Dairy industry

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY
SEMINAR
BY
U.ID

 A dairy is a business, established for the harvesting or processing (or both) of
animal milk – mostly from cows or goats, but also from buffaloes, sheep, horses,
or camels – for human consumption.
 It is typically located on a dedicated dairy farm or in a section of a multi-
purpose farm (mixed farm) that is concerned with the harvesting of milk.
The dairy industry covers the production, processing & distribution of milk & milk
products –which is unique in its importance as it is concerned with the valuable
food stuff universally consumed by man.
MILK THE COMPLETE FOOD
………….Therefore dairy farming is highly attractive industry………
DEFINITION:

For proper & regular supply of milk ,man has domesticated a number of mammals.
Of which mammals received attention worth are cows, goats & buffalos.
Other animals like sheep ,camels, asses & mares are milked in certain confined localities but as producers of milk
they are of little importance.
The marketing of milk began when customers called at farm or farmers to distribute their milk directly to users.
Within the past 100 yrs advances along 5 streams have caused milk and milk products to become important
articles of commerce::
Processing of milk by factory system started in middle of 19th century ,resulting in greater uniformity of product.
 Number of technological advances like concentrating milk and sealing it in containers in sterile conditions,
distribution of milk in bottles & other advanced processing of milk began.
Knowledge of refrigeration of milk not only aided in keeping milk fresh for a longer period but also made possible
the shipping of dairy products to all parts of the world.
Earlier days transporting to large cities by ship or raliways, motor vehicles & paved roads made possible the
supplying of fresh milk to markets 100’s KM distant from farm.
Adoptation of pasteurization & the enforcement of laws requiring proper food value in dairy products greatly
benefited the entire dairy industry.

ECONOMY OF DAIRY INDUSTRY
Market capitalization = industry contributes about Rs-1,15,970 crores to the national economy.
According to Indian dairy association(IDA), india is the higest milk producers in the entire
globe,
 share of around 15% of world milk production (oyster of the global dairy industry)
In total world cow milk production, India contributes 7.2%, while its contribution to total buffalo
milk production of world is 65.8% .
India has vast resources of livestock, which play an important role in the national economy.
BUFFALO MILK
india
others
WORLD MILK
PRODUCTION
INDIA
OTHERS

STATE-WISE MILK PRODUCTION IN INDIA
 From 1997-98 to 2007-08
In 2007-08, Uttar Pradesh was the highest milk producing state (18.9 million tonnes),
followed by Rajasthan (9.5 million tonnes),
Punjab (9.3 million tonnes),
Andhra Pradesh (8.9 million tonnes)
Gujarat (7.9 million tonnes).
In total milk production, the share of Punjab, West Bengal, Haryana, Karnataka and Kerala declined during 1997-98
to 2007-08, while the share of Rajasthan, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Orissa increased
In term of regional share in milk production, northern region contributed highest (45%)
followed by western (22%),
southern (20%)
eastern region (13%).
Eastern region is lagging behind in dairy development, government has initiated dairy development programs,
especially for the eastern and hilly regions.

1. Gir
Also called as Bhadawari, Desan, Gujarati, Kathiawari, Sorthi,
and Surati.
Originated in Gir forests of South Kathiawar in Gujarat also
found in Maharashtra and adjacent Rajasthan.
Basic colours of skin -white with dark red or chocolate-brown
patches or sometimes black or purely red.
Horns are peculiarly curved, giving a ‘half moon’ appearance.
Milk yield ranges from 1200-1800 kgs per lactation.
This bread is known for its hardiness and disease resistance
Indigenous dairy breeds of cattle
BREEDS: Principle mammals -cows, goats & buffalos.

2. Red Sindhi
Also called as Red Karachi and Sindhi and
Mahi.
Originated in Karachi and Hyderabad (Pakistan)
regions of undivided India and also reared in
certain organized farms in our country.
Colour is red with shades varying from dark red
to light, strips of white.
Milk yield ranges from 1250 to 1800 kgs per
lactation.
Bullocks despite lethargic and slow can be used
for road and field work

3. Sahiwal
Originated in Montgomery region of undivided India.
Also known as Lola (loose skin), Lambi Bar, Montgomery, Multani,
Teli.
Best indigenous dairy breed.
Reddish dun or pale red in colour, sometimes flashed with white
patches.
Heavy breed with symmetrical body having loose skin.
The average milk yield of this breed is between 1400 and 2500
kgs per lactation.

1. Tharparkar
Originated in Tharparkar district (Pakistan) of
undivided India and also found in Rajasthan.
Also known as White Sindhi, Gray Sindhi and Thari.
They are medium sized, compact and have lyre-
shaped horn.
Body colour is white or light grey.
The bullocks are quite suitable for ploughing and
casting and the cows yield 1800 to 2600 kgs of milk
per lactation.
Indigenous Dual purpose breeds of Cattle

2. Hariana
Originated from Rohtak, Hisar, Jind and Gurgaon
districts of Haryana and also popular in Punjab, UP and
parts of MP.
Horns are small.
The bullocks are powerful work animals.
Hariana cows are fair milkers yielding 600 to 800 kg of
milk per lactation.

3. Kankrej
It is otherwise called as Wadad or Waged,
Wadhiar.
Originated from Southeast Rann of Kutch of
Gujarat and adjoining Rajasthan (Barmer and
Jodhpur district).
The horns are lyre-shaped.
Colour of the animal varies from silver-grey to
iron-grey or steel black.
The gait of Kankrej is peculiar called as 1 ¼
paces (sawai chal).
Kankrej is valued for fast, powerful, draught
cattle. Useful in ploughing and carting.
The cows are good milkers, yielding about
1400 kgs per lactation.

4. Ongole
Otherwise known as Nellore.
Home tract is Ongole taluk in Guntur district of
Andhra Pradesh.
Large muscular breed with a well developed hump.
Suitable for heavy draught work.
White or light grey in colour.
Average milk yield is 1000 kgs per lactation.

5.Krishna Valley
Originated from black cotton soil of the water shed of the river
Krishna in Karnataka and also found in border districts of
Maharastra.
Animals are large, having a massive frame with deep, loosely
built short body.
Tail almost reaches the ground.
Generally grey white in colour with a darker shade on fore
quarters and hind quarters in male. Adults females are more
whitish in appearance.
The bullocks are powerful animals useful for slow ploughing,
and valued for their good working qualities.
The average yield is about 900 kgs per lactation.

6. Deoni
This breed otherwise known as Dongerpati, Dongari, Wannera,
Waghyd, Balankya, Shevera.
Originated in Western Andra Pradesh and also found in Marathwada
region of Maharashtra state and adjoining part of Karnataka.
Body colour is usually spotted black and white.
Milk yield ranges from 636 to 1230 kgs per lactation.
Caving interval average is 447 days.
Bullocks are suitable for heavy cultivation.

1. Jersey
Originated from Jersey Island, U.K.
Smallest of the dairy types of cattle.
In India this breed has accliamatized well and is
widely used in cross breeding with indigenous
cows.
The typical colour of Jersey cattle is reddish
fawn.
Dished forehead; compact and angular body.
Economical producers of milk with 4.5% fat.
Exotic dairy breeds of cattle

2. Holstein Friesian
originated from the northern parts of Netherlands, especially
in the province of Friesland.
Largest dairy breed and ruggedly built is shape and possess
large udder.
Breeds have typical marking of black and white that make
them easily distinguishable.
The average milk production of cow is 6000 to 7000 kgs
per lactation.

3. Brown Swiss
The mountainous region of Switzerland is the
place of origin of Brown Swiss breed.
Breeds are rugged in nature and good milk
production.
The Karan Swiss is the excellent crossbred
cattle obtained by crossing this breed with
Sahiwal cattle at NDRI, Karnal.

4. Red Dane
Orginated in Denmark.
Body colour of this Danish breed is red, reddish brown or even dark
brown.
It is also a heavy breed;
The lactation yield of Red Dane cattle varies from 3000 to 4000 kgs
5. Ayrshire
Origin is Ayrshire in Scotland and considered as
most beautiful dairy breed. These are very active
animals but hard to manage.
They do not produce as much milk or butter fat (only
4%) as some of the other dairy breeds.
The breed was also known as Dunlop cattle or
Cunningham cattle

6. Guernsey
Originated from Small island of Guernsey in France.
Cherry red to brown in colour. Mahagony and white is a
variation in colour.
The milk has a golden colour due to an exceptionally high
content of beta carotene
 Produce around 6000 kgs per lactation.
The Guernsey cow has many notable advantages for the dairy
farmer over other breeds includes high efficiency of milk
production, low incidence of calving difficulty and longevity.

1. Jersey cross
Jersey crosses are produced by upgrading/ cross breeding the non
descript / Indigenous breeds of cows with Jersey breed semen.
Jersey crosses are suitable dairy animals for tropical plains of our
country.
They are medium sized, have better heat tolerance than other exotic
crosses and well adapted to our climate.
Depending on the milk production potential of our indigenous cows, the
Jersey crosses may show 2 to 3 fold increase in milk yield in the first
generation.
Cross bred - Dairy Cattle
2. Holstein Friesian cross
The HF crosses are more suitable for temperture climatic regions like hilly areas as they are less tolerant
to heat.
Less resistance to tropical diseases than Jersey crosses.
Although the milk yield is higher in HF crosses the fat per cent is less.

1. Murrah
Most important breed of buffaloes whose home is
Rohtak, Hisar and Sind of Haryana, Nabha and Patiala
districts of Punjab and southern parts of Delhi state.
Otherwise called as Delhi, Kundi and Kali.
The colour is usually jet black with white markings on
tail and face and extremities sometimes found.
Tightly curved horn is an important character of this
breed.
Most efficient milk and butter fat producers in India.
Butter fat content is 7.83%. Average lactation yield is
varying from 1500 to 2500 kgs per lactation.
Also used for the grading up of inferior local buffaloes.
Indigenous Buffalo breeds

2. Surti
Also known as Deccani, Gujarati, Talabda, Charator and Nadiadi.
The breeding tract of this breed is Kaira and Baroda district of Gujarat.
Coat colour varies from rusty brown to silver-grey.
The horns are sickle shaped, moderately long and flat.
The peculiarity of the breed is two white collars, one round the jaw and the
other at the brisket region
The milk yield ranges from 1000 to 1300 kgs per lactation.
The peculiarity of this breed is very high fat percentage in milk (8-12per
cent).

3. Jaffrabadi
The breeding tract of this breed is Gir forests, Kutch and
Jamnagar districts of Gujarat.
This is the heaviest Indian breed of buffalo.
The horns are heavy, inclined to droop at each side of the
neck and then turning up at point (drooping horns).
The udder is well developed with funnel shaped teats.
The average milk yield is 1000 to 1200 kgs per lactation.
The bullocks are heavy and used for ploughing and carting.
These animals are mostly maintained by traditional
breeders called Maldharis, who are nomads.

4. Bhadawari
Home tract of this breed is Agra and Etawah district of Uttar
Pradesh and Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh.
Medium sized buffalo.
The body is usually light or copper coloured is a peculiarity of
this breed. Eye lids are generally copper or light brown colour.
Two white lines ‘Chevron’ are present at the lower side of the
neck similar to that of Surti buffaloes.
The average milk yield is 800 to 1000 kgs per lactation.
The bullocks are good draught animal with high heat
tolerance.
The fat content of milk varies from 6 to 12.5 per cent. This
breed is an efficient converter of coarse feed into butterfat and
is known for its high butter fat content.

5. Nili Ravi
originated around the river Ravi.
This breed is found in Sutlej valley in Ferozpur district
of Punjab and in the Sahiwal (Pakistan) of undivided
India.
The peculiarity of the breed is the wall eyes.
Head is small, elongated, bulging at top and depressed
between eyes.
Horns are very small and tightly coiled.
Bullocks are good for heavy trotting work.
The milk yield is 1500-1850 kgs per lactation.

6. Mehsana
Mehsana is a dairy breed of buffalo found in Mehsana, Sabarkanda and
Banaskanta districts in Gujarat and adjoining Maharashtra state.
The breed is evolved out of crossbreeding between the Surti and the
Murrah.
Body is longer than Murrah but limbs are lighter.
The horns are less curved than in Murrah and are irregular.
Bullocks are good for heavy work.
The milk yield is 1200-1500 kgs per lactation.
7. Nagpuri
This breed is also called as Elitchpuri or Barari.
The breeding tract of this breed is Nagpur, Akola and
Amrawati districts of Maharashtra.
These are black coloured animal with white patches on
face, legs and tail. The horns are long, flat and curved,
bending backward on each side of the back. (Swaord
shaped horns).
The bullocks can be used for heavy work.
The milk yield ranges from 700 to 1200 kgs per lactation.

8. Toda
This buffalo is named after an ancient tribe, Toda of Nilgiris
Hills of south India and it is a semi-wild breed.
The predominate coat colours are fawn and ash-grey.
Thick hair coat is found all over the body.
They are gregarious in nature.
The body is long and deep and the chest is deep. The legs are
short and strong.
The horns are set wide apart curving inward, outward and
forward forming a characteristic crescent shape.
The average milk yield is 500 kgs per lactation with high fat
content of 8%.

 Used all over india for supplementing deficiencies in milk production
About 20% of goat population ,used for milk prpduction.
Principle breeds-
- Jamunapari in ganges-jamuna riverine tracts.
- Beetal in punjab
-Bari-bari in UP
GOAT:
-Outchi in kaithiawar
& kutch ,

-Osmanabadi in hyderabad region, north gujarat in kathiawar,kutch & north gujarat,
-Sirohi in sirohi
Marwari in jodhpur ,surti near surat

DAIRY FARMING
DEFINITION:
A dairy farming is an activity established for the harvesting or processing of animal milk mostly from
cows ,buffaloes & goats for human consumption .

FEEDING
Cow need to eat on average 18kg/dy from paddocks, commonly between 25-50kg/dy .
When grass in the field is not growing in winter the farmer will ensure that the cows get
enough food by feeding them silage(fermented grass) or hay (dried grass).
Cow drinks around 60ltrs of water/dy .

Major dairy health concerns are milk fever, ketosis, foot
rot, hairy heel warts, laminitis, and mastitis.
Milk fever - Milk fever results from a calcium imbalance in dairy cattle and involves abnormally low levels of
calcium in the blood. Cows usually become ill after they begin lactation. Milk fever seems to be more prevalent in
older high-producing animals. Symptoms include loss of appetite, staggering, and paralysis. If untreated, milk
fever can cause death. A veterinarian can treat this illness by giving cows an intravenous injection of calcium.
Prevention of milk fever involves feeding rations with correct levels of calcium and phosphorus to dry cows.
Ketosis - Ketosis is a nutritional problem. Cows that are underfed during the period of high lactation shortly after
calving may develop ketosis. It causes reduced milk production. Other symptoms include weight loss and a fruity
odor to the cow’s breath and milk. Ketosis may be treated with injections of glucose or hormones. Feeding high
energy diets to lactating dairy cattle can prevent this disorder. Foot rot - Foot rot is caused by a wound between
the toes. Symptoms are lameness, swelling, fever, decreased appetite, and a sharp decrease in milk production.
Foot baths and antibiotics are used to control and treat the disease. Hairy heel warts - This disease causes an
extremely painful growth on the skin on the heels of the rear feet. Cows may avoid putting weight on their heels.
The disease is also associated with decreased milk production. The infected area may be treated with the use of
antibiotic sprays.

Laminitis - Laminitis, or founder, is caused by high concentrate levels combined with insufficient levels of long fiber
from forages for adequate cud chewing. This creates acidic conditions in the rumen. Symptoms include lameness
and poor milking performance. Producers can prevent laminitis by careful management of feeding. Aggressive foot
trimming may be required as well.
Mastitis - Of all the dairy diseases, mastitis causes the greatest economic losses. Countless dollars are lost
through reduced milk sales resulting from mastitis each year. Mastitis is an infection of the cow’s udder caused by
bacteria entering the udder through a teat. The disease may also result from an injury to the cow’s udder. It has an
acute form and a chronic form.
Clinical or acute mastitis is easy to detect because the cow’s udder is severely swollen, and the milk is bloody or
clotted. Cows with clinical mastitis may show a loss of appetite. Their milk production is severely reduced.
Subclinical or chronic mastitis is harder to recognize because the symptoms are not as easy to see. Cows with the
subclinical form of the disease usually have decreased milk production and an elevated somatic cell count. The milk
may appear normal to the herd manager, or it may be a little watery

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