackling the academic, emotional, and social needs of students is pressing. Transcending race, the issue is not
easily rectified by offering to place teachers who "look like" their students in the classroom; rather, the more viable solution is in training teachers to
become more sensitive to students' academic and cultural needs. Furthermore, socioeconomic differences contribute to this "great divide" that...show
more content...
Public–school systems are brimming with minority students who are becoming increasingly deficient in the knowledge and skills needed for
self–sustainability in the 21st century. I worked as an elementary teacher in Title I schools for more than two decades and witnessed students being
taught topics bearing very little relevance to their cultures or interests. The concern for the content being taught prompted me to write curriculum that
incorporated topics aligned to the standards, relevant to students' culture and interests. When the topic of students' cultural interest was brought to
teachers' attention, many did not understand the need to examine their practices from their students' perspectives, causing many teachers to dismiss the
curriculum, choosing to adhere to the status quo. People's culture influences how they navigate in society, impacting their interactions and assimilation
within the educational arena. Culture impacts students' learning, thereby, necessitating that teachers remain mindful of students' diversity. Moreover,
the culture gap existing between students and teachers needs to be narrowed to facilitate more positive teacher and student outcomes through training
opportunities. Teachers need to be trained in understanding the cultural diversity of students, resulting in best practices reflective of diversity. It is not
enough to provide teachers with a two–hour training on the differences between

Importance of Curriculum Foundations
Introduction
Curriculum planning involves making a series of choices (Saylor, Alexander and Lewis, p. 27) In the process of curriculum planning the three bases
of curriculum should be considered these bases are society, learner and knowledge. Each of these bases is equally important and cannot be neglected.
They are like three legs of a tripod stand, if one leg is bigger than the other than the tripod cannot stand. Similarly each of these bases cannot be given
more importance over than the other all have equal importance. Society can be understood through Sociology, Learner can be understood by Psychology
and Knowledge can be understood through Philosophy. Thus in order to plan curriculum the foundations of curriculum play a major role....show more
content...
Another example can be the role of teacher as a model of truth and other abiding virtues like administering discipline, reinforcing discipline. Learning is
the realization of goodness and truth.
Philosophical schools of thoughts
A part from these three questions we have five basic philosophies that lay the foundation of curriculum.
Idealism
Idealism stresses that students acquire vital subject matter in an idea centered curriculum. Ideas consist of concepts and generalizations for students to
acquire. Idealist believes that knowledge come from four sources i.e. revelation (spiritual books), authority (tribe leader), religious leaders and myths.
Idealism focus on the constant effort to achieve perfection and the purpose of learning is to benefit the humanity rather than self engagement.
Example: Idealism is a strong reflection is the Sindh Text books, the verses from Holy Quran are quoted within the text. Teaching and learning process
in Pakistani classrooms are from textbooks and knowledge comes from text books, subject matter is considered of high value in Pakistani society.
Realism
Realism is concerned with the world of ideas and anything that are fixed with establishing subject matter. Realists say that the matter is real and that the
idea exists within the matter. Realists believe that there is nothing beyond scientific knowledge. Knowledge can be obtained from the use of sense and
nature. Supernaturalism does not exist since it goes beyond sense data. (Edige &

Cross-Curricular Learning Essay
'Making cognitive connections, within subjects and between subjects...' ( Piaget 1977, Cockburn and Haylock 2008,Rose 2009) is an aspect of
cross–curricular learning. Generally speaking, cross–curricular learning is when skills, knowledge and attitudes of a number of disciplines which are
applied to a single experience, problem, question, theme or idea. In simple terms, it's also known as a thematic approach. From this point, I'd be
exploring the reasons why a thematic approach should be adopted in the classroom and this approach could deliver the four core subjects in the
National Curriculum in Key Stage 1. On top of that I'd be exploring the issues raised of adopting a cross–curricular approach and the implications of
using a theme–based...show more content...
This form of assessment allows me to find out children's prior learning experiences and interests and gives me an indication of where they are at,
whilst children getting to have a 'voice' in what goes on in their classroom. On top of that, at the start of the term children would be able to engage in
theme based lessons by inquiring them to suggest themes they'd like to study over the next half term, this gives children the power to take control of
their own learning and supports children's intrinsic motivation of wanting to learn for themselves.
Again, due to the fact that children's interests and experiences are used to form a platform for learning, the thematic approach tends to lend itself to be
more motivating for pupils in conjunction with their wider life experiences, as suggested by Barnes (2009). (Mumford. D (2000) Planning a
theme–based unit, Canada: Pacific Edge Publishing Ltd) This kind of assumption asserts that all children responds positively to the same style of
teaching or the same stimulus. However, he neglects that motivation arises from many sources and children are inspired by different and unpredictable
outputs. It is therefore understood that cross–curricular approach will not suit all children. But at the same time, as my role as a

Reflection Paper On Curriculum
Curriculum Reflection Ste. Genevieve R–II school district is located in Southeast Missouri. The district's mission statement is Working Together to
Create Success at Ste. Genevieve and Beyond. One of the most successful ways that the Ste. Genevieve faculty collaborates together concerns their
method of curriculum development, alignment, and revision. This reflection assignment will examine the curriculum process of Ste. Genevieve R–II.
The following items will be addressed within this analysis: the definition of curriculum, the district's formal/informal/hidden curriculum, the district's
curriculum leadership, the impact of Missouri Standards on the district, the district's current plan for curriculum revision, and a...show more content...
Ste. Genevieve R–II has all three forms of curriculum. The formal curriculum is composed of various documents saved to Google Drive. Information
used to achieve this formal curriculum includes the following documents: the Missouri Learning Standards for the departments, the Missouri Learning
Standards Crosswalk showing standards and alignment, the Missouri Learning Standards Terminology for various departments, curriculum checklists,
information about backward design, pacing guides, unit/lesson plan documents, and assessments. The informal curriculum is present at Ste. Genevieve
R–II, but it is not in documented form. The values of the teachers creating the curriculum play a role in its development and implementation. Each
teacher brings their own style into the classroom; as a result, the curriculum is followed, but it is followed in different ways as teachers place their
individual teaching style into their instruction. For example, when teaching skills about literary theme, one teacher might include a specific piece of
literature based on student interest. Another teacher might not include the same piece of literature, but the concept of theme will still be an aspect of
their lessons. Another example might be in regards to teaching other kinds of lessons that are

Essay about Inclusive Curriculum in Schools
Through mandatory acknowledgement (Disability Discrimination Act, 1992) of individuals previously segregated in our education system, the
government, who operate on behalf of the people, have publicly proclaimed inclusion for all. When children with disabilities, disadvantage or learning
difficulties are incorporated into the regular schooling domain a more realistic version of community is subscribed to. As a consequence, the more we
are confronted with difference, the greater our threshold to accept and embrace it.
As a community we enact tangible proclamations of our values in the form of legislation and policies. Furthermore the public education system reflects
what we, as a community hold in esteem whilst embodying our hope for the...show more content...
administration, teachers, students, parents, government and general populace) will be paramount to the success of this ideal.
b.How will your teaching practice be influenced by your understanding of the requirements of inclusive education?
In keeping with the requirements of inclusive education, contemporary teaching enlists an improved holistic view of each child in order to inform
practice. According to Zundans (2006) the spectrum of disability and disadvantage cannot be contained in a homogenous group and as such
consideration of the whole child must be taken into account. This conscious consideration of individual student needs means formulating relationships
which inform practice and subsequent adjustment to the way in which we teach. Effective classroom practice may include modification of the
curriculum, such as multilevel instruction, to suit individual needs. Additionally we must be mindful of teaching only to the regular student. Limited
instruction such as this allows for heightened levels of underachievement and missed opportunities to enrich the learning experience in our classrooms.
Essentially, this behaviour stands in direct opposition to the ideals of inclusive education in which the teacher has a responsibility for all student
learning.
Developing positive classroom culture and emphasis on the collective worth of the cohort can greatly improve the

Reflection On Learning And Curriculum
We live in a global economy that requires our students to be prepared to think both critically and creatively, evaluate massive amounts of information,
solve complex problems, and be good communicators. A strong foundation in reading, writing, math, and other core subjects is still as important as
ever, yet by itself is insufficient for success in life. As I read and reflected on the two articles chosen this week my thoughts kept circling back to what
learning and curriculum should reflect in 21st–century learning. Both authors touch upon how students today are required to learn material just for the
sake of taking a test. Therefore, they usually regurgitate material for the exam yet there is no retention or interest in what they are learning especially in
the core subjects. This places pressure on the teachers to alter their curriculum to fit the needs of the test. I believe that this not only narrows the range
of learning but crushes the creativity in the classroom both with the teachers and the students. We as teachers and administrators are then evaluated and
held accountable for these test scores which can be tied into a myriad of rewards or penalties depending on the outcomes. "Test scores are used to
determine punishments (such as sanctions, penalties, funding reductions, negative publicity), accolades (awards, public celebration, positive publicity),
advancement (grade promotion or graduation for students), or compensation (salary increases or bonuses for

The Importance Of Curriculum
Curriculum can be modified and adapted to provide effective learning experiences and teaching strategies that are inclusive to all students. Making
learning accessible, classroom environment and engaging learning are some of the strategies that educators can implement to ensure accessible
learning to all students. Although there may be some of the advantages and difficulties that may arise as a result of implementing these teaching and
learning strategies educators must have a variety of strategies that can be used in all classrooms.
Providing an education that is accessible to all is to recognize that all students' are unique individuals. Which means to understand that their emotional,
educational, social and physical needs are diverse and will require differentiated approaches. Educators need to be aware of the many barriers that may
affect learning. Curriculum is said to one of the main barriers to creating an inclusive learning environment. For example, if a teacher expects all
students to demonstrate their knowledge of decimals and exponents through lecture only, they are essentially creating missed opportunities and
potential barriers for individual students. Students that encounter poor mathematical understanding, will not benefit from being just told about
decimals and exponents. Mathematics is a subject that requires hands on learning and manipulatives. A teacher who is unaware of this, may lose her
students during the lesson due to the lack of prior knowledge of

Running Head: Final Project
Final Project/Research Paper
There are many different areas that one must focus on as they are attempting to create a developmentally appropriate curriculum for young children.
All of these aspects are equally important to the learning process. Therefore, it is imperative that we as teachers take the process of planning this
curriculum very seriously. Not only is it important that we understand the basic guidelines for a lesson plan, we also need to be knowledgeable of the
developmental and learning theories as well. These theories will help us to understand the way a child learns mentally and physically. Once we fully
understand the concepts of early education we can then take them to the classroom and...show more content...
This means that the curriculum must be a perfect measure in order for the children to thrive. All children develop their skills on their own time table.
So, in a room of three year old children not all of them will be at the same developmental level. As teachers we must be able to create a curriculum that
encompasses the entire classroom. This means we have to allow room for flexibility and creativity. We must figure out a way to modify certain
programs so that all of our children, even those that don't learn as rapidly, can experience success. Another significant aspect in creating a
developmentally appropriate curriculum for a young child is being able to put out the right amount and type of supplies in the children's learning areas.
For instance, putting out paper, glue and scissors for an art project that only requires cutting and pasting would be more productive than bombarding the
child with unnecessary supplies such as paint, brushes, string and glitter. Overwhelming them with too many options only confuses the student which in
turn, blocks their creativity. It is all about knowing our students, we have to be able to teach them and provide the appropriate things they will need for
that point in their lives.
It will benefit all teachers to familiarize themselves with the many developmental theories. A developmental theory is the belief of how a child grows
and learns. Catron and Allen (2003)

The Importance Of Curriculum In Education
During the early 1900s, government officials began specifying levels of literacy and numeracy taught to students (Blaise & Nuttall, 2011, p. 101). This
encouraged philosophers like John Dewey (1859–1952) to consider alternative teaching methods like "progressive schooling" which involved
inquiry–based child–centered activities drawn from the environment and everyday experiences. Dewey's ideal is evident in classrooms today as part
of the curriculum (Blaise & Nuttall, 2011, p. 102). Curriculum is not only about the official curriculum and the "precision in planning and flexibility in
execution" (Marsh & Willis, 2007, p. 4) it entails, but all other experiences learners have under the guidance of the school (Marsh & Willis, 2007, p. 11).
Although the formal curriculum was developed as a guideline, educators need to develop their own working theory (Blaise & Nuttall, 2011, pp. 80)
around how they will implement the curriculum in their classrooms. The key concepts in the curriculum theory include the intended curriculum; what
the government expects students to experience and learn, the enacted curriculum; a teacher's interpretation and execution of the curriculum, the hidden
curriculum, the social rules and norms that children learn without teachers realising it, and the null curriculum; the topics such as violence, that may be
of interest to students, but remain excluded from the enacted curriculum for various reasons. The lived curriculum is the learners' actual experience

Curriculum Development And Change Essay

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