DEDA: An algorithm for early detection of topology attacks in the internet of things

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2021, pp. 1761∼1770
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1761-1770 r 1761
DEDA: An algorithm for early detection of topology attacks
in the internet of things
Jalindar Karande, Sarang Joshi
Department of Computer Engineering, Pune Institute of Computer Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune,
India
Article Info
Article history:
Received Jan 3, 2020
Revised Jul 28, 2020
Accepted Aug 28, 2020
Keywords:
Distributed algorithm
Early detection
Internet of things
IoT security
Predictive detection
RPL
Topology attack
ABSTRACT
The internet of things (IoT) is used in domestic, industrial as well as mission-critical
systems including homes, transports, power plants, industrial manufacturing and
health-care applications. Security of data generated by such systems and IoT systems
itself is very critical in such applications. Early detection of any attack targeting IoT
system is necessary to minimize the damage. This paper reviews security attack detec-
tion methods for IoT Infrastructure presented in the state-of-the-art. One of the major
entry points for attacks in IoT system is topology exploitation. This paper proposes a
distributed algorithm for early detection of such attacks with the help of predictive de-
scriptor tables. This paper also presents feature selection from topology control packet
fields. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using an extensive
simulation carried out in OMNeT++. Performance parameter includes accuracy and
time required for detection. Simulation results presented in this paper show that the
proposed algorithm is effective in detecting attacks ahead in time.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Jalindar Karande
Research Scholar, Department of Computer Engineering
Pune Institute of Computer Technology, Pune, India
Email: jalindar.karande@ieee.org
1. INTRODUCTION
The internet of things (IoT) has made possible seamless communication between machines and hu-
man. IoT systems ability of continuous data collection, seamless communication, autonomous decision making
and ability to control the physical world by implementing decisions changed operational paradigms of many
operational systems. IoT made it possible to replace human in many critical tasks. These resulted in minimizing
human errors and increased the productivity of the systems. Now, internet of things (IoT) has become a vitally
important application in every business domain including but not limited to smart home, smart city, smart grid,
connected cars, connected healthcare, industrial automation, precision farming, smart wearables, retail and
supply chain management. Even in the COVID-19 outbreak millions of population are locked down to home
but IoT systems were still on the field. IoT systems made it possible to keep critical infrastructures functioning
through remote monitoring and controlling. IoT systems were extensively used during COVID-19 outbreak
for pandemic management. These application includes the use of smart wearables to real-time monitoring of
health data as well as compliance with home quarantine, real-time data collection through IoT thermometers,
remote instructions and application of IoT enabled robots to serve patients and to maintain hospital hygiene.
The detailed survey of IoT applications during COVID-19 outbreak is presented in [1].
IoT security is a growing concern, given that various critical infrastructures and applications are di-
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com

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rectly connected and controlled using IoT. These concerns include security of data, connected infrastructure,
human as well as IoT infrastructure itself. The security breach of the IoT system may lead to exploiting crit-
ical infrastructure and may put many lives at stake. IoT systems are connected to the physical world in a
more concrete way than conventional computer systems. This makes a breach of security of IoT system more
catastrophic in nature. This raise concerns over using conventional security algorithms for detection of secu-
rity attacks in IoT systems. Security requirements of IoT embedded into critical infrastructures are analysed
in [2], which also highlights that conventional internet security approaches are not enough to address the secu-
rity of IoT systems used for management of critical infrastructures. Security concerns of use of IoT in industrial
applications are highlighted in [3, 4]. Analysis of security attack detection mechanisms in an industrial setting
is presented in [5] along with a review of different commercial tools available for attack detection. Authors
highlighted the need for more focused solutions for the protection of industrial IoT systems. The not only
breach of IoT systems security leads to attack on IoT systems but compromised IoT devices are used to en-
able large scale attacks on other critical infrastructures. A detailed assessment of such IoT enabled attacks is
presented in [6].
Many techniques have been proposed in the state-of-the-art for preventing security attacks on IoT
devices which includes authentication [7, 8], Access control [9] and data encryption [10] for IoT. Although
several measures have been taken to prevent security attacks on IoT systems, the low compute power of IoT
devices still makes it vulnerable to attacks. The vulnerability assessment of consumer IoT devices presented
in [11] shows that around 10% devices are prone to at least one critical risk vulnerability, 40% devices had at
least one high-risk vulnerability, and 68% devices had at least one medium risk vulnerability and 42% devices
had at least one low-risk vulnerability. These vulnerable consumer devices analyzed in [11] include smart TV,
webcam and printers from a wide range of manufacturers. These highlights that security attack detection is of
critical importance even though prevention mechanism is present into IoT devices.
IoT devices use RPL protocol for building network topology to connect to the Internet. The detailed
working of the RPL protocol is presented in [12]. RPL protocol is prone to be exploited and becomes an entry
point for many attacks on IoT devices. Security of RPL protocol is still an open problem [13]. The resource-
constrained nature of IoT devices, the possibility of bypass of preventive mechanism and probable catastrophic
loss due to breach of security of IoT devices motivated authors to design of an algorithm for early detection of
such security attacks without putting heavy resource load on individual IoT device. The proposed algorithm
is distributed in nature and will run in two phases. The first phase involves collecting and building descriptive
tables locally, whereas the second phase involves exchanging descriptive tables and concluding the presence of
an attacker. The main contribution of this paper are summarized follows:
− This paper presents a comprehensive review of the-state-of-the-art for detection of IoT security attacks
− This paper presents the selection of control packet parameters for attack detection
− This paper presents a distributed algorithm for early detection of security attacks on IoT devices
− This paper presents a performance evaluation of the proposed algorithm in early detecting attacks
Next section presents a review of the state-of-the-art for security attacks and countermeasures on the
IoT system. Section 4 proposes distributed algorithm for early detection of security attacks through the use of
predictive descriptor tables. Section 5 presents the result analysis to assess the effectiveness of the proposed
algorithm for the early detection of security attacks.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Identifying and mitigating attackers from the networked system has been the topic of importance.
Several methods and algorithms have been proposed in the state of the art to detect specific attacks. Networked
systems may be the target of multiple attacks. We need a mechanism to integrate several attack detection
methods into a single framework. Standardised framework for such detection system called CIDF [14] is
presented by a working group created by DARPA now called intrusion detection working group (IDWG). Snort
[15] is one the proven open-source attack detection tool, but the feasibility of deploying a snort system in IoT
nodes is argued in [16] due to resource constraints on IoT nodes. Behaviour-based analysis of vulnerabilities of
the drone-based IoT system along with detection of vulnerability using Petri net is presented in [17]. Attackers
exploit vulnerabilities in IoT devices and protocols to enter into the IoT networks. The approach based on the
modelling relationship between vulnerabilities as a graph and using a graph-theoretic approach for detecting
attack is presented in [18].
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Various attacks against RPL protocol have been demonstrated in [19] along with Lightweight Heart-
beat algorithm to detect attackers. The proposed algorithm is relying only on IPsec with ESP communication
and in many cases, IPsec protocol might not be deployed in IoT nodes. This algorithm is also creating ad-
ditional workload for resource-constrained IoT nodes. A comprehensive review of security challenges in IoT
topology is presented in [20]. This paper further analysed IoT protocols, including RPL and 6LoWPAN for
potential security weakness along with the need for further research in IoT topology security. The specification-
based method for identifying RPL topology attacks on the IoT system is presented in [21]. This method builds
a finite state machine for RPL topology operations. Topology control information (DIO packets) throughout
the system is monitored by monitoring nodes and information within these packets is used for state transitions.
The approach presented in the paper is effective to detect more complex attack scenarios like multiple and
collaborative attacks.
Within the multi-hop IoT system, discovering and establishing the route to the gateway node is one of
the crucial tasks. The efficiency of this task leads to performance improvement in the overall IoT system. This
task is executed in a distributed manner in IoT protocols to take care of runtime link failures or new additions of
nodes in the system. Unfortunately, this crucial distributed task becomes the target of the attack. Such concern
of security of route discovery has been presented in terms of MANET [22], which applies to IoT systems
also as it shares characteristics like mobile nodes and ad-hoc nature with MANET. This paper also highlights
preventing such attack is very costly and almost impossible in given situations and more focus should be given
on detection of attack than prevention of it.
Intrusion detection in IoT trough traffic filtering is presented in [23]. This work also highlights sev-
eral open challenges in attack detection using traffic filtering which includes complex traffic characterization,
difficulties in preparing the blacklist and the white list for traffic filtration, traffic sampling, building realistic
attack models and the impact of false positives. Deep packet inspection based attack detection mechanism is
presented in [24]. This mechanism makes use of the regular expression in terms of DFA to represent the rule.
Representation of rules in regular expression makes it easy to implement in the hardware through field pro-
grammable gate arrays (FPGAs) which make it faster than software approaches. The number of states required
to represent all possible attack signatures is very large and there are always chances of changing the signature
in new attacks.
A review of machine learning-based approaches for enhancing the security of the IoT system is pre-
sented in [25]. These approaches include authentication based on a prediction of communication parameters,
machine learning algorithms for access control, secure offloading and machine learning-based attack detec-
tion methods. This paper further concluded that machine learning needs intensive computing power and high
communication overhead. Also, the need for a large amount of training data and the complex feature extrac-
tion process makes these algorithms unappealing for resource-constrained devices. Machine learning-based
mechanism using inferencing and predicting states of the system is presented in [26] to detect anomalies and
attacks in the IoT system. Random neural network-based approach for detection of attackers in IoT systems
is presented in [27]. This approach learns anomalies in the performance of the system using the random neu-
ral network and relates it to the failure of IoT node or attacker’s presence. A game theory-based approach is
for attack detection along with a reputation model is presented in [28], which is capable of detecting various
attacks on IoT systems. Attack detection mechanisms are traditionally evaluated using either test dataset or
generating attacks manually. This approach gives better result in the evaluation phase but may fail to detect the
real attack. Genetic programming-based approach for generating test attacks used for evaluating the accuracy
of the detection mechanism is presented in [29]. Deep learning-based approach for attack detection in IoT is
presented in [30]. A framework for DDoS attack detection in IoT systems based on cosine similarities within
the traffic flow is presented in [31].
The artificial neural network-based architecture for detection of DDoS/DoS attack is presented in [32].
This architecture makes use of both forward and backward learning mechanisms to train and identify malicious
traffic. Hidden Markov model-based classifier is proposed in [33] to detect anomalies in the data, which is used
to alert about the security attack. This method makes use of multiple knowledge domains like knowledge of the
physical process and the control system to identify the attack. This approach is suitable for implementation in
an industrial control system, but may not be suitable for resource-constrained IoT systems. Game theory-based
approaches for detection of the attacker makes use of conflicting goals of attackers and detection engines. A
two-player game theory-based approach where the attacker and detection engine are opponents is presented in
[34] to collaboratively detect security attacks in IoT systems.
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The distributed attack detection method with monitoring the communication pattern of nearby nodes
and identifies suspicious communication is presented in Kinesis [35]. In this method, identified suspicious
communication in two hops distance is reported to the central detection node. The central node is responsible
for taking the final decision about the suspicious node and notifies its decision to all other nodes in the system.
This mechanism puts additional overhead of maintaining the two-hop communication log. The effectiveness of
the mechanism is affected by fabricated communication patterns of cooperative attackers. Another distributed
algorithm for detection of the security breach called version number attack is presented in [36]. This method
of attacker identification makes use of placement of additional nodes dedicated to monitoring network com-
munication, which results in the higher cost. Further, this approach is not effective in the case of multiples
cooperative attackers exploiting the IoT system.
The model for distributed detection of the security attack on the IoT system is presented in [37] along
with proof of the concept implementation, which make use of fog computing nodes to deploy extreme learning
machine based mechanism for attack detection at local. Further security state information collected from fog
computing nodes is summarised at the cloud node to predict the future course of action of the attacker. Various
security attacks over RPL based IoT networks have been demonstrated in [38]. The paper also evaluated
various attack detection mechanism in different attack scenario like a single attacker, multiple attackers and
collaborative attacks. This paper highlighted the need for designing the security detection mechanism for early
detection of attacks and include capabilities of detecting collaborative attacks.
3. IDENTIFICATION OF FEATUTES FOR ATTACK DETECTION
Through the comparative analysis of simulation tools used for IoT research presented in [39], OM-
NeT++, a discrete event simulation tool, is used for the simulation study. Objectives of simulation study include
finding out effective features for attack detection, the effectiveness of predicting values of features in future and
accuracy of detection mechanism. The IoT system is simulated in OMNeT++ with the implementation of RPL
at the network layer and IEEE 802.15.4 standard at the physical layer and MAC layer.
Figure 1 shows a comparison of the total number of data packets received at the gateway node with
time during various attacks scenarios. The results show that there is a drastic increase in packet loss in the IoT
system during attacks. Version number attack demonstrates the worst performance with huge packet loss. The
presented results show a periodic steep increase in the number of packets received in the system under attack.
This steep increase is the result of the periodic global repair of network topology i.e DODAG in RPL Protocol.
The results show that deviation in throughput changes is a good feature to be considered for attack detection.
Figure 1 demonstrates the increase in the DODAG version number during different attack scenarios. Demon-
strated a high increase in the version number indicates frequent topology reformation triggered by malicious
nodes. This result motivates to use the rate of change of the version number of DODAG as a feature to identify
the presence of the version number attacker in the IoT system.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) Throughput changes (b) DODAG version number
Figure 2 shows changes in the rank distribution over time. It indicates that the rank value tends to
shrink in rank attack and tends to elevate in case of version number attack. This deviation in the distribution of

the rank is a good feature to be used for detecting the presence of an attacker in the IoT system. Figure 2 also
shows the difference between the standard deviation of the rank value of DODAG for different scenarios over
time. This differences will be useful for identifying the attacker in RPL based IoT network. Figure 2 shows
that during normal operation, the rank of a node is increasing with distance from the gateway node. Whereas in
case of attack scenarios, nodes far from gateway node also tend to falsely get lower rank value. Figure 3 shows
deviation in DIO packets received and DAO packets received respectively in different scenarios. This variation
in values of different parameters during various attack scenarios will be useful as features for the detection of
the attacker in the IoT system.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 2. (a) Distribution of rank (without attack), (b) Distribution of rank (attack), (c) Standard deviation of
Rank, (d) Rank vs distance from gateway node
(a) (b)
Figure 3. (a) DIO packets received, (b) DAO packets received

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4. PROPOSED ALGORITHM
The proposed algorithm, DEDA for topology attack detection in the IoT network will work by the
placing monitoring nodes in addition to normal nodes for attack detection. The placement of additional nodes
will result in the uninterrupted operation of ordinary nodes by avoiding computing and memory overload of
executing detection algorithms on them. These additional monitoring nodes will monitor all traffic from nearby
IoT nodes and build a descriptor table of it. This descriptor table will include a count of various control packets
transmitted from the individual node. This descriptor table will also include information about network pa-
rameters like rank, version number etc. sent in control packets by individual nodes. Every monitoring node is
preparing a partial descriptor table and also making a log of changes in the partial descriptor table. This log of
changes and current values is used to predict the descriptor table early in time. The predicted descriptor table
is shared with other monitoring nodes. Every monitoring aggregate values in the descriptor table received from
other monitoring nodes. This aggregation of the predicted descriptor table will give a birds-eye view of the
current state of the system to every monitoring node. Monitoring nodes make use of the predicted descriptor
table to detect the presence of the attacker and identifies which node is the attacker along with the type of attack
being launched. Information about identified attacker is propagated to other nodes for necessary actions and
precautions. The detailed working of the algorithm is presented in Algorithm 1 and Algorithm 2
Algorithm 1: DEDA: Distributed Early Detection Algorithm Phase-I
RankTuples = ∅;
VersionNumberTuples = ∅;
DISRec = DIORec = DAORec = DAOARec = ∅;
localRouteTable = ∅;
n= number of IoT nodes in the system;
i=0;
while i < n do
DISRec[i] = DIORec[i] = DAORec[i] = DAOARec[i] = 0;
end
listen to network trafiic;
if control packet then
source=source address from base packet;
dest=destination address from base packet;
if DIO packet then
RankTuples = RankTuples ∪ (source, rank in DIO);
VersionNumberTuples = VersionNumberTuples ∪ (source, versionNumber in DIO);
DIORec[getIndex(source)] ++ ;
else
if DAO packet then
localRouteTable = localRouteTable ∪ (source, destination);
DAORec[getIndex(source)] ++ ;
else
if DAOA packet then
localRouteTable = localRouteTable ∪ (destination,source);
DAOARec[getIndex(source)] ++ ;
else
DISRec[getIndex(source)] ++ ;
end
end
end
end
PD = (RankTuples,VersionNumberTuples,DISRec,DIORec,DAORec,DAOARec,localRouteTable);
PPD = predict using timeseries pattern(partial descriptor table);
broadcast predicted PPD;

Algorithm 2: DEDA: Distributed Early Detection Algorithm Phase-II
Descriptor Table = ∅;
i=0; n= number of PPD received;
while i < n do
Descriptor Table = Descriptor Table ∪ PPD[i];
end
i=0; n= number of nodes in the IoT system;
while i < n do
isAttacker = Detect using machine learning model(Descriptor Table, i);
if isAttacker then
Announce to all nearby nodes;
else
Ignore;
end
end
4.1. Mathematical model of proposed system
Let D as a set of descriptor tables {D1, D2, . . . , Dn} where n is the total number of monitoring nodes
and Di, the descriptor table of ith
monitoring node. Di is set of tuples F as Di = {Fi1, Fi2, . . . , Fim}, where
m is the number of nodes monitored by ith
monitoring node. Let Fij is the set of features of jth IoT node
monitored by ith monitoring node as Fij = {fij1, fij2, . . . , fijl}, where l is |Fij|
Let L is the set of log tables {L1, L2, . . . , Ln}, where n is the total number of Monitoring nodes and
Li is the log maintained by ith monitoring node, as Li = {Dit, Dit−1, . . . , Dit−r}, where r is the number of
past descriptor tables Li and Dit indicates snapshot of Di at time t.
Let Wi is the set of weights of ith descriptor table as Wi = {w1, w2, . . . , wl}, where l is |F|
Let PD as the set of predicted descriptor tables {PD1, PD2, . . . , PDn}, where n is the total number
of monitoring nodes and PDi as the predicted descriptor table of ith monitoring node.
Value of the predicted features f at time t is calculated using,
ft =
l
X
i=0
n
X
j=0
(fj ∗ Wij) (1)
where l indicates the number of past descriptor tables and n indicates the number of features.
5. RESULT ANALYSIS
Accuracy of predicting rank of the node and version number of the node in the future based on the
history of values present into the descriptive table is presented in Figures 4(a) and (b) (see in appendix)
respectively. Features other than the rank and the version number are more predictable and average accuracy
of prediction is shown in Figure 4(c) (see in appendix). Results also show that we need to keep the history of
descriptive tables and a length of the history table has an impact on the accuracy of prediction. It is also evident
that keeping a very long history in not required as accuracy is soon coming to the saturation point. We need
to use predicted features for early detection of attacks on IoT resources. Figure 4(d) (see in appendix) shows
the accuracy of detecting the attacker ahead in time. The accuracy of predicting long ahead is less and tradeoff
between the accuracy and the time ahead has to be decided in the deployment of the proposed solution.
6. CONCLUSION
The proposed algorithm works in two parts in parallel, where phase-I builds local descriptor table and
phase-II builds a global descriptor table and detects the presence of the attacker. The predicted local descriptor
holds future values of fields present in the control packet. This use of future values by attack detection model
results in detection of attack in an early stage. The effectiveness of detecting attack early is proved through the
extensive simulation study. The proposed algorithm will be very helpful in the early detection of attacks and
minimize damage in IoT systems. Limitations of the proposed algorithm include the additional cost of putting

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monitoring nodes and incapable of detecting unknown attacks. Our future work includes designing a predictive
algorithm for early detection of collaborative attacks and evaluating its effectiveness.
APPENDIX
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 4. Prediction accuracy, (a) Rank prediction accuracy, (b) Version number prediction accuracy,
(c) Average prediction accuracy of all features, (d) Accuracy of attack detection
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Jalindar Karande received Masters in Computer Science and Engineering and Bachelors in Infor-
mation Technology from the University of Pune. He is currently a research scholar in the Department
of Computer Engineering, Pune Institute of Computer Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University,
Pune, India. He is Google Cloud Platform Certified Professional Data Engineer and also holds a li-
cense from Databricks for Spark. His research interests include IoT, Big Data and Machine Learning.
He has published several papers in Journals and reputed conferences in these areas. He is affiliated
with IEEE as Graduate Student member.
Prof. Sarang Joshi received a PhD in Computer Science and Engineering from Bharati Vidyapeeth,
Pune, India. He received a Masters in Computer Engineering and a Bachelors in Computer Engi-
neering from University of Pune, India. He is currently a Professor in Department of Computer
Engineering, Pune Institute of Computer Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, In-
dia. He has 30 years of teaching experience. His research interests include Algorithms, Intelligence,
IoT, Big Data and Machine Learning. He has guided several research scholars and published sev-
eral papers in reputed Journals and Conference Proceedings in these areas. He has previously served
as Chairman, Board of Studies of Computer Engineering at Savitribai Phule Pune University. He
has authored books on “Big Data Mining - Application Perspective” and “Design and Analysis of
Algorithms”.

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