Introduction of
Language and
Communication
AMBUJ KUSHAWAHA
AKSHAR TRUST
Communication
Communication is a ‘Latin’ word which means
‘to share.
It is the sharing of information between different
individuals It includes the sharing of ideas,
concepts, imaginations, behaviors and written
content. Communication is simply defined as the
transfer of information from one place to another.
This transfer of information can be conducted in
different ways.
Two way
Encoder
(Speaker)
Encoder – सन्देश देने वाला
Decoder – सन्देश प्राप्त करने वाला
Massage – दोनों ककनारों से प्राप्त
Channel – संदेशो को आदान प्रदान करने का माध्यम या
आधार
Two way – सम्प्प्रेषण क
े ललए दो ककनारे या छोर का होना
आवशयक होता है क्योकक एक ककनारे से सम्प्प्रेषण नही हो सकता
है| इसललए सम्प्प्रेषण संचार को सफल बनाने हेतु दो ककनारों का
आवश्यकता होती है |
Decoder
(Listener)
Message
Channel
Communication से तात्पयय एक जटिल प्रकिया है जो दो लोगो क
े इच्छा क
े अनुरूप
एक चैनल क
े मध्यम से संदेशो का आदान प्रदान करती है
Sender Massage Receiver
Encoding Decoding
Noise
Feedback
Complex Process
 Mental Process
 Decoding by Brain
 Feedback
Communication Definitions
”Communication is transfer of information from one person to another, whether or
not it elicits confidence. But the information transferred must be understandable to
the receiver.”
G.G. Brown
“Communication is the intercourse by words, letters or messages”
Fred G. Meyer.
Continue
“सम्प्प्रेषण से तात्पयय एक व्यक्क्त क
े ववचारो और सहमती से दुसरे व्यक्क्त क
े ववचारो एवं सहमततयो को
पररचचत करना होता है”
F.G. Meyer
“दो या दो से अचधक व्यक्क्तयों क
े मध्य ववचारो, सहमततयो अथवा सवेंगो का आदान-प्रदान ही सम्प्प्रेषण है
|”
New Man Summer
सम्प्प्रेषण प्रत्येक मानवीय संस्कृ तत को जोड़ने वाली कड़ी है प्रत्येक व्यक्क्त क
े जीवन में इसका एक ववशेष
प्रभाव है |
American Speech Language hearing Association
Meaning of communication
•A process through which individuals mutually exchange their ideas, values, thoughts, feeling
& actions with one or more people.
•The transfer of information from the sender to the receiver so that it is understood in the right
context.
•The process of initiating, transmitting & receiving information. • The means of making the
transfer of information productive & goal oriente
•The process of sharing information, ideas & attitudes between individual.
Scope of Communication
सम्प्प्रेषण क
े माध्यम से व्यक्क्त अपनी भावनाओं को अभीव्यक्त (expression) करता है अलभव्यक्त क
े
आधार पर सम्प्प्रेषण क
े प्रकार-
अभीव्यक्त परक – भाषात्मक –
तनदेश परक – कियातमक
संक
े त परक – ववषयात्मक
काव्य परक- कलात्मक
तक
य परक – अचधक भावात्मक
सम्प्पक
य परक- सम्प्बन्धात्मक
Type of communication
oVerbal communication
oNon-Verbal Communication
oChemical communication
oElectro-magnetic Communication
Communication
Verbal
Oral
Speaking
Listening
Graphical
Written
Reading
Writing
Non- Verbel
Facial Expression
Gesture
Body Language
Proximity
Touch
Sing Language
Classification of communication
Communication
Human Communication
Linguistic
Non-
Linguistic
Animal
Communication
Language
Definition meaning and
Scope, Innates of
Language
Definition Meaning and
scope of Languages
Are you reading this sentence? Does it
make sense to you? When you read the
words I wrote, what do you hear? A
voice in your head? Words across the
internal screen of your mind? If it makes
sense, then you may very well hear the
voice of the author as you read along,
finding meaning in these arbitrary
symbols packaged in discrete units
called words. The words themselves
have no meaning except that which you
give them.
What is Language
•The method of human communication, either spoken or written,
consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional
way.
•Language is a system of words or signs that people use to
express thoughts and feelings to each other.
•Language is a system of communication, a medium for thought,
and a social interaction.
Definition
"Language may be defined as the expression of thought by means of speech-sounds“
(Henry Sweet)
"Language, in its widest sense, means the sum total of such signs of our thoughts and feelings as are
capable of external perception and as could be produced and repeated at will“
(A. H. Gardiner)
भाषा मानव क
े मुख से उपचाररत ध्वतन प्रततको की वह व्यवस्था है, क्जसक
े मध्यम से एक समुदाय क
े
सदस्य परस्पर ववचार ववमशय करते है
(lock and Tracker)
Continue
मनुष्य और मनुष्य क
े बीच वस्तुओ क
े ललए व्यक्त ध्वतन संक
े तो का जो व्यवहार होता है उसे भाषा
कहते है
(Dr. Shaym Sundar Das)
एक प्राणी क्जन ध्वतन चचन्हों द्वारा दुसरे प्राणी से क
ु छ व्यक्त करता है, यही ववस्तृत अथय में भाषा है
(Dr. Babu Ram Saxsena)
Children are born with a device that helps them develop grammar in any language.
(Chomsky)
Phonology
phonology is the study of speech sounds
in a particular language. Study and use of
individual sound units in a language and
the rules by which they are combined and
recombined to create larger language
units.
•Phonemes are the unit of sound such as
/s/or/b/, they do not convey meaning.
•Phonemes alter meaning of words when
combined (e.g., sat to bat). Phonology
Phonology भाषा की जन्मजात इकाई है या
भाषा का वह छोिा अंग व भाग है क्जसका
कोई अथय नही होता है जबकक वो दुसरे क
े
साथ लमल कर अथय पूणय हो जाता है ध्वतन
शास्र क
े अंतगयत ववलभन्न प्रकार की ध्वतनयो
का वणयन ककया जाता है इसमें स्वर या
व्यंजन ध्वतन का भी अध्यन ककया जाता है
अत: ध्वतन शास्र में ककसी अक्षर को इसकी
प्रकतत एवं स्थान क
े आधार पर उपचाररत
ककया जाता है e.g. क, च, ि, ठ, त
Morphology
1. Morphology is the study of word
formation.
2. This component of language focuses on
the internal structure of words.
3. Study and use of morphemes, the
smallest units of language that have
meaning.
4. A morpheme is a group of sounds that
refers to a particular object, idea, or action. –
Roots can stand alone (e.g., car, teach, tall)
शब्द ववज्ञान भाषा का छोिा भाग है
क्जसका कोई वास्तववक अथय नही
तनकलता है अथायत शाद ववज्ञान में
अक्षरों को जोड़ कर अथय पूणय शब्द
बनाये जाते है | क्जसका स्वतंर रूप से
अपना कोई अथय नही होता है जैसे
कमल, कलम, मेज
Syntax
1. Study of the rules by which words are
organized in to phrases or sentences in a
particular language.
2. Referred to as the grammar of the
language and allows for more complex
expression of thoughts and ideas by
making references to past and future
events.
3. Syntax is most related to grammar. It
has to do with sentences and their
structure.
Syntax क
े अंगयत वाक्य क
े िमबद्ध का अध्यन ककया
जाता है अथायत वाक्य में कताय, किया, कमय को उचचत
स्थान प्रदान ककया जाता है
व्याकरण पद्धतत क
े अनुसार शब्दों क
े साथयक समूह को
syntax कहा जाता है
उदहारण- क
ु त्ता एक ववशेषगयी जानवर है
यहााँ व्याकरण क
े तनयमानुसार सही है लेककन इसक
े
स्थान पर क
ु त्ता जानवार ववशेष गई है तो यहााँ व्याकरण
क
े अनुसार गलत है क्यों की इसमें शब्द को िमबद्ध
तरीक
े से नही रखा गया है
Prosody
Prosody is the study of meter, intonation,
and rhythm of a poetic work. It is a phonetic term that
uses meter, rhythm, tempo, pitch, and loudness in a
speech for conveying information about the meanings
and structure of an utterance. In addition, prosody is an
important element of language that contributes toward
rhythmic and acoustic effects in a piece of writing. It
includes different elements, such as scansion, sound,
pace, and meaning.
वाणी क
े उतार-चढाव और सुर-लय का अध्यन
ककया जाता है| अत: ककसी दोहा चौपाई आटद
को पढ़ने क
े ललए आवशयक लय का प्रयोग
ककया जाता है छन्द ववन्यास क
े अंतगयत
व्यक्क्त को उतार-चढाव और सुर-लय का
प्रयोग करना होता है इनसे वाणी में मधुरता
आती है |
Content/Semantic
This particular branch of language refers to
meaning. What makes a speaker of English
make sense of a sentence such as this –
“I saw the science teacher in the lab.”?
The larger meaning component of language.
भाषा क
े अथय किया क
े अंतगयत भाषा में अथय
की जानकारी होती है अथय किया में शब्द तथा
वाक्यांशों को जोड़ कर अथय किया बनाने की
कोलशश की जाती है |
अथय किया से तात्पयय जब दो या दो से अचधक
व्यक्क्त आपस में बात करे रहे हो तो इनकी
भाषा को अथय पूणय बनाने क
े ललए एक
ववषयवास्तु होना चाटहए |
Use/Pragmatics
Knowledge and ability to use
language functionally in social or
interactive situations.
• Integrates all the other
language skills, but also requires
knowledge and use of rule
governing the use of language in
social context.
ककसी वाक्य को व्यक्त करने से
पहले यहााँ धयान देना चाटहए की हमे
उसका प्रयोग कब कहा और क
ै से
करना है क्योकक उपयोचगता भाषा का
एक ववलशष्ि अंग है वक्ता क
े द्वारा
शब्दों का सही उपयोग सही स्थान पर
हो रहा है की नही, इन संभी का
अध्यन pragmatics में ककया जाता है
Scope of Language
• Language originates from human because sound has a meaningful origin in human.
Personal scope
• Language is a group of meaningful sound that is prevalent in a particular community
Social Scope
• All works in the world are edited through language and the entire knowledge language is
based on the person's relationship with the person and the person's relationship with the
society is through language.
Universal Scope
Characteristics of Language
Creativity (सृज्नाताम्प्कता )
Flexibility (लचीलापन)
Duality (दोहरीकरण)
Displacment (सथानान्तरण)
Culturer Transmission (सांस्कृ ततक स्थानांतरण )
Aribitraness(बहुउपयोगी)
Communication
Civilization and cultural
Central of Attraction
Express the feeling
Transfer the information
Knowledge of personality
Entertainment
Vocational
Behavior
Learn anther language to native language
Function of language
Innateness of Language(भाषा की स्वाभाववकता)
ककसी व्यक्क्त क
े भाषा का स्वाभाव, भाषा क
े प्रदशयन और भाषा की ग्रहण शीलता पर तनभयर करता है और
भाषा क्जतना अचधक ग्रहण ककया जायेगा उतना अचधक उसका प्रदशयन होगा
Innateness of language –
◦ Competence and Performance- ऐसी भाषा क्जसे लसखेने या व्यक्त करने में न ललखने व न ही
पढने की आवश्यकता होती है बक्कक उसे सवतंर रूप से सुन कर देख कर ग्रहण करने की क्षमता एवम
योग्यता को भावषक योग्यता कहते है
◦ Deep and surface Structurer- ककसी भाषा की ग्रहण शीलता एवम प्रदशयन क
े समय उस भाषा क
े
ककपना क
े साथ कई शब्दों का तनमायण करना उस भाषा का deep structurer कहलाती है और इस भाषा का
ग्रहण और प्रदशयन क
े अततररक्त इसका प्रयोग ककया जाना उस भाषा का surface structurer कहलाता है
जैसे- the house was old and fell down.
Definition menaning and scope of  communication and Language

More Related Content

PPTX
Communication skill (micro-teaching) for B.Ed students, teachers and for lead...
PPTX
Concept,Need and importance of Reading and Writing Skill
PPTX
Language and its Function
PDF
Characteristic of good test
PPTX
Role of teachers and parents in extrinsic motivation
PPTX
COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE.pptx
PDF
Language policy pre and post independent India
PPTX
Nature of Classroom discourse: Oral language
Communication skill (micro-teaching) for B.Ed students, teachers and for lead...
Concept,Need and importance of Reading and Writing Skill
Language and its Function
Characteristic of good test
Role of teachers and parents in extrinsic motivation
COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE.pptx
Language policy pre and post independent India
Nature of Classroom discourse: Oral language

What's hot (20)

PPTX
Language and communication
PPTX
Chomsky LAD and UG
PPT
Language disorders
PPTX
Language nature and function
PPTX
Teaching english prose
PDF
Language across the curriculum
PPTX
First language acquisition
PDF
Language across the curriculum.pptx
PPTX
Factors affecting language learning
PPTX
Standard form of language and dialects
PDF
Concept and functions of language
PPTX
What is Language
PPTX
Dr. M. Enamul Hoque- Components of language
PPTX
Aims and Objectives of Teaching English
PPTX
Approaches to Lesson Plan by Syeda Maham Asrar Lahore Pakistan
PPTX
Chomsky’s and skinner’s theory of language acquisition
PPTX
THEORIES OF LANGUAGE LEARNING
PPTX
Introduction to Teaching of composition
PPTX
Importance of test
Language and communication
Chomsky LAD and UG
Language disorders
Language nature and function
Teaching english prose
Language across the curriculum
First language acquisition
Language across the curriculum.pptx
Factors affecting language learning
Standard form of language and dialects
Concept and functions of language
What is Language
Dr. M. Enamul Hoque- Components of language
Aims and Objectives of Teaching English
Approaches to Lesson Plan by Syeda Maham Asrar Lahore Pakistan
Chomsky’s and skinner’s theory of language acquisition
THEORIES OF LANGUAGE LEARNING
Introduction to Teaching of composition
Importance of test
Ad

Similar to Definition menaning and scope of communication and Language (20)

PDF
Language Acquisition (4).pdf
PPTX
Language meaning definition
PDF
DSG- HIN- I - Generiv I . SRTMUN BATY
PDF
Metalinguistics
PPTX
Culture acquisition through language
PPTX
Language components & type
PDF
Hindi_Core_SrSec_2023-24 (1).pdf for 12th
PPTX
HINDI WORKSHOP for B.ED. AND D.EL.ED.
PPTX
BHASHA VIGYAN KE ANTARGAT DWANI VIGYAN
PDF
Bhasha ke kaarya
PPTX
PPTX
सम्प्रेषण ,प्रभावी सम्प्रेषण की आवश्यकता
PDF
Bhashaneet.org Language policy for a new India
PPTX
sonam kumari.pptxkhjdsuibaskdhsvdhsavdhsvdusvfd
PPTX
Language and literacy
PDF
Simple Present Tense in Hindi | सामा य वत मान काल - English Grammar
PPTX
Bhasha lipi aur vyakran
PPTX
ritu.pptxfhdsjkbdhgdkhjgfdyusgdigsdkjadadfsad
PPTX
Language acquisition
Language Acquisition (4).pdf
Language meaning definition
DSG- HIN- I - Generiv I . SRTMUN BATY
Metalinguistics
Culture acquisition through language
Language components & type
Hindi_Core_SrSec_2023-24 (1).pdf for 12th
HINDI WORKSHOP for B.ED. AND D.EL.ED.
BHASHA VIGYAN KE ANTARGAT DWANI VIGYAN
Bhasha ke kaarya
सम्प्रेषण ,प्रभावी सम्प्रेषण की आवश्यकता
Bhashaneet.org Language policy for a new India
sonam kumari.pptxkhjdsuibaskdhsvdhsavdhsvdusvfd
Language and literacy
Simple Present Tense in Hindi | सामा य वत मान काल - English Grammar
Bhasha lipi aur vyakran
ritu.pptxfhdsjkbdhgdkhjgfdyusgdigsdkjadadfsad
Language acquisition
Ad

More from Ambuj Kushawaha (20)

PPTX
Strategies for effective project preparation and funding.pptx
PPTX
Method of Research- presentaiton phd.pptx
PPTX
Need for Early Identification of hering loss.pptx
PPTX
Overview of Behavioural and Objective Techniques in Screening.pptx
PPTX
Team Member involved in hearing Screening.pptx
DOCX
UNCRPD, UNICEF, SDG goals, Histroy and Introducation
PPTX
National University of Education Planning and Administration AK ppt.pptx
PPTX
MDG and SDG Goals.pptx
PPTX
RPwD- 2016.pptx
PPTX
Visual Impairment
PPTX
Hearing Impairment
PPTX
Open and Distance learning.pptx
PDF
Transition Planning for Independent Living of Learners with Deafblindness in ...
PPTX
Curricular strategies in enhancing language in varying philosophies [Autosave...
PPTX
Intellectual Disability
PPTX
Factors Affecting Growth and Development
PPTX
Kinder Garten
PPTX
Special and Inclusive education
PPTX
Language Assessment of Deaf
PPTX
Establishment of various national institute.
Strategies for effective project preparation and funding.pptx
Method of Research- presentaiton phd.pptx
Need for Early Identification of hering loss.pptx
Overview of Behavioural and Objective Techniques in Screening.pptx
Team Member involved in hearing Screening.pptx
UNCRPD, UNICEF, SDG goals, Histroy and Introducation
National University of Education Planning and Administration AK ppt.pptx
MDG and SDG Goals.pptx
RPwD- 2016.pptx
Visual Impairment
Hearing Impairment
Open and Distance learning.pptx
Transition Planning for Independent Living of Learners with Deafblindness in ...
Curricular strategies in enhancing language in varying philosophies [Autosave...
Intellectual Disability
Factors Affecting Growth and Development
Kinder Garten
Special and Inclusive education
Language Assessment of Deaf
Establishment of various national institute.

Recently uploaded (15)

PPTX
punarnava mandur.pptx punarnava mandur presentation
PPTX
Adharbhut Siddhant with its five sub headings ppt
PPTX
atoms AND MOLECULE CLASS 9TH NOTES PPT FOR TEACHING
PDF
PREPOSITION PART 1Definition, Types, Rules & Examples
PPTX
VATA VYADHI - “The abnormal vyadhi (disease) caused by vitiated vata is calle...
PDF
“Wind –"(Class 9 cbse English)” Poem Explanation & Analysis”
PPTX
Akshepaka refers to epileptic seizures and is a symptom caused by an abnormal...
PDF
Prepositions for Students – Simple Explanation & Practice
PDF
"English Grammar का मास्टर की – Determiners"
PPTX
1. हिन्दी साहित्य के इतिहास लेखन की परंपरा 03.pptx
PDF
Mastering Nouns: The Building Blocks of English Grammar
PDF
Determiner (निर्धारक) | English Grammar with Hindi Meaning & Examples
PPTX
संधि, संधि के प्रकार, स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि उदाहरण सहित .pptx
PDF
Swadeshi Movement (1905–08) | History Major (#Sem-5, #GNDU) | PPT by Simancha...
PDF
Quantum AI and the Concept of Time and Space in Indian Temple Architecture
punarnava mandur.pptx punarnava mandur presentation
Adharbhut Siddhant with its five sub headings ppt
atoms AND MOLECULE CLASS 9TH NOTES PPT FOR TEACHING
PREPOSITION PART 1Definition, Types, Rules & Examples
VATA VYADHI - “The abnormal vyadhi (disease) caused by vitiated vata is calle...
“Wind –"(Class 9 cbse English)” Poem Explanation & Analysis”
Akshepaka refers to epileptic seizures and is a symptom caused by an abnormal...
Prepositions for Students – Simple Explanation & Practice
"English Grammar का मास्टर की – Determiners"
1. हिन्दी साहित्य के इतिहास लेखन की परंपरा 03.pptx
Mastering Nouns: The Building Blocks of English Grammar
Determiner (निर्धारक) | English Grammar with Hindi Meaning & Examples
संधि, संधि के प्रकार, स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि उदाहरण सहित .pptx
Swadeshi Movement (1905–08) | History Major (#Sem-5, #GNDU) | PPT by Simancha...
Quantum AI and the Concept of Time and Space in Indian Temple Architecture

Definition menaning and scope of communication and Language

  • 2. Communication Communication is a ‘Latin’ word which means ‘to share. It is the sharing of information between different individuals It includes the sharing of ideas, concepts, imaginations, behaviors and written content. Communication is simply defined as the transfer of information from one place to another. This transfer of information can be conducted in different ways.
  • 3. Two way Encoder (Speaker) Encoder – सन्देश देने वाला Decoder – सन्देश प्राप्त करने वाला Massage – दोनों ककनारों से प्राप्त Channel – संदेशो को आदान प्रदान करने का माध्यम या आधार Two way – सम्प्प्रेषण क े ललए दो ककनारे या छोर का होना आवशयक होता है क्योकक एक ककनारे से सम्प्प्रेषण नही हो सकता है| इसललए सम्प्प्रेषण संचार को सफल बनाने हेतु दो ककनारों का आवश्यकता होती है | Decoder (Listener) Message Channel
  • 4. Communication से तात्पयय एक जटिल प्रकिया है जो दो लोगो क े इच्छा क े अनुरूप एक चैनल क े मध्यम से संदेशो का आदान प्रदान करती है Sender Massage Receiver Encoding Decoding Noise Feedback
  • 5. Complex Process  Mental Process  Decoding by Brain  Feedback
  • 6. Communication Definitions ”Communication is transfer of information from one person to another, whether or not it elicits confidence. But the information transferred must be understandable to the receiver.” G.G. Brown “Communication is the intercourse by words, letters or messages” Fred G. Meyer.
  • 7. Continue “सम्प्प्रेषण से तात्पयय एक व्यक्क्त क े ववचारो और सहमती से दुसरे व्यक्क्त क े ववचारो एवं सहमततयो को पररचचत करना होता है” F.G. Meyer “दो या दो से अचधक व्यक्क्तयों क े मध्य ववचारो, सहमततयो अथवा सवेंगो का आदान-प्रदान ही सम्प्प्रेषण है |” New Man Summer सम्प्प्रेषण प्रत्येक मानवीय संस्कृ तत को जोड़ने वाली कड़ी है प्रत्येक व्यक्क्त क े जीवन में इसका एक ववशेष प्रभाव है | American Speech Language hearing Association
  • 8. Meaning of communication •A process through which individuals mutually exchange their ideas, values, thoughts, feeling & actions with one or more people. •The transfer of information from the sender to the receiver so that it is understood in the right context. •The process of initiating, transmitting & receiving information. • The means of making the transfer of information productive & goal oriente •The process of sharing information, ideas & attitudes between individual.
  • 9. Scope of Communication सम्प्प्रेषण क े माध्यम से व्यक्क्त अपनी भावनाओं को अभीव्यक्त (expression) करता है अलभव्यक्त क े आधार पर सम्प्प्रेषण क े प्रकार- अभीव्यक्त परक – भाषात्मक – तनदेश परक – कियातमक संक े त परक – ववषयात्मक काव्य परक- कलात्मक तक य परक – अचधक भावात्मक सम्प्पक य परक- सम्प्बन्धात्मक
  • 10. Type of communication oVerbal communication oNon-Verbal Communication oChemical communication oElectro-magnetic Communication
  • 12. Classification of communication Communication Human Communication Linguistic Non- Linguistic Animal Communication
  • 14. Definition Meaning and scope of Languages Are you reading this sentence? Does it make sense to you? When you read the words I wrote, what do you hear? A voice in your head? Words across the internal screen of your mind? If it makes sense, then you may very well hear the voice of the author as you read along, finding meaning in these arbitrary symbols packaged in discrete units called words. The words themselves have no meaning except that which you give them.
  • 15. What is Language •The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. •Language is a system of words or signs that people use to express thoughts and feelings to each other. •Language is a system of communication, a medium for thought, and a social interaction.
  • 16. Definition "Language may be defined as the expression of thought by means of speech-sounds“ (Henry Sweet) "Language, in its widest sense, means the sum total of such signs of our thoughts and feelings as are capable of external perception and as could be produced and repeated at will“ (A. H. Gardiner) भाषा मानव क े मुख से उपचाररत ध्वतन प्रततको की वह व्यवस्था है, क्जसक े मध्यम से एक समुदाय क े सदस्य परस्पर ववचार ववमशय करते है (lock and Tracker)
  • 17. Continue मनुष्य और मनुष्य क े बीच वस्तुओ क े ललए व्यक्त ध्वतन संक े तो का जो व्यवहार होता है उसे भाषा कहते है (Dr. Shaym Sundar Das) एक प्राणी क्जन ध्वतन चचन्हों द्वारा दुसरे प्राणी से क ु छ व्यक्त करता है, यही ववस्तृत अथय में भाषा है (Dr. Babu Ram Saxsena) Children are born with a device that helps them develop grammar in any language. (Chomsky)
  • 18. Phonology phonology is the study of speech sounds in a particular language. Study and use of individual sound units in a language and the rules by which they are combined and recombined to create larger language units. •Phonemes are the unit of sound such as /s/or/b/, they do not convey meaning. •Phonemes alter meaning of words when combined (e.g., sat to bat). Phonology Phonology भाषा की जन्मजात इकाई है या भाषा का वह छोिा अंग व भाग है क्जसका कोई अथय नही होता है जबकक वो दुसरे क े साथ लमल कर अथय पूणय हो जाता है ध्वतन शास्र क े अंतगयत ववलभन्न प्रकार की ध्वतनयो का वणयन ककया जाता है इसमें स्वर या व्यंजन ध्वतन का भी अध्यन ककया जाता है अत: ध्वतन शास्र में ककसी अक्षर को इसकी प्रकतत एवं स्थान क े आधार पर उपचाररत ककया जाता है e.g. क, च, ि, ठ, त
  • 19. Morphology 1. Morphology is the study of word formation. 2. This component of language focuses on the internal structure of words. 3. Study and use of morphemes, the smallest units of language that have meaning. 4. A morpheme is a group of sounds that refers to a particular object, idea, or action. – Roots can stand alone (e.g., car, teach, tall) शब्द ववज्ञान भाषा का छोिा भाग है क्जसका कोई वास्तववक अथय नही तनकलता है अथायत शाद ववज्ञान में अक्षरों को जोड़ कर अथय पूणय शब्द बनाये जाते है | क्जसका स्वतंर रूप से अपना कोई अथय नही होता है जैसे कमल, कलम, मेज
  • 20. Syntax 1. Study of the rules by which words are organized in to phrases or sentences in a particular language. 2. Referred to as the grammar of the language and allows for more complex expression of thoughts and ideas by making references to past and future events. 3. Syntax is most related to grammar. It has to do with sentences and their structure. Syntax क े अंगयत वाक्य क े िमबद्ध का अध्यन ककया जाता है अथायत वाक्य में कताय, किया, कमय को उचचत स्थान प्रदान ककया जाता है व्याकरण पद्धतत क े अनुसार शब्दों क े साथयक समूह को syntax कहा जाता है उदहारण- क ु त्ता एक ववशेषगयी जानवर है यहााँ व्याकरण क े तनयमानुसार सही है लेककन इसक े स्थान पर क ु त्ता जानवार ववशेष गई है तो यहााँ व्याकरण क े अनुसार गलत है क्यों की इसमें शब्द को िमबद्ध तरीक े से नही रखा गया है
  • 21. Prosody Prosody is the study of meter, intonation, and rhythm of a poetic work. It is a phonetic term that uses meter, rhythm, tempo, pitch, and loudness in a speech for conveying information about the meanings and structure of an utterance. In addition, prosody is an important element of language that contributes toward rhythmic and acoustic effects in a piece of writing. It includes different elements, such as scansion, sound, pace, and meaning. वाणी क े उतार-चढाव और सुर-लय का अध्यन ककया जाता है| अत: ककसी दोहा चौपाई आटद को पढ़ने क े ललए आवशयक लय का प्रयोग ककया जाता है छन्द ववन्यास क े अंतगयत व्यक्क्त को उतार-चढाव और सुर-लय का प्रयोग करना होता है इनसे वाणी में मधुरता आती है |
  • 22. Content/Semantic This particular branch of language refers to meaning. What makes a speaker of English make sense of a sentence such as this – “I saw the science teacher in the lab.”? The larger meaning component of language. भाषा क े अथय किया क े अंतगयत भाषा में अथय की जानकारी होती है अथय किया में शब्द तथा वाक्यांशों को जोड़ कर अथय किया बनाने की कोलशश की जाती है | अथय किया से तात्पयय जब दो या दो से अचधक व्यक्क्त आपस में बात करे रहे हो तो इनकी भाषा को अथय पूणय बनाने क े ललए एक ववषयवास्तु होना चाटहए |
  • 23. Use/Pragmatics Knowledge and ability to use language functionally in social or interactive situations. • Integrates all the other language skills, but also requires knowledge and use of rule governing the use of language in social context. ककसी वाक्य को व्यक्त करने से पहले यहााँ धयान देना चाटहए की हमे उसका प्रयोग कब कहा और क ै से करना है क्योकक उपयोचगता भाषा का एक ववलशष्ि अंग है वक्ता क े द्वारा शब्दों का सही उपयोग सही स्थान पर हो रहा है की नही, इन संभी का अध्यन pragmatics में ककया जाता है
  • 24. Scope of Language • Language originates from human because sound has a meaningful origin in human. Personal scope • Language is a group of meaningful sound that is prevalent in a particular community Social Scope • All works in the world are edited through language and the entire knowledge language is based on the person's relationship with the person and the person's relationship with the society is through language. Universal Scope
  • 25. Characteristics of Language Creativity (सृज्नाताम्प्कता ) Flexibility (लचीलापन) Duality (दोहरीकरण) Displacment (सथानान्तरण) Culturer Transmission (सांस्कृ ततक स्थानांतरण ) Aribitraness(बहुउपयोगी)
  • 26. Communication Civilization and cultural Central of Attraction Express the feeling Transfer the information Knowledge of personality Entertainment Vocational Behavior Learn anther language to native language Function of language
  • 27. Innateness of Language(भाषा की स्वाभाववकता) ककसी व्यक्क्त क े भाषा का स्वाभाव, भाषा क े प्रदशयन और भाषा की ग्रहण शीलता पर तनभयर करता है और भाषा क्जतना अचधक ग्रहण ककया जायेगा उतना अचधक उसका प्रदशयन होगा Innateness of language – ◦ Competence and Performance- ऐसी भाषा क्जसे लसखेने या व्यक्त करने में न ललखने व न ही पढने की आवश्यकता होती है बक्कक उसे सवतंर रूप से सुन कर देख कर ग्रहण करने की क्षमता एवम योग्यता को भावषक योग्यता कहते है ◦ Deep and surface Structurer- ककसी भाषा की ग्रहण शीलता एवम प्रदशयन क े समय उस भाषा क े ककपना क े साथ कई शब्दों का तनमायण करना उस भाषा का deep structurer कहलाती है और इस भाषा का ग्रहण और प्रदशयन क े अततररक्त इसका प्रयोग ककया जाना उस भाषा का surface structurer कहलाता है जैसे- the house was old and fell down.