Data Collection.pptx

Data Collection.pptx

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  DATA COLLECTION
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   Data collectionis a systematic process of gathering observations or measurements. A process of collecting and evaluating information or data from multiple sources to find answers to research problems
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   During datacollection, the researchers must identify the data types, the sources of data, and what methods are being used. Quantitative data is expressed in numbers and graphs and is analyzed through statistical methods. Qualitative data is expressed in words and analyzed through interpretations and categorizations.
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  INTERVIEWS:  Interviews arebelieved to provide a ‘deeper’ understanding of social phenomena than would be obtained from purely quantitative methods, such as questionnaires.  Interviews are, therefore, most appropriate where little is already known about the study phenomenon or where detailed insights are required from individual participants.  They are also particularly appropriate for exploring sensitive topics
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   There arethree fundamental types of research interviews: 1. Structured Interview 2. Semi-Structured Interview 3. Unstructured Interview
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   Structured Interview “Structured interviews are, basically verbally administered questionnaires, in which a list of predetermined questions are asked, with little or no variation and with no scope for follow-up questions to responses that warrant further elaboration”.  Quick and Easy to administer Drawback: They only allow for limited participant responses and are, therefore, of little use if ‘depth’ is required.
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   Semi-structured interviews consist of several key questions that help to define the areas to be explored, but also allows the interviewer or interviewee to diverge in order to pursue an idea or response in more detail.  This interview format is used most frequently in healthcare, as it provides participants with some guidance on what to talk about, which many find helpful.  The flexibility of this approach, allows the discovery or elaboration of information that is more relevant for research purpose
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  Unstructured interviews:  Unstructuredinterviews do not reflect any preconceived theories or ideas and are performed with little or no organisation.  Interview may simply start with an opening question such as ‘Can you tell me about your experience of visiting the therapist?’ and will then progress based, primarily, upon the initial response.  Unstructured interviews are usually very time- consuming (often lasting several hours) and can be difficult to manage.  Lack of predetermined interview questions provides little guidance on what to talk about (which many participants find confusing and unhelpful).  Their use is generally only considered where significant ‘depth’ is required, or where nothing is known about the subject area (or a different perspective of a known subject area is required)
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  Focus Groups  Afocus group is a group discussion on a particular topic organized for research purposes. This discussion is guided, monitored and recorded by a researcher (sometimes called a moderator or facilitator)
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  When focus groupsare used?  Focus groups are used for generating information on collective views, and the meanings that lie behind those views. They are also useful in generating a rich understanding of participants’ experiences and beliefs. Suggested criteria for using focus groups include:  As a standalone method, for research relating to group norms, meanings and processes  In a multi-method design, to explore a topic or collect group language or narratives to be used in later stages  To clarify, extend, qualify or challenge data collected
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  The optimum sizefor a focus group is six to eight participants (excluding researchers), but focus groups can work successfully with as few as three and as many as 14 participants. Small groups risk limited discussion occurring, while large groups can be chaotic, hard to manage for the moderator
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  Benefits:  Focus groupoffers qualitative researchers an efficient method of gathering the views of many participants at one time. Also, the fact that many people are discussing the same issue together can result in an enhanced level of debate, with the moderator often able to step back and let the focus group enter into a free-flowing discussion  Focus group may provide a more relaxing environment than a one-to-one interview  Focus groups also allow participants to ‘bounce’ ideas off each other which sometimes results in different perspectives emerging from the
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  Role of Moderator: Moderators need to be highly skilled to ensure that the discussion can flow while remaining focused and that all participants are encouraged to speak, while ensuring that no individuals dominate the discussion.  Moderator must guide a discussion rather than join in with it. Expressing one’s own views tends to give participants cues as to what to say (introducing bias)  Moderator should facilitate group discussion in a way that the discussion is not be dominated by one member and all participants get equal chance