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Democratic Challenges in African Nation
- 1. Democratic Challenges in AfricanNations By: Regine Quidato
- 2. 1960s Cultural Policiesin Africa In drawing up colonial boundaries, the colonial powers ignored ethnic and cultural divisions. CONSEQUENCES: Lack of national identity Continuing ethnic and cultural rivalries Civil wars
- 3. Economic Policies inAfrica The colonial powers developed plantations and mines but few factories in Africa. CONSEQUENCES: Unbalanced economies Small middle classes Few products for local consumers
- 4. Social Policies-Education The colonialpowers did little to educate the majority of Africans CONSEQUENCES: A lack of skilled and literate work force for industry and government
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- 6. 1960 Nigeria becomesindependent Established a federal system (power is shared between states and a central gov’t.) States were based on 3 ethnic groups.
- 7. Three Main EthnicGroups in Nigeria Hausa-Fulani: Largest group, live in the northern part, Muslim Yoruba-Live in the western part, mostly farmers, kings ,Muslim Christian/Animists Igbo (Ibo) Live in the south, mostly farmers, democratic traditions, Muslim/Christian/Animists
- 8. NIGERIA 1963-1970 Civil War, 1970-1979Military Rule with martial law (temporary military rule) CONSEQUENCES: Destruction of the Igbo region In 1967 Biafra is created, when Igbo flee to the east and secede from Nigeria In 1970, Biafra surrenders and more than a million Igbo starve to death. Military rule establishes a more stable government
- 9. NIGERIA 1979-1983 Democratic rule 1983the military overthrow Nigeria’s civilian government CONSEQUENCES: The end of democracy Hausa-Fulani discriminate against other ethnic groups
- 10. 1999 Free Electionsheld Olusegun Obasanjo, a Yuroba, was elected the first civilian president He was re-elected in 2003 Nigeria still has many problems: war, violence, corruption, poverty, and hunger. Does have economic growth because of its oil exports.
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- 12. President of Nigeria:Umaru Yar’Adua, 2007- Died May 5, 2010
- 13. Former Vice President,Now President of Nigeria: Namadi “Jonathon” Sambo
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- 15. South Africa 1910 gainedself-rule as a dominion of the British Empire 1931 became an independent member of the British Commonwealth Established a constitution that gave whites power and denied the black majority rights.
- 16. 1948 The NationalParty gains power in South Africa CONSEQUENCES: It promotes the Afrikaner (Dutch, white) nationalism Establishes apartheid policy (the policy of complete separation of the races) Segregated schools, hospitals, neighborhoods. Banned all social contact between whites and blacks.
- 17. 1959 Minority (white) gov’t.sets up reserves, called homelands, for major black groups in So. Africa Blacks make up 75% of the population, homelands are 13% of the land.
- 18. African National Congress(ANC) Blacks formed this group in 1912 to fight for black African rights in South Africa. ANC is banned by the government Nelson Mandela is imprisoned for 27 years as a dissident (an opponent of gov’t policy)
- 19. 1976 Riots break outin the black township of Soweto CONSEQUENCES: Government represses protesters Protests mount, violence mounts By 1986, int’l protests led to So. African government declaring a state of emergency
- 20. 1980’s Black So. Afr.Bishop Desmond Tutu launches an economic campaign against apartheid. He asks nations around the world to stop trading with So. Africa.
- 21. Archbishop Desmond Tutuwins the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize
- 22. 1989 South Africans electF. W. de Klerk president CONSEQUENCES He legalizes the ANC Releases Nelson Mandela from prison 18 months after his election, apartheid is repealed
- 23. 1994 President de Klerkagrees to hold universal elections, people of all races can vote CONSEQUENCE: A VICTORY FOR ANC Nelson Mandela is elected President, the first black president of South Africa.
- 24. 1996 A new Constitutionincluding a Bill of Rights modeled after the U.S. Bill of Rights Greater hope for democracy 1999- Thabo Mbeki elected president South Africa still facing major problems (read p.611)
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- 26. New President ofSouth Africa Jacob Zuma
- 27. FIFA World CupJune 11-July 11, 2010