Database Management

Discovering
Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World

Objectives Overview
Objectives Overview

Define the term,
Define the term, data
Define the term, data
database, and explain
d b d l i Discuss the terms
Di h
integrity, and describe
how a database character, field, record,
the qualities of valuable
interacts with data and and file
information
information

Describe file Differentiate between a
maintenance file processing
q
techniques and pp
approach and the
validation techniques database approach

See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 2
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10

Objectives Overview
Objectives Overview

Describe characteristics
Discuss the functions
of relational, object‐
common to most
common to most
oriented, and
i d d
database management
multidimensional
systems
databases

Identify database design
guidelines and discuss
Explain how to access
p
the responsibilities of
the responsibilities of
Web databases
database analysts and
administrators
See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 3
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10

Databases, Data, and Information

Database Data Information

• Collection of • Collection of • Processed data
data organized unprocessed • Documents
in a manner
i items
i • Audio
that allows • Text • Images
access,
access • Numbers
b
retrieval, and • Video
• Images
use of that
data • Audio
• Video

Page 514 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 4
Chapter 10


Pages 514 – 515 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 5
Figure 10‐1 Chapter 10


• Database software, often called a database
management system (DBMS), allows users to:
g y ( )

Create a computerized
Create a computerized Add, modify, and
Add modify and
database delete data

Create forms and
Sort and retrieve data
reports from the data

Chapter 10


• Data integrity identifies the quality of the data
• Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the
Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the
accuracy of a computer’s output depends on the
accuracy of the input
accuracy of the input

Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation
navigation,
then click Data Integrity
below Chapter 10
Chapter 10


• Valuable information should have the following
characteristics:

Accurate Verifiable Timely Organized

Cost‐
Accessible Useful
effective

Pages 516 ‐ 517 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 8
Chapter 10

The Hierarchy of Data

• Data is organized in layers
– Files, records, fields, characters
, , ,



• A character is one byte
– Numbers, letters, space,
punctuation marks, or
other symbols
• A field is a combination
fi ld b
of one or more related
characters
h
– Field name
– Field size
– Data type



• Common data types include:

Text Numeric AutoNumber Currency

Date Memo Yes/No
/ Hyperlink
yp

Object Attachment

Chapter 10


• A record is a group of related fields
– A primary key uniquely identifies each record
p y y q y
• A data file is a collection of related records


Maintaining Data
Maintaining Data

• File maintenance refers to the procedures that
p
keep data current

Adding
Adding Modifying
Modifying
records records

Deleting
D l i
records
Chapter 10

Maintaining Data
Maintaining Data

• Users add new records to a file when they obtain
new data


Maintaining Data
Maintaining Data

• Users modify a record to correct inaccurate data
p
or update old data


Maintaining Data
Maintaining Data

• When a record no longer is needed, a user deletes
it from a file


Maintaining Data
Maintaining Data

• Validation compares data with a set of rules or
values to find out if the data is correct
Alphabetic/Numeric
Range check Consistency check
check

Completeness check Check digit Other checks

navigation,
then click Data Validation
below Chapter 10
Chapter 10

File Processing Versus Databases

File processing system Database approach

• Each department has its • Programs and users share
own set of files data
• Used for many years • Reduce data redundancy
• Have data redundancy • Improve data integrity
•I l
Isolate data
d • Sh
Share data
d
• Allows easier access
•R d
Reduces development time
d l t ti
• Can be more vulnerable

Chapter 10

Database Management Systems

navigation,
then click MySQL
below Chapter 10


• A data dictionary contains data about each file in
the database and each field in those files

Pages 527 – 528 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 21


• A DBMS provides several tools that allow users
p g
and programs to retrieve and maintain data in the
database Query language

Query by example

Form

Report generator

Chapter 10


• A query language consists of simple, English‐like
p y
statements that allow users to specify the data to
display, print, or store
• Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist
Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist
users with retrieving data

Chapter 10


• A form is a window on the screen that provides
g y g
areas for entering or modifying data in a database

navigation,
then click E-Form
below Chapter 10


• A report generator allows users to design a report
p
on the screen, retrieve data into the report
design, and then display or print the report



A DBMS provides means to
A DBMS provides means to
ensure that only authorized users
ensure that only authorized users
access data at permitted times
• Access privileges
• Principle of least privilege
Chapter 10


• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to
restore the database to a usable form in case it is
damaged or destroyed

Backup Log

Recovery
R Continuous
C ti
utility backup
Chapter 10

Relational, Object‐Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
l idi i l b
• A data model consists of rules and standards that
g
define how the database organizes data


l idi i l b
• A relational database
stores data in tables
that consist of rows and
columns
– Each row has a primary
key
– Each column has a
unique name
• A relationship is a link
l h l k
within the data


l idi i l b
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is a query
g g g p
language that allows users to manage, update,
and retrieve data

navigation,
then click SQL
below Chapter 10

l idi i l b
• An object‐oriented database (OODB) stores data
j
in objects
• Examples of applications appropriate for an
object‐oriented database include:
object oriented database include:
Multimedia Groupware
database database

Computer‐
Hypertext
aided design
database
database
Chapter 10

l idi i l b


l idi i l b
• A multidimensional database can store data in more
than two dimensions of data
– Sometimes known as a hypercube
– Can consolidate data much faster than a relational database
• A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and
manages the data required to analyze historical and
current transactions

navigation,
then click Data Warehouses
below Chapter 10
Chapter 10

Web Databases
Web Databases

• Databases on the Web allow you to:

Shop for
products or Buy or sell stocks Search for a job
services

Make airline Register for Check semester
reservations college classes grades

Chapter 10

Web Databases
Web Databases


Video: How a Photo Sharing Site
Keeps Its Data

CLICK TO START
CLICK TO START

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 38
Chapter 10

Database Administration

• It is important to have a carefully designed
database

navigation,
then click Database Design
Guidelines below Chapter 10


Database analysts and administrators are responsible
for managing and coordinating all database activities
Database Administrator (DBA)
Database Analyst (DA)
Creates and maintains the data
C t d i t i th d t
Decides on proper field
dictionary, manages security,
placement, defines data
monitors performance, and
p ,
relationship and identifies sers’
relationship, and identifies users’
checks backup and recovery
access privileges
procedures

navigation,
then click Database
Administrators below
Chapter 10
Chapter 10


• Employees should learn
how to use the data in
the database effectively
– Interact with database
– Identify new data for the
database
– Maintain the database


Summary

How data and
Methods for
Methods for Assessing the
Assessing the
information are
maintaining high‐ quality of valuable
valuable assets to
q y
quality data information
an organization
i ti

Advantages of Roles of the
Various types of
organizing data in database analysts
databases
a database
d b and administrators
d d i i

Chapter 10

Discovering
Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World

Chapter 10 Complete

Database Management

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