Cyber Laws.ppt

Cyber Space
Cyber space includes computers, networks,
softwares, data storage devices(such as hard
disks, USB disks etc), the internet, websites,
emails and even electronic devices such as cell
phones, ATM machines etc.

Cyber crime
 Any offence or crime in which a computer is used
is a cyber crime.

Cyber law
 Cyber law is described as that branch of law
that deals with legal issues related to
computers and the internet

Cyber law
Cyber law encompasses
 Cyber crimes
 Electronic and digital signatures
 Intellectual property
 Data protection and
 Privacy

Computer as a Target
 Attacking other computers.
 e.g. Hacking, Virus/Worm attacks, DOS attack
etc.

Computer as a weapon
 Using a computer to commit real world crimes.
 e.g. Cyber Terrorism, IPR violations, Credit card
frauds, EFT frauds, Pornography etc.

Need for Regulation
 Mid 90’s saw an impetus in globalization and
computerisation,with more and more nations
computerizing their governance, and e-commerce
seeing an enormous growth.
 The growth of Electronic Commerce has propelled
the need for vibrant and effective regulatory
mechanisms which would further strengthen the
legal infrastructure

Urgent Need
 With much of international trade being done
through electronic communication and with email
gaining momentum, an urgent and imminent need
was felt for recognizing electronic records

Global Initiative
 The United Nations Commission on International
Trade Law (UNCITRAL) adopted the Model Law
on e-commerce in 1996. The General Assembly of
United Nations passed a resolution in January
1997

Indian Act
 India enacted Information Technology Act 2000
and I.T. Amendment Act 2008.
 The Information Technology Act defines a
computer, computer network, data, information
and all other necessary ingredients that form part
of a cybercrime.

Scope of the Act
 Cyber law in India is a combination of Contract,
Intellectual property, Data protection, and privacy
laws.
 It covers the digital circulation of information,
software, information security, e-commerce, and
monetary transactions.

Preface to the IT Act, 2000
 To provide legal recognition for transactions
carried out by means of electronic data
interchange and storage of information and
 To facilitate electronic filing of documents with
the Government agencies

Acts Ammended
 Indian Penal Code
 Indian Evidence Act, 1872
 Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1891 and
 Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934

Scope of the Act
 The Act essentially deals with the following issues:
 Legal Recognition of Electronic Documents
 Legal Recognition of Digital Signatures, offenses
and contraventionsJustice Dispensation Systems for
cyber crimes.

Specific Domains
 Cyber Crimes
 Electronic and Digital Signatures
 Intellectual Property
 Data Protection and Privacy

Types of Cyber Crimes
 Identity theft - When personal information of a
person is stolen with the purpose of using their
financial resources or to take a loan orcredit card
in their name then such a crime is known as
Identity theft.

 Cyberterrorism - When a threat of extortion or
any kind of harm is being subjected towards a
person, organization, group or state, it is known as
the crime of Cyber Terrorism. Generally, it
includes the well-planned attack strategies on the
Government and corporate computer system.

 Cyberbullying - When a teenager or adolescent
harasses,defames, or intimidates someone with the
use of the internet, phone, chat rooms, instant
messaging or any other social network then the
person is said to be committing the crime
ofCyberbullying. When the same crime is done by
adults it is known as Cyberstalking.

 Hacking - The most common cybercrime is
Hacking. In this crime, the person gets access to
other people's computers and passwords to use it
for their own wrongful gain.

 Defamation - While every individual has his or
her right to speech on internet platforms as
well, but if their statements cross a line and
harm the reputation of any individual or
organization, then they can be charged with the
Defamation Law.

 Copyright - With the massive surge in internet
users, when the data/ information is distributed on
all platforms, copyrighting your work aids you to
restrict the use of your work. Any use of your
copyrighted without your permission is a
punishable offence.

 Trade Secrets - Internet organization spends a lot
of their time and money in developing softwares,
applications, and tools and rely on Cyber Laws to
protect their data and trade secrets against theft;
doing which is a punishable offence.

 Freedom of Speech - When it comes to the
internet, there is a very thin line between freedom
of speech and being a cyber-offender. As freedom
of speech enables individuals to speak their mind,
cyber law refrains obscenity and crassness over
the web.

 Harassment and Stalking - Harassment and
stalking are prohibited over internet platforms as
well. Cyber laws protect the victims and prosecute
the offender against this offence.

 Unauthorized access
 Access means gaining entry into, instructing or
communicating with the logical, arithmetical, or
memory function resources of a computer,
computer system or computer network.
 Unauthorized access would therefore mean any
kind of access without the permission of either the
rightful owner or the person in charge of a
computer, computer system or computer network.
 Every act committed towards breaking into a
computer and/or network is hacking. Hackers
write or use ready-made computer programs to
attack the target computer. They possess the desire
to destruct and they get the kick out of such
destruction. Some hackers hack for personal

 25 Trojan Attack:-
 The program that act like something useful but do
the things that are quiet damping. The programs of
this kind are called as Trojans.
 The name Trojan Horse is popular.
 Trojans come in two parts, a Client part and a
Server part. When the victim (unknowingly) runs
the server on its machine, the attacker will then
use the Client to connect to the Server and start
using the trojan.
 TCP/IP protocol is the usual protocol type used for
communications, but some functions of the trojans

 Virus and Worm attack:-
 A program that has capability to infect other
programs and make copies of itself and spread into
other programs is called virus.
 Programs that multiply like viruses but spread
from computer to computer are called as worms.

 E-mail & IRC related crimes:-
 Email spoofing
 Email spoofing refers to email that appears to have
been originated from one source when it was
actually sent from another source. Please Read

 Email Spamming
 Email "spamming" refers to sending email to
thousands and thousands of users - similar to a
chain letter.

 Sending malicious codes through email
 E-mails are used to send viruses, Trojans etc
through emails as an attachment or by sending a
link of website which on visiting downloads
malicious code.

 Email bombing
 E-mail "bombing" is characterized by abusers
repeatedly sending an identical email message to a
particular address.

 Sending threatening emails

 Defamatory emails

 Email frauds

 Denial of Service attacks:-
 Flooding a computer resource with more requests
than it can handle. This causes the resource to
crash thereby denying access of service to
authorized users.

 IPR Violations:-
 These include software piracy, copyright
infringement, trademarks violations, theft of
computer source code, patent violations. etc.
 Cyber Squatting- Domain names are also
trademarks and protected by ICANN’s domain
dispute resolution policy and also under trademark
laws.
 Cyber Squatters registers domain name identical
to popular service provider’s domain so as to
attract their users and get benefit from it.

 Cyber Terrorism:-
 Targeted attacks on military installations, power
plants, air traffic control, banks, trail traffic
control, telecommunication networks are the most
likely targets. Others like police, medical, fire and
rescue systems etc.
 Cyberterrorism is an attractive option for modern
terrorists for several reasons.

 Banking/Credit card Related crimes:-
 In the corporate world, Internet hackers are
continually looking for opportunities to
compromise a company’s security in order to gain
access to confidential banking and financial
information.
 Use of stolen card information or fake credit/debit
cards are common.
 Bank employee can grab money using programs to
deduce small amount of money from all customer
accounts and adding it to own account also called
as salami.

 E-commerce/ Investment Frauds:-
 Sales and Investment frauds. An offering that uses
false or fraudulent claims to solicit investments or
loans, or that provides for the purchase, use, or
trade of forged or counterfeit securities.
 Merchandise or services that were purchased or
contracted by individuals online are never
delivered.
 The fraud attributable to the misrepresentation of a
product advertised for sale through an Internet
auction site or the non-delivery of products
purchased through an Internet auction site.
 Investors are enticed to invest in this fraudulent
scheme by the promises of abnormally high

 Sale of illegal articles:-
 This would include trade of narcotics, weapons
and wildlife etc., by posting information on
websites, auction websites, and bulletin boards or
simply by using email communication.
 Research shows that number of people employed
in this criminal area. Daily peoples receiving so
many emails with offer of banned or illegal
products for sale.

 Identity Theft :-
Identity theft is the fastest growing crime in
countries like America.
 Identity theft occurs when someone appropriates
another's personal information without their
knowledge to commit theft or fraud.
 Identity theft is a vehicle for perpetrating other
types of fraud schemes.

 Data diddling:-
 Data diddling involves changing data prior or
during input into a computer.
 In other words, information is changed from the
way it should be entered by a person typing in the
data, a virus that changes data, the programmer of
the database or application, or anyone else
involved in the process of having information
stored in a computer file.
 It also include automatic changing the financial
information for some time before processing and
then restoring original information.

 Theft of Internet Hours:-
 Unauthorized use of Internet hours paid for by
another person.
 By gaining access to an organisation's telephone
switchboard (PBX) individuals or criminal
organizations can obtain access to dial-in/dial-out
circuits and then make their own calls or sell call
time to third parties.
 Additional forms of service theft include capturing
'calling card' details and on-selling calls charged to
the calling card account, and counterfeiting or
illicit reprogramming of stored value telephone

 Theft of computer system (Hardware):-
 This type of offence involves the theft of a
computer, some part(s) of a computer or a
peripheral attached to the computer.

 Physically damaging a computer system:-
 Physically damaging a computer or its
peripheralseither by shock, fire or excess electric
supply etc.

 Breach of Privacy
 Privacy refers to the right of an individual/s to
determine when, how and to what extent his or her
personal data will be shared with others.
 Breach of privacy means unauthorized use or
distribution or disclosure of personal information
like medical records, sexual preferences, financial
status etc.

 Breach of Confidentiality
 It means non disclosure of information to
unauthorized or unwanted persons.
 In addition to Personal information some other
type of information which useful for business and
leakage of such information to other persons may
cause damage to business or person, such
information should be protected.
 Many times party or their employees leak such
valuable information for monitory gains and
causes breach of contract of confidentiality.
 Special techniques such as Social Engineering are

Cyber Laws.ppt

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